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Metal nanoparticles (MNPs) have gained significant attention due to their multifunctional properties and broad applications in various fields. In this study, we present a novel and sustainable approach for the synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) using waste materials, dried banana pith extract (BPE) and rice water. The synthesised AgNPs exhibit a size of 43 nm and zeta potential of −24.1 mV. A maximum temperature rise of 4°C with an efficiency of 41% is achieved within a short time by the photothermal activity. The qualitative colorimetric detection of Fe3+ and its quantitative spectroscopic detection are achieved in a linear detection range of 20–80 μM and with a limit of detection of 8.5 μM. The sensing mechanism is explained in terms of cooperative binding of Fe3+ ions to BPE-AgNPs. A homogeneous, flexible and stable AgNP-rice starch gel is formed. The work offers environmentally conscious nanomaterials for diverse applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recently, the eco-friendly production of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) has become a focal point for researchers. In India, the quest for cost-effective, non-hazardous compounds suitable for reducing and stabilizing AgNPs has been limited. This study explores the synthesis of AgNPs using Elettaria cardamomom seed extract. We evaluated the efficiency of silver ion (Ag+) reduction and AgNP formation from an aqueous AgNO3 solution combined with the cardamom seed extract. Characterization of the AgNPs was carried out through UV-vis spectroscopy, XRD, SEM, EDAX, and FTIR. This research presents a practical and efficient strategy for AgNP production. A formulation using readily available 1 mm aqueous AgNO3, known for its accessibility and therapeutic properties, was created with cardamom seed extract serving as both a capping and reducing agent. Within 30 minutes, the silver ions were reduced to AgNPs, resulting in a change from golden to dark brown-reddish tint. Various analytical techniques, including UV-vis spectroscopy and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, were employed for characterization. This study introduces an affordable, robust, and renewable method using E. cardamomum seeds for AgNP synthesis, which is entirely eco-friendly and devoid of toxic chemicals. AgNPs hold promise for applications in cancer treatment and diagnosis, setting them apart from other noble metals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The synthesis of Cyanobacteria‐mediated nanoparticles has attracted great attention due to its ecofriendly, cost‐effective and biocompatible properties. Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) are used in different areas such as medicine, household products, disinfectants or food storage. The present study aimed the biosynthesis of AgNPs from Cyanobacterial Chroococcus sp. and their antimicrobial activities on some important pathogen bacterial species. According to the obtained data, optimal conditions for synthesis of AgNPs were extract rate 3 : 1 v/v (cell extract/AgNO3), silver salt concentration 10 mM, pH 7, temperature 60 °C and time 30 minutes. The surface plasmon resonance peak of AgNPs was observed at 420–430 nm, and AgNPs were well‐dispersed spherical with an average size of 11–13 nm in diameter by TEM. SEM‐EDX analysis revealed a strong signal of silver. With FTIR analyzes, shift in the absorption bands after the AgNPs formation was confirmed. X‐ray diffraction analysis exhibited that the AgNPs were cubic crystalline shape. Zeta potential of AgNPs showed ‐ 20 mV. The AgNPs strong showed antibacterial activity on an opportunistic bacterial pathogens of Micococcus luteus, Bacillus subtilis and Pseudomonas aeroginosa. The effective and rapid synthesis of Chroococcus‐mediated AgNPs and their strong antimicrobial effects can create an important potential for their use in biomedical and environmental applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present research, Livistona chinensis leaf extracts were utilized as reductants to bio-fabricate silver nanoparticles (LC-AgNPs) and this was followed by the evaluation of their antioxidant, antibacterial, and anticancer potential. Multiple parameters were optimized for the formation and fidelity of LC-AgNPs. The color shift of the reaction mixture from yellow to dark brown confirmed the LC-AgNPs formation. UV/VIS spectroscopy exhibited a surface plasmon resonance (SPR) band at 436 nm. The Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy spectrum depicted phytochemicals in the plant extract acting as bio-reducers for LC-AgNPs synthesis. The XRD pattern confirmed the presence of LC-AgNPs by showing peaks corresponding to 2θ angle at 8.24° (111), 38.16° (200), 44.20° (220), and 64.72° (311). Zetasizer analysis exhibited size distribution by intensity of LC-AgNPs with a mean value of 255.7 d. nm. Moreover, the zeta potential indicated that the AgNPs synthesized were stable. The irregular shape of LC-AgNPs with a mean average of 38.46 ± 0.26 nm was found by scanning electron microscopy. Furthermore, the antioxidant potential of LC-AgNPs was examined using a DPPH assay and was calculated to be higher in LC-AgNPs than in leaf extracts. The calculated IC50 values of the LC-AgNPs and plant extract are 85.01 ± 0.17 and 209.44 ± 0.24, respectively. The antibacterial activity of LC-AgNPs was investigated against Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Bacillus subtilis as well as Staphylococcus aureus, and maximum potential was observed after 24 h against P. aeruginosa. Moreover, LC-AgNPs exhibited maximum anticancer potential against TPC1 cell lines compared to the plant extract. The findings suggested that LC-AgNPs could be used as antioxidant, antibacterial, and anticancer agents for the cure of free-radical-oriented bacterial and oncogenic diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Much attention has been gained on green silver nanoparticles (green-AgNPs) in the medical field due to their remarkable effects against multi-drug resistant (MDR) microorganisms and targeted cancer treatment. In the current study, we demonstrated a simple and environment-friendly (i.e., green) AgNP synthesis utilizing Jacobaea maritima aqueous leaf extract. This leaf is well-known for its medicinal properties and acts as a reducing and stabilizing agent. Nanoparticle preparation with the desired size and shape was controlled by distinct parameters; for instance, temperature, extract concentration of salt, and pH. The characterization of biosynthesized AgNPs was performed by the UV-spectroscopy technique, dynamic light scattering, scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, and Fourier-transform infrared. The successful formation of AgNPs was confirmed by a surface plasmon resonance at 422 nm using UV-visible spectroscopy and color change observation with a particle size of 37± 10 nm and a zeta potential of −10.9 ± 2.3 mV. SEM further confirmed the spherical size and shape of AgNPs with a size varying from 28 to 52 nm. Antibacterial activity of the AgNPs was confirmed against all Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacterial reference and MDR strains that were used in different inhibitory rates, and the highest effect was on the E-coli reference strain (MIC = 25 μg/mL). The anticancer study of AgNPs exhibited an IC50 of 1.37 μg/mL and 1.98 μg/mL against MCF-7 (breast cancer cells) and A549 (lung cancer cells), respectively. Therefore, this green synthesis of AgNPs could have a potential clinical application, and further in vivo study is required to assess their safety and efficacy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present work, green synthesis is utilized in the synthesis of silver nanoparticles with hazelnut (Corylus Colurna) husk which is the outer leaf part of the hazelnut shell and is considered bio‐waste. According to transmission electron microscopy and x‐ray diffraction analysis, the morphology of the silver nanoparticles synthesized by 0.1 g/mL hazelnut husk extract is found to be spherical with an average diameter of 6.57 nm and possesses ultra‐narrow size distribution. UV‐visible spectrometry reveals the absorbance peak range between 450–475 nm which is in the range of surface plasmon resonance peak of silver nanoparticles with spherical morphology. Antibacterial properties of the synthesized silver nanoparticles were tested on E. coli and significant antimicrobial activity was found with up to 79 % areal inhibition efficiency. The research revealed that the hazelnut husk extract, a reducing agent used in syntheses with different mass concentrations of hazelnut husk extract, also affects the size of the nanoparticles, allowing for the possibility of controlling their size. The antibacterial properties of silver nanoparticles, synthesized in a spherical form of different sizes, correspondingly increased their effect on bacteria which is observed in the inhibition zone. The synthesis of silver nanoparticles, which can be used in many fields for agriculture, cosmetics, and medical purposes, using plant extract and minimal chemicals is crucial because it affects its toxicity. The synthesis of silver nanoparticles with hazelnut husk not only reduces the chemical waste and toxicity, but it is both easily accessible and helps the environment and sustainability by recycling a normally considered bio‐waste by‐product of high‐value‐added crop to a technologically valuable product silver. Moreover, synthesized silver nanoparticles could be an essential part of applications ranging from antibacterial surface treatments to drug delivery systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nanotechnology has emerged as a promising field for the development of novel antibacterial agents with reduced environmental impact. In this study, we present a novel green synthesis approach for the production of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) using a plant-based extract. These AgNPs were subsequently characterized using various analytical techniques, including UV-Vis spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). UV-Vis spectroscopy confirmed the formation of AgNPs by exhibiting a characteristic surface plasmon resonance peak at around 401 and 420 nm. XRD analysis revealed the crystalline nature of the AgNPs, with distinct diffraction peaks corresponding to the face-centered cubic structure of silver. TEM analysis demonstrated that the synthesized AgNPs were predominantly spherical in shape and exhibited an average size within the nanoscale range. FTIR analysis was employed to elucidate the potential bioactive compounds present in the plant extract responsible for the reduction and stabilization of AgNPs. Furthermore, we evaluated the antibacterial activity of these synthesized AgNPs against a panel of bacterial isolates. All the bacterial isolates were sensitive to the silver nanoparticles. Staphylococcus aureus as found to be most resistant, while E. coli as found to be the most sensitive. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Silver nanoparticles have special plasmonic and antibacterial characteristics that make them efficient in a variety of commercial medical applications. According to recent research, chemically synthesized silver nanoparticles are harmful even in low concentrations. It was crucial to identify appropriate synthesis methods that may have low costs and be nontoxic to the environment. Zingiber officinale (ginger) extracts used to prepare silver nanoparticles were inexpensive and environmentally friendly, and the best physicochemical characteristics were analyzed. Silver nanoparticles were characterized by using UV-visible spectroscopy, Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The surface Plasmon resonance peak at 425 nm was observed using UV-Visible spectroscopy. Scanning electron microscopy observed that the nanoparticles were spherical and ranged in size from 5 to 35 nm. The XRD pattern values of 2θ: 38.2o, 46.3o, and 64.58o are used to determine the planes (111), (200), and (220). The silver nanoparticle's existence was verified by the face-centered cubic (FCC). Silver nanoparticles were found to have antibacterial efficacy against gram-positive Staphylococcus and gram-negative bacteria such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella Aerogenes, Salmonella, Staphylococcus and Escherichia coli. The antibacterial activity of silver nanoparticles was observed using the agar well diffusion (AWD) method at three different concentrations (100 μg/ml, 75 μg/ml, and 50 μg/ml). The zone of inhibition measured against the bacterial strains pseudomonas Aeruginosa, Klebsiella aerogenes, Escherichia coli, Salmonella and Staphylococcus which were (18.4±1.25 mm, 16.9±0.74 mm, 14.8±1.25 mm), (16.8±0.96 mm, 14.6±0.76 mm, 14.0±1.15 mm), (19.7±0.76 mm, 18.2±0.66 mm, 15.4±1.15 mm), (16.6±0.67 mm, 14.2±0.23 mm, 12.8±0.78 mm) and (12±0.68 mm, 10±0.20 mm, 08±0.15 mm). These nanoparticles' potent antibacterial properties may enable them to be employed as nanomedicines for a variety of gram-negative bacterial illness treatments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the last few decades, the search for metal nanoparticles as an alternative to cancer treatments and antibiotics has increased. In this article, the spectroscopic (ultraviolet–visible (UV-vis), electron-dispersing X-ray (EDX), and Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR)), microscopic (field emission scanning electron microscope (FE-SEM), transmission electron microscope (TEM), and atomic force microscope (AFM)), structural (X-ray diffractometer (XRD) and zetasizer), and analytic (thermogravimetric/differential thermal analyzer (TGA-DTA)) characterization of the silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) produced from Papaver rhoeas (PR) L. leaf extract are presented. PR-AgNPs are generally spherical and have a maximum surface plasmon resonance of 464.03 nm. The dimensions of the manufactured nanomaterial are in the range of 1.47–7.31 nm. PR-AgNPs have high thermal stability and a zeta potential of −36.1 mV. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values (mg L−1) of PR-AgNPs on Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Candida albicans are 1.50, 0.75, 3.00, 6.00, and 0.37, respectively. In the study, the cytotoxic and proliferative effects of PR-AgNPs using the MTT (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) method on various cancer cell lines (CACO-2 (human colon adenocarcinoma cell), MCF-7 (human breast cancer cell), T98-G (glioblastoma multiforme cell), and healthy HUVEC (human umbilical vein endothelial cell)) cell lines are presented. After 24 and 48 h of the application, the half-maximum inhibitory concentration (IC50) values (μg mL−1) of PR-AgNPs on HUVEC, CACO-2, MCF-7, and T98-G lines are 2.365 and 2.380; 2.526 and 2.521; 3.274 and 3.318; 3.472 and 3.526, respectively. Comprehensive in vivo research of PR-AgNPs is proposed to reveal their potential for usage in sectors such as nanomedicine and nanochemistry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study is to investigate the antimicrobial activity and in vitro toxicity of caffeine/AgNPs–triton X-100 and characterize the produced nanoparticle. In the present investigation, the green biosynthesis of caffeine/AgNPs with triton X-100 has been carried out, and Ultraviolet–Visible Spectroscopy (UV–Vis) analysis was done which revealed an intense surface plasmon resonance (SPR) band at 420 nm, thus confirming the formation of triton X-100. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) study showed that the nanoparticles were spherical in shape with an average size of 16–24 nm diameter. Using the MTT assay, biosynthesized AgNPs effectively inhibited Hep-G2 cancer cells with a 60.53% reduction.. The antibacterial activity of synthesized AgNPs against a diverse range of Gram-positive pathogens was determined using disk diffusion method and the results showed that caffeine–AgNP–Triton X-100 effectively inhibited E. coli and S. aureus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Herein, we present for the first time a quick, easy, effective, and green method for preparing green nanofluids containing silver nanoparticles. The solution plasma method with a high-voltage DC power source and extracts from the Paramignya trimera was employed to prepare silver nanoparticles. The obtained results showed that silver nanoparticles were spherical, with a small average size of − 8 nm and fairly uniformly dispersed in solution. Surface plasmon resonance spectra show a strong peak at 410 nm for the prepared samples. The Fourier transform infrared spectra revealed the presence of possible functional groups on the surface of silver nanoparticles. Furthermore, the formation mechanism of silver nanoparticles is also proposed. The effect of the preparation times on the thermal conductivity of nanofluid was also investigated. As a result, the nanofluids prepared with longer preparation times had higher thermal conductivity and the highest improvement of 18.3% was obtained for the nanofluid using 4 min preparation compared to the base fluid. The obtained results indicate promise for a simple, fast, and environmentally friendly method for producing nanofluids containing silver nanoparticles with high thermal conductivity for potential applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

"Green chemistry" is a simple and easily reproductible method that provides nanoparticles characterized by better stability and good dispersion in an aqueous solution. Nanoparticles can be synthesized by algae, bacteria, fungi, and plant extracts. Ganoderma lucidum is a commonly used medicinal mushroom with distinctive biological properties, such as antibacterial, antifungal, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, etc. In this study, aqueous mycelial extracts of Ganoderma lucidum were used to reduce AgNO3 to form silver nanoparticles (AgNPs). The biosynthesized nanoparticles were characterized by UV-visible spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis. The maximum UV absorption was obtained at 420 nm, which represents the specific surface plasmon resonance band for biosynthesized silver nanoparticles. SEM images showed particles as predominantly spherical, while FTIR spectroscopic studies illustrated the presence of functional groups that can support the reducing of ion Ag+ to Ag(0). XRD peaks ratified the presence of AgNPs. The antimicrobial effectiveness of synthesized nanoparticles was tested against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacterial and yeasts strains. The silver nanoparticles were effective against pathogens, inhibiting their proliferation, and thus reducing the risk to the environment and to public health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) were obtained by green synthesis using Chaerophyllum macrospermum (CM) and Eremurus spectabilis (ES). These particles were characterized by TEM, XRD, IR, UV, mass, and NMR spectra. TEM images show that the mean particle size of CM-AgNPs was 30 nm and the diameter of ES-AgNPs was 14.2 nm. XRD measurements showed that CM-AgNPs were 30.85 nm and ES-AgNPs 18.80 nm in a perfect face-centered cubic crystal structure. CM-AgNP showed maximum absorption at 453 nm and ES-AgNP at 455 nm; AgNPs exhibited a strong surface plasmon resonance (SPR) and played a role in stabilization. A silicon phthalocyanine compound was synthesized and characterized. The photovoltaic properties of the axial phthalocyanine compound with and without doping of Chaerophyllum macrospermum and Eremurus spectabilis silver nanoparticles were investigated. Better dye-sensitive solar cells were formed by doping silver nanoparticles to phthalocyanine compounds with an increase in the percentage of energy conversion efficiency by 0.26 with ESAgNP doping and 0.76 with CMAgNP doping. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Increasing prevalence of microbial resistance and side effects of currently available drugs compels the researchers to look for alternate therapies and formulations to overcome this problem. Plant based formulations have been proved to be most reliable agents in recent times. Objective: In the current study, bio fabricated herbal silver nanoparticles (HSNPs) were prepared by reducing silver nitrate (AgNO3) solution with ethyl acetate fractions (EAF) of Blumea lacera extracts. These bios conjugated HSNPs were then assessed for potential anti-inflammatory and antibacterial activities along with in vitro antioxidant effect. Methods and results: The synthesis was confirmed by absorbance peak at 441 nm due to surface plasmon resonance in UV-visible spectrophotometer. FTIR spectra of HSNPs indicated the phytochemicals having C-O bond responsible for reducing of Ag+ to Ago. Average size of HSNPs was found to be 59.21 nm which was in good agreement with TEM and SEM results. EDS analysis showed the existence of Silver, Nitrogen and Carbon in HSNPs. The antibacterial activity of HSNPs in terms of zone of inhibition (ZOI) via disc diffusion assay and against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli was found to be 25.0±1.19 mm and 18.3±2.08 mm, respectively. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of HSNPs was found to be 50 µg/ml and 60 µg/ml against S. aureus and E. coli, respectively. The antioxidant capacity of the HSNPs was insignificant as compared to EAF but the results of anti-inflammatory activity was significant (p<0.05). Conclusion: The overall result demonstrated better in-vitro pharmacological potential of HSNPs compared to neat extract/EAF. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Herein, we report the green synthesis of flower-like carrageenan-silver nanoparticles (c-AgNPs) through a facile hydrothermal reaction at 90 °C for 2 h. The reduction of silver nitrate (AgNO3) to c-AgNPs was evident by the colour change of the solution from colourless to dark brown and further confirmed by a UV-Vis surface plasmon resonance (SPR) peak at ~420 nm. The FTIR spectra showed that the abundance of functional groups present in the carrageenan were responsible for the reduction and stabilisation of the c-AgNPs. The XRD pattern confirmed the crystalline nature and face-centred cubic structure of the c-AgNPs, while the EDX analysis showed the presence of a high composition of elemental silver (85.87 wt%). Interestingly, the morphological characterisations by SEM and FE-SEM revealed the formation of flower-like c-AgNPs composed of intercrossed and random lamellar petals of approximately 50 nm in thickness. The growth mechanism of flower-like c-AgNPs were elucidated based on the TEM and AFM analyses. The c-AgNPs displayed promising antibacterial properties against E. coli and S. aureus, with zones of inhibition ranging from 8.0 ± 0.0 to 11.7 ± 0.6 mm and 7.3 ± 0.6 to 9.7 ± 0.6 mm, respectively, as the concentration of c-AgNPs increased from 0.1 to 4 mg/mL. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, leaves, and stem extracts of the Bougainvillea spectabilis (BS) plant were used separately as reducing and stabilizing agents to obtain silver nanoparticles (AgNPs). The UV-Vis characterizations show different positions to the absorption band associated with surface plasmon resonance (SPR) in AgNPs. The absorption bands centered at 372 and 435 nm were observed with the stem and leaves extract, respectively. In both cases, these behaviors were associated with SPR in AgNPs. TEM (transmission electron microscopy) micrographs reveal relatively spherical morphologies, with particle diameters around 11 nm with a hexagonal phase. AgNPs were evaluated as SERS (surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy) substrates detecting pyridoxine at low concentrations. The theoretical results indicate a possible charge transfer between the two systems and susceptibility to Raman activity enhancement on the radial breathing mode type of the pyridinic ring located at approximately 690 cm−1. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• First ever report of Mucuna pruriens (L.) DC. callus mediated green synthesis of silver nanoparticles. • The seeds were germinated in-vitro in the modified Murashige and Skoog's medium and the in-vitro leaf was used as an explant to induce callus. • Callus was induced using various types of auxins and cytokinin's at different concentrations. The best responded callus was sub cultured and used for the study. • The antibacterial activity assay was performed against gram positive Bacilus velezensis (Accession no. MW219533) and gram-negative escherichia coli cultures. • highest antibacterial activity against E. coli (84.8%) and B. velezensis (78.1%) was shown by 0.5 mg/L pic and 2.0 mg/L BAP callus mediated AgNPs. In this paper, we describe the green synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) using plant extracts, as well as their structural, optical, and antibacterial activities against Escherichia coli and Bacillus velezensis bacteria. For the study, several sections (root, leaves, and seed) of Mucuna pruriens , an immense medicinal herbal used to treat Parkinson's disease, were evaluated. Also, the seeds were grown in-vitro in the modified Murashige and Skoog's medium and the leaf derived callus supplemented by different phytohormones like picloram (pic), thidiazuron (TDZ), 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP) and 2-isopentenyl adenine (2-iP) were selected for this study. This is the first report of distinct callus obtained from M. pruriens and used for green nanoparticle synthesis. The prepared materials were thoroughly evaluated for structural and optical properties using XRD, FTIR, and UV-Visible spectroscopy. During synthesis, the colour changes from colourless to reddish brown, and the existence of an SPR peak in the absorption spectra confirms the formation of AgNPs. The FTIR spectra reveals the presence of phenolic group and alkyl ether groups, which were responsible for the reduction of silver ions during the green synthesis. The aqueous extracts of plant parts and callus obtained from different hormones showed very poor antibacterial activity. However, the green synthesized nanoparticles fabricated by different plant extracts showed good antimicrobial activity towards E. coli and B. velezensis bacteria. amongst the investigated results, highest antimicrobial activity against E. coli (84.8%) and B. velezensis (78.1%) was shown by AgNPs mediated by leaf extracts respectively followed by 0.5 mg/L pic and 2.0 mg/L BAP callus mediated silver nanoparticle solution. According to the findings, green produced AgNPs are promising candidates for antibacterial applications against E. coli and B. velezensis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current study is based on the synthesis of silver nanoparticles using Aspergillus fumigatus and its larvicidal activity against Aedes aegyptii. The optical, morphological, structural, and elemental properties of synthesized silver nanoparticles were investigated by UV–Vis spectroscopy, Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Energy-dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX) and Zeta potential. The characterization was confirmed by the surface plasmon resonance band at 434 nm. The results validated the spherical shape and size (28–33 nm) of the nanoparticles. Biosynthesized silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) have been evaluated for their effectiveness in controlling Aedes aegyptii larvae. The larvicidal effect was evident in the experiment when Aedes larvae were exposed to five different log concentrations of Aspergillus fumigatus based-AgNPs. The mortality in the larvae had been observed at various exposure times. Exposure of third instar larvae of Aedes aegypti to biosynthesized silver nanoparticles resulted in lethal concentrations (LC50 and LC90) of 2.624 and 4.728 ppm, respectively. Moreover, the biotoxicity screening against non-target organism Daphnia magna revealed the nontoxic nature of biogenic nanosilver against non-target fauna. The findings indicate that Aspergillus fumigatus has the potential to facilitate the swift synthesis of silver nanoparticles, presenting a novel approach for vector control strategies, without causing any harm to other aquatic organisms occupying the same ecological niche. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • The present study gives prominence to the issue of E-waste which has winged over past years and is inescapable. • The study aims at blending the decency of natural resources in the synthesis of Silver (Ag) nanoparticles that exhibit LSPR. • The most hazardous BFR(TBBPA) found in E-Waste has been selectively detected through MIP. • Foster the application of fabricated Ag-NP/MIP LSPR sensor in the detection of TBBPA in real samples. The present study demonstrates evocatively the interest in prioritizing an environmental friendly approach. Green synthesis of metallic nano-particles is carried out, which is further incorporated with a technique known as Molecular Imprinted Polymers (MIP) to develop a highly sensitive cuvette-based localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) probe for the selective detection of a Tetrabromobisphenol-A (TBBPA). TBBPA is a hazardous phenolic compound, mostly found in electronic waste (E-waste), that is abundant on earth. We have fabricated an LSPR probe with the help of a transparent glass substrate. A layer of Silver nanoparticles has been decorated over the glass substrate which further has an MIP overlayer on it. The glass slide dimensions are so chosen that it can fit inside the cuvette along its one side. The absorbance spectra are then recorded for a concentration range of 0–500 ng/ml of TBBPA. The sensitivity and limit of detection of the proposed sensor have been found to be 0.228 nm/ng ml−1 and 4.68 ng/ml respectively. Also, the probe showed quite promising recovery percentage greater than 85 % in real samples. Hence, with the findings and outcomes our fabricated probe can be represented as a potential candidate in selective detection of TBBPA along with the benefits of low cost of fabrication, portable, and real-time monitoring. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Caralluma adscendens R.Brown var. bicolor was used for the phytosynthesis of nanomaterials. • Both nanoparticles exhibited greater pharmacological activities. • Prepared nanomaterials were characterized using FTIR, HR-TEM, EDX, and UV–Vis analysis. • Both nanoparticles showed higher wound-healing activity than CABL extract based on the MTT assay and fluorescence analysis. Nanomaterials employed in nanomedicine have the potential to function as both diagnostic and therapeutic tools for individuals. Over the past few decades, significant efforts have been made to synthesize a range of metal nanoparticles through the utilization of different plant extracts. Caralluma adscendens R. Brown var. bicolor leaves (CABL) extract was employed in this study as a reducing/capping agent for the synthesis of gold/silver nanoparticles (CABL@AgNPs/CABL@AuNPs) and explore their pharmacological properties. The successful synthesis of CABL@AgNPs and CABL@AuNPs was confirmed through the observation of surface plasmon resonance (SPR) at 439 and 522 nm using ultraviolet–visible spectrophotometer (UV–Vis). High resolution-transmission electron microscopy (HR-TEM) and energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) techniques were employed to evaluate the shape, size, and chemical composition of the as-synthesized CABL@AgNPs and CABL@AuNPs. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) was used to determine the biomolecules responsible for the reduction of metal ions and the stability of metal nanoparticles generated using plant extract. An evaluation was performed to assess the antibacterial and antifungal efficacy of the prepared aqueous CABL extract, CABL@AgNPs, and CABL@AuNPs through the implementation of the disc diffusion technique. The results demonstrated that CABL@AgNPs exhibited greater efficiency when compared to both CABL extract and CABL@AuNPs. The dose-dependent nature of antimicrobial activities was clearly demonstrated through the results of antioxidant and anti-inflammatory experiments. The wound healing activity of the prepared nanomaterials was evaluated using a variety of techniques, including MTT assay, fluorescence staining test, and in vitro scratch assay. The wound-healing capacity of prepared nanomaterials was evaluated using an in vitro scratch assay with Fibroblast L929 cells. The impact of nanoparticles at the IC 50 concentration range was analysed through a fluorescence staining experiment and MTT assay to determine toxicity levels. The environmentally friendly approach of current study shown that both nanoparticles have the potential to be effective therapeutic agents for treating different illnesses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Egyptian basil waste is used to synthesize silver nanoparticles and enhance the antibacterial and antioxidant properties of polyurethane nanofibers. • Liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry is used to analyze the chemical constituents in the basil extract. • physicochemical properties of AgNPs and impacts on nanofibers are examined, revealing a round, uniform shape with a diameter of 9.15 ± 2.5 nm. • The presence of AgNPs and basil waste significantly enhances the antimicrobial and antioxidant properties of the nanofibers compared to pure polyurethane. • TPU/AgNPs (4.0 wt%) nanofibers have the strongest ZOI against E. coli (18.2 ± 0.9 mm) and S. aureus (16.1 ± 0.7 mm) and the highest radical scavenging action against DPPH (90.2 %). The growing global population drives increased food demand, impacting the global packaging materials sector, leading to the development of active packaging to enhance food quality, shelf life, and safety. Proper packaging materials, with improved antibacterial and antioxidant barriers, are becoming important in the food sector to reduce food loss and contamination. This study uses Egyptian basil Ocimum basilicum L manufacturing wastes as a biowaste, an agro-industry waste, as a reducing and capping agent to biosynthesize silver nanoparticles (AgNPs). Then, different contents from AgNPs (0.5, 2, 4 wt%) were entrapped into polyurethane nanofiber (PUNFs) to enhance the antimicrobial and antioxidant properties. Gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) was employed to analyze the chemical constituents present in the aqueous peel extract of Ocimum basilicum L. The physicochemical properties of AgNPs before and after entrapped nanofibers were investigated, their antimicrobial and antioxidant properties were evaluated. As a result of the distinctive surface plasmon resonance properties exhibited by Ag (metallic nanoparticles), there are notable peaks observed at 272.5 nm and a prominent peak at 467.3 nm. TEM analyses indicated that the AgNPs were consistently round and uniform, measuring an average of 17.16 ± 1.94 nm in diameter; SEM also confirmed these findings. AgNPs were found to possess their typical crystalline structure, as evidenced by the results of XRD and TEM analyses. The rise in nanofiber diameter is responsible for the escalated AgNP concentration. The presence of AgNPs and Ocimum basilicum L biowaste significantly enhanced the antibacterial and antioxidant properties compared to pure TPU. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In terms of reduced toxicity, the biologically inspired green synthesis of nanoparticles has emerged as a promising alternative to chemically fabricated nanoparticles. The use of a highly stable, biocompatible, and environmentally friendly aqueous extract of Cynara cardunculus as a reducing and capping agent in this study demonstrated the possibility of green manufacturing of silver nanoparticles (CC-AgNPs). UV–visible spectroscopy validated the development of CC-AgNPs, indicating the surface plasmon resonance (SPR) λmax band at 438 nm. The band gap of CC-AgNPs was found to be 2.26 eV. SEM and TEM analysis examined the surface morphology of CC-AgNPs, and micrographs revealed that the nanoparticles were spherical. The crystallinity, crystallite size, and phase purity of as-prepared nanoparticles were confirmed using XRD analysis, and it was confirmed that the CC-AgNPs were a face-centered cubic (fcc) crystalline-structured material. Furthermore, the role of active functional groups involved in the reduction and surface capping of CC-AgNPs was revealed using the Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopic technique. CC-AgNPs were mostly spherical and monodispersed, with an average size of 26.89 nm, and were shown to be stable for a longer period without any noticeable change at room temperature. Further, we checked the antifungal mechanism of CC-AgNPs against C. auris MRL6057. The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) and minimum fungicidal concentrations (MFC) were 50.0 µg/mL and 100.0 µg/mL respectively. The cell count and viability assay confirmed the fungicidal potential of CC-AgNPs. Further, the analysis showed that CC-AgNPs could induce apoptosis and G2/M phase cell cycle arrest in C. auris MRL6057. Our results also suggest that the CC-AgNPs were responsible for the induction of mitochondrial toxicity. TUNEL assay results revealed that higher concentrations of CC-AgNPs could cause DNA fragmentation. Therefore, the present study suggested that CC-AgNPs hold the capacity for antifungal drug development against C. auris infections. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nanoparticles exhibiting the localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) phenomenon are promising tools for diagnostics and cancer treatment. Among widely used metal nanoparticles, silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) possess the strongest light scattering and surface plasmon strength. However, the therapeutic potential of Ag NPs has until now been underestimated. Here we show targeted photothermal therapy of solid tumors with 35 nm HER2-targeted Ag NPs, which were produced by the green synthesis using an aqueous extract of Lavandula angustifolia Mill. Light irradiation tests demonstrated effective hyperthermic properties of these NPs, namely heating by 10 °C in 10 min. To mediate targeted cancer therapy, Ag NPs were conjugated to the scaffold polypeptide, affibody ZHER2:342, which recognizes a clinically relevant oncomarker HER2. The conjugation was mediated by the PEG linker to obtain Ag-PEG-HER2 nanoparticles. Flow cytometry tests showed that Ag-PEG-HER2 particles successfully bind to HER2-overexpressing cells with a specificity comparable to that of full-size anti-HER2 IgGs. A confocal microscopy study showed efficient internalization of Ag-PEG-HER2 into cells in less than 2 h of incubation. Cytotoxicity assays demonstrated effective cell death upon exposure to Ag-PEG-HER2 and irradiation, caused by the production of reactive oxygen species. Xenograft tumor therapy with Ag-PEG-HER2 particles in vivo resulted in full primary tumor regression and the prevention of metastatic spread. Thus, for the first time, we have shown that HER2-directed plasmonic Ag nanoparticles are effective sensitizers for targeted photothermal oncotherapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) was performed using extracts from Ornithogalum narbonense L. (ONL) as a cost-effective and eco-friendly approach. A surface plasmon resonance peak was observed at 440 nm after 12 h. The intense reddish-brown coloration was observed higher than 1.5 mM AgNO3 concentrations. Bioactive compounds were found responsible for the reduction, stabilization, and capping of Ag+ to AgNPs. X-ray powder diffraction analysis confirmed the face-centered cubic silver crystalline structure. The average spherical-shaped individual particle size was around 8.46 nm, while hydrodynamic size ranged between 7–13 nm and 36–131 nm. The AgNPs have good stability (ζ = –31.15 mV). Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy analysis proved the presence of elemental Ag (6.76%). The antibacterial activity with the zone of inhibition is as follows: P. aeruginosa > E. coli > S.aureus > B. cereus (10.35 ± 0.12 mm > 9.40 ± 0.14 mm > 8.20 ± 0.10 mm > 7.0 ± 0.24 mm). The AgNPs did not show antifungal properties against C. albicans. The aqueous extract of Ornithogalum Narbonense L was used for the green synthesis of AgNPs. XRD, SEM, EDX, FTIR, ζ-potential, DLS and UV-vis characterizations were made. The average surface charge and diameter of individual AgNPs were determined as –31.15 mV and 8.46 nm. AgNPs acted as an inhibitor toward E.coli, P.aeruginosa, E.faecalis, S.aureus and B.cereus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• As a potential substitute for conventional methods of synthesizing nanomaterials, green synthesis has shown promise. • Present review explains the fabrication of silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) via plant extract and their application as antimicrobial agent against harmful microbes. • This review briefly describes the contribution of AgNPs as photocatalytic agent for the treatment of dyes. • The optical phenomena known as localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) discussed in detail. In the modern era, nanoparticles have drawn growing interest from the scientific community. Their unique physical, chemical, and biological properties lead to their exceptional optical, magnetic, catalytic, sensing, and antibacterial properties. Different physical and chemical techniques have been used over time to create nanomaterials. These routes, which are extremely expensive, use hazardous chemicals, have a potential of creating hazardous by-products, and eventually harm the ecosystem. An easy, affordable, and environmentally friendly replacement is thus urgently needed. The easy-to-do, environmentally friendly, and non-toxic character of the fabrication of nanoparticles utilizing plant extracts as precursor is attracting a lot of interest today perhaps a smart method to limit the toxic effects agglomerated with the usual synthesis procedures. As stabilizing and reducing agents for the synthesis, a number of molecular components found in plant extracts, such as flavonoids, alcohols, carbohydrates, sugars, terpenoids and polyphenols, provide a vital role. As a potential substitute for conventional methods of synthesizing nanomaterials, green synthesis has shown promise. Present review explains the fabrication of silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) via plant extract and their application as antimicrobial agent against harmful microbes. Additionally this review briefly describes the contribution of AgNPs as catalytic agent for the treatment of dyes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present investigation, green synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) was carried out using aqueous leaf extract of Argyreia nervosa. The results of the spectral characterisation have revealed that the surface Plasmon resonance band was observed at 421 nm confirms the formation of AgNPs. The Fourier Transform Infra-red Spectroscopy result shows the reduction of silver nitrate into AgNPs by the reduction of different functional groups. Transmission Electron Microscope analysis revealed that the particles are roughly spherical and poly-disperse in shape and size, the particles are within the size range of 10–55 nm. Dynamic Light Scattering revealed that the nanoparticles were also within the range of 10–50 nm, An-AgNPs have a high negative zeta potential value of −38.9 mV. An-AgNPs showed efficient free radical scavenging activity and showed excellent antimicrobial activity. Anti-proliferative and cytotoxic effect of An-AgNPs was carried out by MTT assay against KB oral cancer cells, the IC50 value of An-AgNPs is 58.64 µg/ml. The cell's growth is arrested at the G2/M phase, so the An-AgNPs activated the Caspase 3 pathway which leads to the Apoptosis of KB oral cancer cells. So it is concluded that the green synthesised An-AgNPs have manifold functions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study deals with facile and rapid synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) and Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) using Mentha longifolia leaves extracts (MLE). The synthesized AgNPs and AuNPs were characterized by UV-visible spectroscopy (UV-Vis), Fourier transformed infra-red spectroscopy (FT-IR), atomic force microscopy (AFM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) techniques. The phytochemical analysis showed the presence of bioactive secondary metabolites, which are involved in the synthesis of nanoparticles (NPs). The surface plasmon resonance (SPR) observed at 435 and 550 nm, confirmed the green synthesis of AgNPs and AuNPs, respectively. The TEM images showed poly dispersed and round oval shapes of Ag and Au NPs with an average particles size of 10.23 ± 2 nm and 13.45 ± 2 nm, respectively. TEM results are in close agreements with that of AFM analysis. The FT-IR spectroscopy revealed the presence of OH, –NH2 and C = O groups, which involved in the synthesis of NPs. The MLE and their AgNPs and AuNP exhibited good in vitro antibacterial and anti-oxidant activities. Moreover, MLE and NPs also showed in vivo analgesic activities in mice, and excellent sedative properties in open field test paradigm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present study, we have used seed extract of P. nigrum as an effective reducing agent for the synthesis of silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) and silver based chitosan nanocomposite (Ag/CS NC). The silver nanoparticles were characterized by UV–vis spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscope (SEM), transmission electron microscope (TEM) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The appearance of a surface plasmon resonance (SPR) peak located at 430 nm reveals the formation of silver nanoparticles. The TEM analysis indicates that the attained silver nanoparticles were mostly in spherical shapes with sizes ranging between 15 and 38 nm. The high resolution liquid chromatography with mass spectroscopy (HR-LCMS) analysis was performed to screen the phytochemical constituents of P. nigrum seed extract. The silver nanoparticles synthesized by P. nigrum seed extract exhibited effective antibacterial activity against Bacillus subtilis (B. subtilis) and Escherichia coli (E. coli). In addition, the silver nanoparticles showed potent cytotoxicity against hazardous human cancer cell lines MDA-MB-231, PANC-1, SKOV-3, PC-3 and Hela. The observation of bright spots in the TEM dark field images represents the presence of Ag in CS suspension. Besides, the Ag/CS NC coated cotton fabric substantially showed remarkable antibacterial activity against B. subtilis and E. coli. [Display omitted] • The silver nanoparticles were effectively synthesized by P. nigrum seed extract. • Silver nanoparticles showed potent toxic effects against bacterial and cancer cells. • Silver based chitosan nanocomposite were successfully prepared by green protocol. • Nanocomposite coated cotton fabric showed excellent antibacterial activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The measurement of total antioxidant capacity (TAC) indicating the cooperative action of all antioxidants in a complex sample is an important analytical challenge. A novel green silver nanoparticle-based antioxidant capacity (GSNP-AC) method using carob extract was designed for TAC measurement. Green synthesis of nanoparticles has various advantages such as environmentally friendliness, reliability, sustainability and fast production. In the presence of silver seeds formed with carob extract, Ag+ is reduced to spherical silver nanoparticles (SNPs) with antioxidants, resulting in enlarged particles with a symmetric surface plasmon resonance (SPR) absorption band at 434 nm. The SPR of SNPs allowed quantification of antioxidants (i.e., increase in SPR absorbance being correlated to antioxidant concentration), and the GSNP-AC method gave a linear response over a wide concentration range of antioxidants. The molar absorptivity and LOD for trolox were 11700 L mol−1 cm−1 and 0.31 µM, respectively. The proposed method was validated in terms of concentration-dependent linear response, additivity of absorbances, precision and accuracy. The results obtained with the proposed method for standard antioxidants, synthetic mixtures and real sample extracts were correlated with those of the traditional CUPRAC method. This green synthesized silver nanoparticle-based TAC method showed simple, rapid, cost-effective, and eco-friendly superiorities over similar other nanoparticle-based assays. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present work was carried out to green synthesis of silver nanoparticles by using fresh aqueous tuber extract of Jatropha heynei. The Jt-AgNPs are characterized by different spectroscopic techniques, the surface plasmon resonance of Jt-AgNPs was observed at 420 nm. The FTIR analysis revealed that various functional groups of tuber extract are responsible for the reduction. The average particle size of Jt-AgNPs was detected to be around 12.4 nm ± 1 nm and the zeta potential of Jt-AgNPs was around −13 mV, the negative charge indicates stability and dispersion of the nanoparticles. The elemental silver in Jt-AgNPs was found by EDAX and is around 81.96%. The XRD analysis revealed that the Jt-AgNPs are crystalline in nature. The antibacterial activity on both Gram − ve and Gram + ve bacteria showed excellent activity. The antibacterial potential of Jt-AgNPs resulted in promising inhibitory activity against total coli forms in the drinking water. Finally, we can conclude that Jt-AgNPs may probably be used as water purification agents in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Silver nanoparticles AgNPs were synthesized from an extract of Pistacia atlantica plant. After mixing the silver nitrate solution and extract of P. atlantica leaves, they changed its color to dark brown. UV–vis spectroscopy result showed maximum adsorption at 468 nm, which represents the characteristic surface plasmon resonance of nanosilver. FTIR spectroscopy results recorded a downward shift of absorption bands between 500 and 1700 cm−1 indicting the formation of silver nanoparticles. X-ray crystal analysis showed that the silver nanoparticles are highly crystalline and exhibit a cubic, face-centered lattice with characteristic (111), (200), (220), and (311) orientations. Composition analysis obtained from SEM–EDXA confirmed the presence of elemental signature of silver. Results also showed that biosynthesized AgNPs exhibit remarkable antioxidant activity using DPPH method with IC50 = 0.47 mg/ml. In addition, synthesized AgNPs were also found to control the growth of E. coli, S. aureus and Acinetobacter baumnnii on nutrient medium with 13, 12 and 11 mm mm zone of inhibition, respectively. The main compounds that were identified in the methanolic and the ethanolic extracts of P. atlantica Desf are ascorbic acid, gallic acid, tannic acid, rutin, and quercetin which were performed by HPLC technique. The AgNPs synthesized from the leaf extract of P. atlantica can be a good method for the preparation of various nano formulations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: Nano‐biotechnologically synthesizing silver nanoparticles via canthaxanthin pigment extracted from Dietzia maris AURCCBT01 and assessing their cytotoxic therapeutic potential against human keratinocyte cell line (HaCaT) were the key objectives of this study. Methods and Results: The pigment extracted from D. maris AURCCBT01 was identified as canthaxanthin using UV‐VIS spectroscopy, FTIR, NMR (1H NMR and 13C NMR) and MS. Canthaxanthin, treated with silver nitrate solution, produced canthaxanthin‐mediated silver nanoparticles and they were characterized by UV‐VIS spectroscopy, FTIR, XRD, FESEM‐EDX and TEM‐SAED techniques. UV‐VIS spectroscopy pointed out an absorption band at 420 nm, relating to the surface plasmon resonance of silver nanoparticles. FTIR findings suggested that the diverse functional groups of canthaxanthin bio‐molecules played a significant task in capping the silver nanoparticles. XRD analysis exhibited 40·20 nm for the crystal size of nanoparticles. FESEM and TEM exhibited that the biosynthesized silver nanoparticles were spherical in shape with crystalline nature and the particle size was 40–50 nm. Moreover, the cytotoxicity assessment of the synthesized nanoparticles in HaCaT revealed significant cytotoxicity in the cultured cells with an IC50 value of 43 µg ml−1. Conclusion: Stable silver nanoparticles synthesized using canthaxanthin from D. maris AURCCBT01 were found effective for application in wound healing activity. Significance and Impact of the Study: Biosynthesized silver nanoparticles via canthaxanthin bacterial pigment exhibited their cytotoxicity effect in HaCaT and testified their eventual therapeutic potential in the wound healing activity with no side effects in a cost effective and eco‐friendly process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed at using a green, rapid, and efficient method for silver nanoparticles synthesis using different types of agri-waste. Ag was reduced to Ag-NPs using the banana, apple and walnut waste extracts that served as both capping and reducing agent. Silver nitrate solution (1mM) was mixed with the vegetal extract (1:9 ratio) and sonicated in a cleaning bath, at 60C. The successful bio-reduction of silver nitrate into silver nanoparticles was confirmed by UV-Vis spectroscopy, a characteristic surface plasmon resonance (SPR) band being recorded for all the samples. Concluding, agri-waste may be harnessed to phyto-fabricate eco-friendly silver nanoparticles, with multiple applications in the agri-food sector. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) was carried out using the aqueous leaf extract of rare medicinal plant Decaschistia crotonifolia (Dc). The spectral characterization of the biosynthesized Dc-AgNPs was carried out by using different spectral methods viz., ultraviolet visible spectroscopy (UV-Vis) showed that Dc-AgNPs have surface plasmon resonance (SPR) peak at 437 nm. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis revealed the role of various functional groups responsible for the synthesis and the stabilization of Dc-AgNPs. In Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) studies, the Dc-AgNP average size is detected as 13.6 nm and all the nanoparticles are in the range of 12–18 nm with spherical shape and poly-dispersed nature. The stability of Dc-AgNPs was due to its high negative zeta potential value −26.0 mV. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) studies confirmed the crystalline nature of Dc-AgNPs. The Dc-AgNPs proved to have effective antimicrobial activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacterial stains, also revealed excellent antioxidant and catalytic activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Present review emphatically introduces the synthesis, biocompatibility, and applications of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs), including their antibacterial, antimicrobial, and antifungal properties. A comprehensive discussion of various synthesis methods for AgNPs, with a particular focus on green chemistry mediated by plant extracts has been made. Recent research has revealed that the optical properties of AgNPs, including surface plasmon resonance (SPR), depend on the particle size, as well as the synthesis methods, preparation synthesis parameters, and used reducing agents. The significant emphasis on the use of synthesized AgNPs as antibacterial, antimicrobial, and antifungal agents in various applications has been reviewed. Furthermore, the application areas have been thoroughly examined, providing a detailed discussion of the underlying mechanisms, which aids in determining the optimal control parameters during the synthesis process of AgNPs. Furthermore, the challenges encountered while utilizing AgNPs and the corresponding advancements to overcome them have also been addressed. This review not only summarizes the achievements and current status of plant-mediated green synthesis of AgNPs but also explores the future prospects of these materials and technology in diverse areas, including bioactive applications. [Display omitted] • Green chemistry approaches to synthesize silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) were reviewed. • Engineering of synthesis methods is the key approach to control the dispersion, size and shape of the AgNPs. • Environmental and health applications of AgNPs were reviewed. • Antibacterial, antimicrobial, and antifungal biological applications with respect to their tunable properties were reviewed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • The presence of SPR peak in absorption spectrum at 440 nm confirms the formation of AR-AgNPs. • Serum renal marker levels were significantly reverted near control in AR-AgNPs treated mice. • The AR-AgNPs protected kidney tissue against gentamicin induced oxidative damage. • Oral administration of AR-AgNPs to gentamicin induced mice restored the GSH level to normal level. A study on green synthesized silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) using aqueous extract of Actiniopteris radiata and investigated the effect of A. radiata biosynthesized silver nanoparticles (AR-AgNPs) against gentamicin induced nephrotoxicity. The surface plasmon resonance (SPR) peak at 440 nm in UV–visible absorbance spectrum reveals the presence of AgNPs. DLS analysis shows that the distribution of size is normal and the average size of AgNPs converges about 100 nm. SEM revealed the consistent shape, uniform distribution, and closely packed characteristics of NPs whereas EDX confirms the presence of metallic silver with a strong peak at 3 keV. The N–H and O–H stretching vibrations are observed in the FTIR spectrum around 3450 and 3423 cm−1. Gentamicin induced changes in serum parameters resulted in a significant increase in the level of serum urea, creatinine, bilurubin and uric acids. AgNPs even at modest doses (250 mg/kg), significantly reverted the level of serum markers. The gentamicin-induced AR-AgNP in mice with the levels of CAT, GPx, SOD and TBARS ensured the protection against the oxidative damage in mice which clearly implies that enhancing the antioxidant defense mechanism. Nephrotoxicity of gentamicin induced mice were demonstrated by significantly elevated levels of blood urea, serum creatinine, bilirubin, and uric