39 results on '"RATE of return"'
Search Results
2. The dynamics behind private banking growth in Egypt.
- Author
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Abdou, Doaa M. Salman and Alarabi, Yomna
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BANK management ,PRIVATE banks ,NONPERFORMING loans ,CREDIT risk ,BANK profits ,BANKING industry ,RATE of return ,MULTIPLE regression analysis - Abstract
The research investigates the determinants of private banks profitability in Egypt. The determinants are bank specific (liquidity, capital adequacy, bank size, asset structure, credit risk, and non-performing loans), industry-specific (industry concentration and banking industry development), and macroeconomics (economic growth and inflation). It is an empirical study applying a quantitative method for data analysis and the type of data is secondary data. The sample size of the research is 15 private banks on the Egyptian and the panel data for the research is 2013–2022. The multiple linear regression analysis using the Eviews 12 application as an analytical tool by applying generalized least squares model. The profitability of private banks, which is the dependent factor, is calculated by two measurements, Return on Assets and Return on Equity with ten determinants of profitability as independent variables. Results indicate that capital adequacy, economic growth bank size, and inflation has a positive significant effect on private banks profitability in Egypt. While NPL, liquidity and credit risk have significant negative effect on private banks profitability in Egypt. Based on the results recommendations are provided for bank management to maximize their profitability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
3. Bayh-Dole March-In Rights In A Post Chevron World
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United States. Federal Trade Commission ,United States. National Institute of Standards and Technology ,Rate of return ,Consumer goods ,Economic growth ,Return on investment ,Business, international ,Bayh-Dole Act - Abstract
The bipartisan Bayh-Dole Act of 1980 which transferred ownership of patents arising from US government funded research to universities has yielded a remarkable return on investment. In its 44 years [...]
- Published
- 2024
4. BRI Leads the Way: Dominates Indonesia's Banking Sector in The Banker's Top 1000 Banks 2024
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Bank Rakyat Indonesia -- Rankings ,Banks (Finance) -- Rankings ,Rate of return ,Banking industry -- Rankings ,Economic growth ,Banking industry ,Return on investment ,Business ,News, opinion and commentary - Abstract
JAKARTA, Indonesia, July 18, 2024 /PRNewswire/ --Bank Rakyat Indonesia (Persero) Tbk (IDX: BBRI) continues to shine, being recognized as the leading bank in Indonesia and ranked 110th globally by The [...]
- Published
- 2024
5. Natural Disasters and Economic Growth: A Semiparametric Smooth Coefficient Model Approach.
- Author
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Fatouros, Nikos and Yiguo Sun
- Subjects
NATURAL disasters ,ECONOMIC expansion ,PANEL analysis ,REGRESSION analysis ,RATE of return - Abstract
Despite the fact that growth theories suggest that natural disasters should have an impact on economic growth, parametric empirical studies have provided little to no evidence supporting that prediction. On the other hand, pure nonparametric regression analysis would be an extremely difficult task due to the curse of dimensionality. We therefore re-investigate the impact of natural disasters on economic growth, applying a semiparametric smooth coefficient panel data model that takes into account fixed effects. Our study finds evidence that the coefficient curve of investment is a U-shaped function of the severity of the natural disasters. Thus, for relatively small disasters, marginal returns to investment decrease on the severity of natural disasters. However, after a certain threshold, the coefficient of investment starts increasing as natural disasters become more severe. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2020
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
6. 'All Wealth Is Collective by Nature' Thomas Piketty, theorist of economic inequality, has faith in a more equal American future
- Author
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Marchese, David
- Subjects
Capital in the Twenty-First Century (Nonfiction work) -- Authorship ,Rich -- Interviews ,Suffrage ,Rate of return ,Equality ,Economic growth ,Economists -- Interviews ,Return on investment ,General interest ,News, opinion and commentary - Abstract
In 2013, the French economist Thomas Piketty, in his best seller ''Capital in the Twenty-First Century,'' a book eagerly received in the wake of the 2008 economic collapse, put forth [...]
- Published
- 2022
7. Estimation of the rate of return to capital in the East African Community (EAC) Countries.
- Author
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Othman, Abdallah and Jenkins, Glenn P.
- Subjects
RATE of return ,AFRICANS ,ECONOMIC expansion ,CAPITAL investments ,CAPITAL costs - Abstract
The real rate of return to capital plays a vital part in the economy in evaluating the contribution of capital investment to the economic growth. As it is also a key variable in estimating the economic opportunity cost of capital for use as the economic discount rate in investment decision-making. The objective of this study is to estimate the economic real rates of return to reproducible and remunerative capital of the EAC economies. The results indicate that the real rates of return to reproducible capital over the period 1999–2016 have averaged 10.70% in Kenya and Rwanda, while it averaged 12.05% and 9.86% in Tanzania and Uganda, respectively. With regard to the marginal rates of return to remunerative capital, the results suggest that EAC countries have averaged 16.28%, 16.21%, 15.07% and 14.49% in Tanzania, Rwanda, Kenya and Uganda, respectively, over the same period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2020
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
8. The investment case as a mechanism for addressing the NCD burden: Evaluating the NCD institutional context in Jamaica, and the return on investment of select interventions.
- Author
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Hutchinson, Brian, Small, Roy, Acquah, Kofi, Sandoval, Rosa, Nugent, Rachel, Belausteguigoitia, Delia Itziar, Banatvala, Nicholas, Webb, Douglas, Tarlton, Dudley, Kulikov, Alexey, Prieto, Elisa, and Santi, Karin
- Subjects
- *
RATE of return , *NON-communicable diseases , *ECONOMIC research , *MENTAL illness , *INVESTMENTS - Abstract
Noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) are a broad challenge for decision-makers. NCDs account for seven out of every 10 deaths globally, with 42 percent occurring prematurely in individuals under age 70. Despite their heavy toll, NCDs are underfunded, with only around two percent of global funding dedicated to the disease set. Country governments are responsible for funding targeted actions to reduce the NCD burden, but among other priorities, many have yet to invest in the health-system interventions and policy measures that can reduce the burden. This article examines “investment cases” as a potential mechanism for catalyzing attention to—and funding for—NCDs. In Jamaica, using the UN inter-agency OneHealth Tool, we conducted an economic analysis to estimate the return-on-investment from scaling up strategic clinical interventions, and from implementing or intensifying policy measures that target NCD risk factors. In addition, we conducted an institutional and context (ICA) analysis, interviewing stakeholders across sectors to take stock of promising policy pathways (e.g., areas of general consensus, political appetite and opportunity) as well as challenges to implementation. The economic analysis found that scaling up clinical interventions that target CVD, diabetes, and mental health disorders, and policy measures that target tobacco and alcohol use, would save over 6,600 lives between 2017–2032, and avert JMD 81.3 billion (USD 640 million) in direct and indirect economic costs that result from mortality and morbidity linked to NCDs. The ICA uncovered government economic growth targets and social priorities that would be aided by increased attention to NCDs, and it linked these targets and priorities to the economic analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2019
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
9. Asset pricing implications of good governance.
- Author
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Lehnert, Thorsten
- Subjects
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STOCK exchanges , *PRICE indexes , *USB flash drives , *RATE of return , *ASSETS (Accounting) - Abstract
In this paper, I aim to explore the effect of good governance on equity returns, and empirically investigate if governance at the country level has asset pricing implications and contributes to the idiosyncrasy of price jumps. Jumps are found to be far less systematic than the smooth (non-jump) component of country price indexes. Hence, if jumps are more idiosyncratic, governance should primarily affect the jump risk component. This is good news for international investors, because diversification provides insurance against jumps. Relying on an equilibrium asset-pricing model in an economy under jump diffusion, I decompose the moments of the returns of international stock markets into a diffusive (systematic) risk and a (idiosyncratic) jump risk part. For a balanced panel of 52 countries, my results suggest that governance is an important determinant of (idiosyncratic) jump risk. Stock markets in poorly governed countries are characterized by higher volatility and more negative return asymmetry, primarily driven by the higher jump risk. Regulatory quality, the government effectiveness and the control of corruption appear to be most important. Results are robust to the inclusion of various controls for other country- or market-specific characteristics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2019
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
10. Analysis of Weak Form Efficiency of Selected Sectoral Indices and Companies with Reference to National Stock Exchange.