acids. The exposure of AR-Ag nanoparticles leads to a substantial decrease in blood urea and serum creatinine levels and enhanced the antioxidant and anti-nephrotoxic activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cost-effective, eco-friendly green synthesis of silver nanoparticles was prepared using Psidium guajava plant leaf extract. In this study the reducing potential of Psidium guajava leaf extract was investigated for the synthesis of silver nanoparticles without any external addition of reducing agents. The brown color formation was evident for the synthesis of silver nanoparticles. The synthesized silver nanoparticles were characterized by UV–Visible spectroscopy, Fourier transform-infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), particle size analyzer, X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscope (SEM). UV–Vis spectroscopy explained that the main peak was formed at around 419 nm, which corresponds to surface plasmon resonance of silver nanoparticles. FTIR spectroscopy elucidated the involvement of various functional groups during the synthesis of silver nanoparticles. The particle size analysis demonstrated the sizes of nanoparticles are 62 nm. The morphology of silver nanoparticles was analyzed using scanning electron microscope. Antibacterial assay of silver nanoparticles showed potent antibacterial properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The plant extracts were applied for synthesis of Ag-nanoparticles and expected such biological processes benefit from advantages like eco-friendly, cost-effective, and safe for human use. Accordingly, polyphenol compounds and antioxidant properties of this understudy plant extract was initially qualified and quantified by GC-Mass and subsequently its ability for silver nanoparticle (AgNP) biosynthesis was examined. Consequently, under study (ethanol) extract was exposed to various content of AgNO3 solution over 0, 2.5, 5, 7.5, 10 and 15 mM for 24, 48, 72 and 96 h to search best operational conditions for AgNPs production, while sampling were done every 24 h monitoring initial absorption with UV–Vis spectroscopy. The peak with center at 460 nm emerged from surface plasmon resonance of AgNPs which is good indication of successful formation of AgNPs. The nanoparticles were characterized by DLS, SEM, TEM, XRD, and FTIR. Which reveal its spherical, shape and average diameter of 32 nm. Antioxidant activity tests showed that the half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) in the C. tuberculata extract was 4.722 mg/ml. Antimicrobial activity of the AgNPs was tested by measurement of inhibition zone around discs modified with AgNPs in cultures of S. aureus, B. cereus, P. aeruginosa and E. coli. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Silver nanoparticles were prepared through an environmental friendly and cost-effective plant-mediated technique, using crude extracts of Welsh onion plant. The synthesized nanoparticles were characterized using UV-vis spectrophotometer, powdered X-ray diffractometer (p-XRD), Fourier transform infra-red (FTIR) spectrophotometer, and transmission electron microscope (TEM). Silver nanoparticles of different sizes and morphologies were obtained by varying some synthesis parameters such as concentrations of AgNO3 (1, 2 and 5 mM) and ratio of the volume of the plant extract to AgNO3 (1:5 and 1:10) at constant reaction temperature of 80 °C. The difference in the reaction conditions showed significant effects on silver nanoparticles obtained. The surface plasmon resonance (SPR) varied with change in concentration of AgNO3 and the ratio of the AgNO3 to the plant extracts. The lowest SPR appeared around 412 nm (2 mM; 1:10), while the largest was achieved around 427 nm (5 mM; 1:10). FTIR results revealed the presence of different characteristic functional groups responsible for the bioreduction of silver ions in Welsh onion extract. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) showed that the lowest average particle size of the silver nanoparticles was 3.74 nm (2 mM; 1:10), while the highest was 15.72 nm (1 mM; 1:5). Monodispersed spherical shaped nanoparticles were obtained from the 2 mM concentration of the AgNO3, while particles with some degree of agglomeration were obtained from 1 and 5 mM concentration. The p-XRD studies revealed face centred cubic structures. The nanoparticles obtained from 1 and 5 mM (1:5) gave moderate photo-catalytic potentials in the degradation of methyl red dye. However, the photocatalytic property increased with increase in the concentration of the precursor salt (AgNO3) from 1 to 5 mM. Gram positive Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus cereus and Gram negative Klebsiela pneumonia and Escherichia coli bacteria strains were susceptible to the silver nanoparticles (2 mM). The nanoparticles were most active against E. coli with a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) below 0.05 mg/mL. The silver nanoparticles could become potential compounds in the future antibiotic research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The biological synthesis of metal nanoparticles using plant extracts with defined size and morphology is a simple, nontoxic and environmentally friendly method. The present study focused on the synthesis of silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) by Artemisia annua L. extract as reducing and stabilising agent. The Ag NPs function, as antibacterial agents, is with that they are further used in human therapy. The effects of pH and temperature on the synthesis of NPs were characterized by UV-absorption spectroscopy and shown by surface plasmon resonance (SPR) band at 410 nm. NPs' size and morphology were measured by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and dynamic light scattering (DLS). TEM images showed that Ag NPs were in a nano-sized range (20–90 nm) and had spherical shape. Our findings demonstrated that lower concentration (100 µg mL−1) of the biogenic Ag NPs exhibited antibacterial activity against Gram-negative Escherichia coli BW 25113 and Gram-positive Enterococcus hirae ATCC 9790. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Conventional methods in synthesizing silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) make use of toxic chemicals and are expensive; thus, green chemistry has become the current trend in metal nanoparticle synthesis. In this study, ethanolic calabash (Crescentia cujete) fruit extract was used for the synthesis of AgNPs. The total phenolic content and free radical scavenging activity of the extract were 0.017 mg gallic acid equivalent/mg extract and 1.963 mg/mL, respectively. The presence of surface plasmon resonance peak within the range of 416-426 nm confirmed the formation of AgNPs. An optimization study was conducted to determine the conditions that would lead to the formation of smaller-sized nanoparticles. The optimum conditions were 60 °C for 24 h. Based on the transmission electron microscopy analysis, the AgNPs were spherical in shape with a size ranging from 4-7 nm. The antimicrobial activity of AgNPs was determined using the resazurin microtiter assay. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of the AgNPs against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli was 6.25 µg/mL. It is also noted that AgNPs had a greater inhibitory effect than chloramphenicol. The findings of this study provide a facile and eco-friendly approach for the large-scale production of AgNPs using calabash fruit extract. This also suggests the potential of AgNPs for the treatment of antibiotic-resistant bacteria. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A high concentration of fluoride in water can cause various problems for animals and plants. The aim of this research was to utilize nanotechnology for the treatment of fluoride-contaminated water. For this purpose silver nanoparticles (AgNP(Xs)) were synthesised using an aqueous extract of Xanthium stumariumas as both a reducing and a stabilizing agent. The synthesised AgNP(Xs) showed Surface Plasmon Resonance at λ 427 nm. Electron microscopy confirmed the particles were evenly distributed rod shaped particles with a size of 28 nm. The infrared spectroscopy confirmed that reactive functional groups could be attached to the AgNP(Xs). Different concentrations of fluoride-contaminated water samples (simulated) were treated with AgNP(Xs), the adsorption of fluoride was measured through UV-Vis spectroscopy, and the fluoride concentration was measured with an selective ion electrode. The adsorption of fluoride ions on AgNP(Xs) was initially shown by finding a decrease in the absorbance reading of AgNP(Xs) at λ=427 and later the results were confirmed by measuring the fluoride ions using an ion selective electrode. The maximum complexation of the fluoride ions with AgNP(Xs) was 53%. The efficiency of the treatment decreased when the fluoride concentration increased above 1.5 μg mL-1. These findings will help to lay a foundation for the development of clean methods of fluoride removal from water using nanotechnology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Nanoparticles are the basic essential elements in the wall of nanotechnology and it exhibits fabulous advanced characteristic features based on their properties such as size, morphology and other size dependent properties. The large-scale application of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) in areas such as chemical sensing, nanomedicine, and electronics has led to their increased demand. Lycopene is a powerful antioxidant and the main carotenoid in tomato products possesses the greatest quenching ability of singlet oxygen among the various carotenoids. The combination of lycopene with silver nanoparticles has enhanced antibacterial and