- Author
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Nedunchezhian, V. R. and Hemalatha, K.
- Subjects
STOCK exchanges ,ECONOMIC development ,STOCK prices ,INVESTORS ,RATE of return - Abstract
The economic growth of country is linked with the financial market of the country and stock market is used as indicator of nation's economy. Capital market is an integral part of financial system and its plays a strategic role in a country's economic growth by witnessing a tremendous growth. It facilitates the exchange of funds between company as demander and investor as supplier by believing that the overall growth of economy depends on how efficiently the stock market performs. The existence of capital market enables company to obtain an alternative source of fund. On the other hand, it gives flexibility for investor to choose investment based on their preference. The company and investor who are involved in the capital market, understanding about capital market condition becomes matter in order to understand how the market is actually works. The concept of Efficient Market Hypothesis (EMH) is very vital in the development of stock market and overall economy. If the stock market is efficient then fundamental and technical analysis is a pointless exercise as all available information is already reflected in stock prices. Hence it is not possible to make any extra ordinary return above the stock market return and that in turn, leads to "Less or No Arbitrage Opportunity" in stock market. The stock market is booming at a very high rate and the number of investors investing in it is also increasing. In spite of the incremental trend in indices, the investors still have less idea and knowledge about which company and indices are best to invest their money in appropriate period. The previous studies probed the efficiency in the Zimbabwe Stock Exchange, Baltic Stock market, Taiwan stock market, Saudi stock Exchange, Russian Stock Market and determined the random walk for few indices. But in India, some researchers have analyzed the closing price (daily returns, weekly returns and monthly returns) of the stock market in particular indices. The investors are not fully clued-up about the sectoral efficiency in the Indian stock market. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2018
11. GULF ECONOMIES SHOULD USE THE AVAILABLE FISCAL SPACE TO ENSURE A SOFT LANDING
- Subjects
United States. Federal Reserve Board -- International economic relations ,Monetary policy ,Rate of return ,Economic growth ,Economic forecasting ,Return on investment ,News, opinion and commentary ,Cooperation Council for the Arab States of the Gulf - Abstract
WASHINGTON -- The following information was released by the Middle East Institute: Mohamed Z. Bechri After achieving respectable economic growth in 2021 despite the persistent fallout from the pandemic, the [...]
- Published
- 2022
12. Does infrastructure investment lead to economic growth or economic fragility? Evidence from China.
- Author
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Ansar, Atif, Flyvbjerg, Bent, Budzier, Alexander, and Lunn, Daniel
- Subjects
ECONOMIC development ,INVESTMENTS ,INFRASTRUCTURE (Economics) ,RATE of return ,FINANCIAL crises - Abstract
China's three-decade infrastructure investment boom shows few signs of abating. Is China's economic growth a consequence of its purposeful investment? Is China a prodigy in delivering infrastructure from which rich democracies could learn? The prevalent view in economics literature and policies derived from it is that a high level of infrastructure investment is a precursor to economic growth. China is especially held up as a model to emulate. Politicians in rich democracies display awe and envy of the scale of infrastructure Chinese leaders are able to build. Based on the largest dataset of its kind, this paper punctures the twin myths that (i) infrastructure creates economic value, and that (ii) China has a distinct advantage in its delivery. Far from being an engine of economic growth, the typical infrastructure investment fails to deliver a positive risk-adjusted return. Moreover, China's track record in delivering infrastructure is no better than that of rich democracies. Investing in unproductive projects results initially in a boom, as long as construction is ongoing, followed by a bust, when forecasted benefits fail to materialize and projects therefore become a drag on the economy. Where investments are debt-financed, overinvesting in unproductive projects results in the build-up of debt, monetary expansion, instability in financial markets, and economic fragility, exactly as we see in China today. We conclude that poorly managed infrastructure investments are a main explanation of surfacing economic and financial problems in China. We predict that, unless China shifts to a lower level of higher-quality infrastructure investments, the country is headed for an infrastructure- led national financial and economic crisis, which is likely also to be a crisis for the international economy. China's infrastructure investment model is not one to follow for other countries but one to avoid. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2016
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
13. Ghana: Police-Public Collaboration, Panacea for Crime Prevention
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Rate of return ,Economic growth ,Crime prevention ,Criminal justice, Administration of ,Return on investment ,News, opinion and commentary - Abstract
Byline: Anita Nyarko-Yirenkyi Ensuring a safe community is very crucial for socio-economic development and enhancing peace and stability in every country. A safe and secure society is an important foundation [...]
- Published
- 2021
14. Sustaining economic growth in Sub-Saharan Africa : Do FDI inflows and external debt count?
- Author
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David Babatunde, Udi Joshua, and Samuel Asumadu Sarkodie
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Economic expansion ,lcsh:Risk in industry. Risk management ,foreign direct investment ,Developing country ,Foreign direct investment ,Standard of living ,Exchange rate ,0502 economics and business ,lcsh:Finance ,lcsh:HG1-9999 ,Economics ,ddc:330 ,050207 economics ,Sustainable development ,Rate of return ,sustainable development ,Sub-Saharan Africa ,F15 ,05 social sciences ,International economics ,External debt ,economic growth ,lcsh:HD61 ,JEL+Code<%2Ftitle>%22"> ,JEL Code F3 ,F43 ,Samfunnsvitenskap: 200::Økonomi: 210 [VDP] ,050203 business & management - Abstract
The quest for the attainment of economic development is sought after by all global economies, which by effect is expected to transcend to improving livelihoods and standard of living. However, several factors hinder the process of achieving sustained economic development, especially in developing countries. In this regard, assessing the extent of economic expansion orchestrated by foreign direct investment (FDI) inflows in vulnerable economies such as Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), particularly in the face of the significant fall in global FDI inflow, is worthwhile. In essence, this study ascertains the impact of FDI inflows and external debt on economic growth amidst decline in FDI inflows and excessive foreign borrowings. The mixed order of integration from the stationarity test underpins the adoption of autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) approach for data covering the period 1990 to 2018. The empirical results found FDI inflows play a crucial role in achieving economic expansion in the region. On average, FDI inflows, external debt, and foreign aids are more useful in expanding the economy compared to trade openness and exchange rate. Thus, this study recommends the need for SSA to open its economic borders for external capital, viz. FDI. A peaceful economic and political environment is a pre-condition to attract and maintain potential foreign investors. Stability in exchange rates is critical in achieving growth in FDI and other foreign resources. However, caution is required, especially in administration of external resources. Particularly, contracting external debt must strictly be driven by economic reasons rather than political motivation. Borrowed funds could be injected mainly into productive streams with the highest investment returns to boost economic development.
- Published
- 2021
15. Does a Change in Price of Fuel Affect GDP Growth? An Examination of the U.S. Data from 1950-2013.
- Author
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Aucott, Michael and Hall, Charles
- Subjects
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ENERGY consumption , *GROSS domestic product , *FOSSIL fuels , *RATE of return , *ECONOMIC development ,UNITED States economy - Abstract
We examined data on fuel consumption and costs for the years 1950 through 2013, along with economic and population data, to determine the percent of U.S. gross domestic product (GDP) spent each year on fuels, including fossil fuels and nuclear ore, and the growth of the economy. We found that these variables are inversely correlated. This suggests that the availability and cost of energy is a significant determinant of economic performance. We believe this relation is consistent with analyses based on the energy return on investment (EROI) concept in that increasingly scarce, and hence expensive, fuels are a drag on economic growth. The best-fitting linear equation relating the percent of GDP (energy cost share) and year-over-year (YoY) GDP change variables suggests that a threshold exists in the vicinity of 4%; if the percent of GDP spent on fuels is greater than this, poorer economic performance has been likely. Currently, about 5% of GDP is spent on fuels; most of this is for liquids. Continued weak economic performance appears likely unless improvements in energy efficiency, on the order of a factor of 3 for liquid fuels, and/or a more rapid adoption of renewable or nuclear energy sources can be achieved, provided that the EROI of these new sources proves to be sufficiently high. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2014
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
16. Canada : Northern Trust Pension Universe Data: Rising Equity Markets Lift Canadian Pension Plan Q2 Returns
- Subjects
Northern Trust Company, Canada ,Financial markets ,Rate of return ,Financial services industry ,Economic growth ,Pensions ,Central banks ,Financial services industry ,Return on investment ,Business, international - Abstract
Canadian Pension Plan investment returns advanced during the second quarter, as global equities overcame inflationary fears and continued an upward trend, according to the Northern Trust Canada Universe. Financial markets [...]