antioxidant property which could help in treatment of various oral diseases. Aim: The present study aimed at synthesis and characterization of lycopene mediated silver nanoparticles. Materials and Methods: The Lycopene capsule of 0.5mg was dissolved and gently grounded with 100ml distilled water. Grounded lycopene was boiled at 70°C for 15 min and filtered. Collected filtrate was used for bioreduction of silver ions to silver nanoparticles. Morphological characterization of nanoparticles was characterized by the Transmission electron microscope (TEM). Results: The lycopene when exposed to silver nitrate solution the biosynthesis of nanoparticles was identified by colour change from yellow colour into yellowish brown within 5-10mins. Lycopene mediated silver nanoparticles showed a size of around 2-40nm with spherical shape nanoparticles is observed indicating the dispersivity to be in a narrow range under Transmission electron microscope(TEM). Conclusion: The colour change from yellow to brown and surface plasmon resonance of Uv-vis spectra at 440nm confirms the formation of silver nanoparticles. Size and shape of nanoparticles were analysed by a Transmission electron microscope (TEM) showing the polydisperse and mostly spherical shape of nanoparticles with aggregation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to report a one-pot, eco-friendly and room temperature procedure to prepare highly stable (at least 15 months) silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) using the aqueous leaf extract of Cordia myxa. The effects of different parameters, such as applied pH in the reaction mixture, amount of the leaf extract, silver ion concentrations, time of reaction and synthesis temperature, on the formation of NPs and their Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR) spectra were studied. The characterisation of the prepared AgNPs was done using UV-Vis spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR), X-Ray Differentiation (XRD) and Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM) techniques. The shape of the synthesised AgNPs was spherical and it sized 3–10 nm with a face-centred cubic structure with SPR spectra at 410 nm. A possible reaction mechanism of AgNP formation by biomolecules of C. myxa was also introduced. The efficiency of the synthesised AgNPs as an excellent catalyst for the reduction of organic azo dyes using NaBH4 was proved. Dose-dependent cytotoxic activity of the prepared AgNPs against SW480 and HCT116 human colon cancer cell lines was also shown using MTT assay. Furthermore, the Ferric-Reducing Antioxidant Power (FRAP) assay was utilised to confirm the antioxidant activity of NPs. Non-toxic reagents and low-cost synthesis were the main features that made these AgNPs more attractive for chemical/biomedical applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is an increasing commercial demand for nanoparticles synthesis by green as opposed to chemical methods, given the toxicity and contamination risks associated with the latter. This study compared the physico-chemical, antimicrobial and anticancer activities of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) synthesised using organ-specific plant extracts in Bidens pilosa. Leaf, stem and root extracts were used as the reducing agent with varying concentrations of AgNO 3 (1 mM and 2 mM, respectively). The synthesised AgNPs were subsequently characterised by UV–vis spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR). UV–vis spectroscopy showed a surface plasmon resonance peak for the synthesised AgNPs at 410 nm using all organ extracts. TEM studies indicated that nanoparticles ranged from 1.00 to 62.01 nm, with an average particle size of 17.00 nm. Average particle size was larger at the higher AgNO 3 concentration. The FTIR analysis confirmed the presence of carbonyl groups, proteins and aldehydes on nanoparticles produced using all extract types. The leaf extract derived nanoparticles displayed maximum percentage cell death (76.0 ± 4.5%) against bacteria and superior antifungal activity (94.8 ± 0.5%) at 200 μg/ml. Leaf extract derived NPs also displayed maximum anticancer potency (38.1 ± 2.3%). The differential bioactivities of NPs across the three organ extracts investigated here suggests that comparative studies on plant organ-specific synthesised NPs can help us maximize the antimicrobial and anticancer benefits of plant-derived NPs. • Green synthesis of AgNPs by organ specific (leaf, stem and root) extract using Bidens pilosa L. • Characterisation of AgNPs was done by TEM, SEM–EDX and FT-IR. • Nanoparticles were produced in ranged from 1.00 to 62.01 nm, with an average particle size of 17.00 nm. • AgNPs displayed anitimicrobial and anticancer properties with potential applications in Pharma industry. • The method was eco-friendly and cost effective. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research reports the fabrication of silver, gold and gold‐silver bimetallic nanoparticles (NPs) using aqueous extracts of green marine alga Ulva reticulata. Analysis by UV‐Vis spectrometry, X‐ray diffraction, energy dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy confirmed the biosynthesis of NPs by the seaweed extract. Surface plasmon resonances (SPR) were recorded at 439, 539 and 528 nm for silver (AgNPs), gold (AuNPs) and bimetal (Au core‐Ag shell) NPs, respectively. AgNPs and AuNPs were mostly spherical in shape with size range of 7 to 36 and 19 to 32 nm, respectively, whereas Au−Ag NPs showed core‐shell formation with star like structure shaped nanoparticles with size range of 57 to 230 nm. The results confirmed that Au ions reduced faster than Ag and the resultant bimetallic nanoparticles arrangement were found to be Au core and Ag shell. Chemical constituents such as ulvan and other polysaccharides of the green seaweed extract were identified as reducing and stabilizing agents for nanoparticles formation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copper oxide nanoparticles (CuONPs) can be an inexpensive alternative to silver and gold nanoparticles. However, work toward the sustainable synthesis of colloidal CuONPs is limited. This work establishes a simple microwave-assisted synthesis for colloidally stabilized, antibacterial CuONPs synthesized from glucose, starch and CuCl 2. Optimization using response surface methodology with central composite design enhanced the sustainability of CuONP production process. The antibacterial properties of CuONPs were tested against gram-positive, gram-negative, spore-forming and methicillin-resistant bacteria. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) were used for elemental and morphological characterization. Bandgap, yield and production were determined by spectrophotometry and a cupric ion selective probe. CuONP formation was verified by the presence of a maximum surface plasmon resonance peak at 284 nm, as also by observing characteristic CuONP peaks by XRD, and lastly by using TEM-energy dispersive spectroscopy for elemental analysis. TEM measured the average CuONP particle diameter to be 1.36 ± 0.6 nm, which may provide excellent antibacterial properties, owing to their small size. The CuONPs bandgap was significantly higher than bulk CuO and the reaction yield was 95 ± 2%, thereby helping quantify the reaction system's effectiveness and efficiency at producing CuONPs. The NPs also possessed antibacterial activity against all tested species. Therefore, these CuONPs may be a cheap and sustainable alternative for broad-based antibacterial applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) were profitably synthesized from aqueous Amorphophallus paeoniifolius leaf extract at room temperature, using one step and eco-friend green synthesis. The leaf extract acts as reducing agent to the formation of Ag NPs from Ag+ ions. The development of Ag NPs through aqueous medium was confirmed by UV–Vis spectroscopy and the spectra show characteristic surface plasmon resonance of Ag NPs at 428 nm. Crystalline nature of the synthesized samples was affirmed by the XRD studies. The particles are predominantly grown via (111) plane of Ag crystal and the particles size was fall in the range of 20–26 nm calculated by Scheerrer's formula. Size and shape of Ag NPs were observed from the SEM and TEM characterization. The samples are almost having spherical shape particles and the size of the particles is lies between 20 and 30 nm. The energy peak at 3 keV in the EDS spectrum strongly supported that the synthesized sample is Ag. FTIR spectra exhibit the leaf extract containing various characteristic functional groups which should responsible for the reduction of Ag+ ions. Synthesized Ag NPs displayed as potential antibacterial candidate against both gram positive and gram negative bacterial. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present study one-pot green fabrication of silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) with aqueous leaf extract of Lilium lancifolium. Synthesized Ag NPs were illustrated by UV–Vis, FT-IR, XRD, AFM and TEM analysis. A surface plasmon resonance peak was noticed at 411 nm in UV–Vis analysis. XRD patterns of Ag NPs showed high crystalline nature with face centered cubic structure. AFM and TEM analysis of Ag NPs exhibit special and anisotropic morphology with accurate particle size about 10–70 nm and average mean value of 45 nm. Ag NPs were tested for antibacterial and anti-biofilm activity against Gram positive and Gram-negative bacterial strains. The exposure to 25 µL exhibited better antibacterial activity and 50 µL significantly control the bacterial biofilm growth. Overall, the proposed green synthesis method of Ag NPs is facile, convenient, less time consuming and environmentally safe. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]