- Published
- 2021
17. Northern Trust Pension Universe Data: Rising Equity Markets Lift Canadian Pension Plan Q2 Returns
- Subjects
Northern Trust Corp. ,Northern Trust Company, Canada ,Financial markets ,Rate of return ,Financial services industry ,Economic growth ,Pensions ,Central banks ,Financial services industry ,Return on investment ,General interest ,News, opinion and commentary - Abstract
TORONTO: Northern Trust Corporation has issued the following news release: Canadian Pension Plan investment returns advanced during the second quarter, as global equities overcame inflationary fears and continued an upward [...]
- Published
- 2021
18. Northern Trust Pension Universe Data: Rising Equity Markets Lift Canadian Pension Plan Q2 Returns
- Subjects
Northern Trust Corp. ,Northern Trust Company, Canada ,Financial markets ,Rate of return ,Financial services industry ,Stock-exchange ,Economic growth ,Pensions ,Central banks ,Financial services industry ,Return on investment ,Business ,Business, international - Abstract
TORONTO -- Canadian Pension Plan investment returns advanced during the second quarter, as global equities overcame inflationary fears and continued an upward trend, according to the Northern Trust Canada Universe. [...]
- Published
- 2021
19. Socialism or Feudalism
- Author
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Pasquale, Frank
- Subjects
Rate of return ,Economic growth ,Return on investment ,Humanities ,Literature/writing ,Political science - Abstract
The most comforting narrative of contemporary economics is a story of equilibrium and diminishing returns. If a firm becomes too profitable, mainstream scholars tell us, enterprising competitors will undercut it. [...]
- Published
- 2020
20. A macroeconomic assessment of the impact of medical research expenditure: A case study of NIHR Biomedical Research Centres
- Author
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Alastair Gray, Vasiliki Kiparoglou, John F. Forbes, Keith M. Channon, and Joel Smith
- Subjects
Biomedical Research ,Cost-Benefit Analysis ,Science ,Translational research ,State Medicine ,Translational Research, Biomedical ,03 medical and health sciences ,0302 clinical medicine ,Return on investment ,Humans ,A case study ,030212 general & internal medicine ,Economic impact analysis ,medical research expenditure ,Rate of return ,Multidisciplinary ,Health economics ,Public economics ,030503 health policy & services ,Correction ,Medical research ,Investment (macroeconomics) ,economic growth ,United Kingdom ,Models, Economic ,Medicine ,Quality-Adjusted Life Years ,Business ,Health Expenditures ,Full-time equivalent ,0305 other medical science - Abstract
peer-reviewed Quantifying the value of investment in medical research can inform decision-making on the prioritisation of research programmes. Existing methodologies to estimate the rate of return of medical research are inappropriate for early-phase translational research due to censoring of health benefits and time lags. A strategy to improve the process of translational research for patient benefit has been initiated as part of the UK National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) investment in Biomedical Research Centres (BRCs) in England. By providing a platform for partnership between universities, NHS trusts and industry, successful BRCs should reduce time lags within translational research whilst also providing an impetus for local economic growth through industry collaboration. We present a novel contribution in the assessment of early-phase biomedical research by estimating the impact of the Oxford Biomedical Research Centre (OxBRC) on income and job creation following the initial NIHR investment. We adopt a macroeconomic assessment approach using Input-Output Analysis to estimate the value of medical research in terms of income and job creation during the early pathway towards translational biomedical research. Inter-industry linkages are assessed by building a model economy for the South East England region to estimate the return on investment of the OxBRC. The results from the input-output model estimate that the return on investment in biomedical research within the OxBRC is 46%. Each £1 invested in the OxBRC generates an additional £0.46 through income and job creation alone. Multiplicative employment effects following a marginal investment in the OxBRC of £98m during the period 2007-2017 result in an estimated additional 196 full time equivalent positions being created within the local economy on top of direct employment within OxBRC. Results from input-output analyses can be used to inform the prioritisation of biomedical research programmes when compared against national minimum thresholds of investment
- Published
- 2019
21. Moscow press review for November 25, 2019
- Subjects
PJSC Gazprom -- Officials and employees -- International economic relations ,Rate of return ,Gas industry -- International economic relations -- Officials and employees ,Economic growth ,Return on investment ,Business ,Business, international - Abstract
Moscow press review for November 25, 2019 MOSCOW. Nov 25 (Interfax) - The following is a digest of Moscow newspapers published on November 25. Interfax does not accept liability for [...]
- Published
- 2019
22. Capacity Development Evaluation: The Challenge of the Results Agenda and Measuring Return on Investment in the Global South
- Author
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Uta Wehn, Bertha Vallejo, Department of Economics, and Research Group: Economics
- Subjects
Economics and Econometrics ,Economic growth ,ORGANIZATIONS ,Sociology and Political Science ,Process (engineering) ,Geography, Planning and Development ,Sustainable Development Goals ,capacity development ,010501 environmental sciences ,Development ,01 natural sciences ,Need to know ,Return on investment ,0502 economics and business ,results agenda ,0105 earth and related environmental sciences ,Rate of return ,Modalities ,learning ,evaluation ,05 social sciences ,value for money ,Environmental economics ,Livelihood ,MODEL ,Social transformation ,Sustainability ,Business ,050203 business & management - Abstract
This study reviews the evaluation of capacity development, identifying capacity development (CD) modalities and the schools of evaluation currently in place. The research joins the results agenda debate, arguing that in dealing with CD interventions, pre-defined indicators fail to represent the process and the key elements that take CD recipients toward patterns of change. The study highlights the fact that CD deals with projects that, by their nature (consisting of change processes designed to initiate change in people, organizations, and/or their enabling environment), rely more on non-planned changes than on the pre-defined indicators and results to contribute to livelihood improvements and social transformation. The study recognizes the difficulty of evaluating CD under straight-forward mechanisms. It concludes that the existing approaches are not adequate to truly capture or measure impact, as CD projects, restricted by previously agreed budgets, resources, and time frames, are usually not designed to evaluate the sustainability of change and its impact over the medium or long term. As resources are scarce, donor agencies and policy-makers need to know the value of CD in order to best prioritize their investments. However, due to the nature of these projects, measuring the return rate between the project cost and its impact remains a difficult task. There is a need for new, multi-path approaches to capturing changes in capacity in order to serve as a basis for decision-making regarding CD investments. (C) 2015 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).
- Published
- 2016
23. Estimation of rates of return on social protection
- Author
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Franziska Gassmann, Andrés Mideros, Pierre Mohnen, Maastricht Graduate School of Governance, RS: UNU-MERIT Theme 6, RS: UNU-MERIT Theme 2, Mt Economic Research Inst on Innov/Techn, QE Econometrics, RS: GSBE TIID, RS: GSBE EFME, and RS: FSE MGSoG
- Subjects
Cash transfers ,Labour economics ,social transfers ,050204 development studies ,Geography, Planning and Development ,Welfare Economics: Other ,Microsimulation ,MATTERS ,Development ,social protection ,Human capital ,social policy ,MEXICO ,d69 - Welfare Economics: Other ,PROGRAMS ,Human Capital ,Skills ,Occupational Choice ,Labor Productivity ,0502 economics and business ,Economics ,computer simulation ,Economic Growth and Aggregate Productivity: General ,human capital ,050207 economics ,j24 - "Human Capital ,Labor Productivity" ,o40 - Economic Growth and Aggregate Productivity: General ,Social policy ,estimation method ,Rate of return ,Estimation ,INCOME ,Poverty ,05 social sciences ,microsimulation ,economic growth ,POVERTY ,Social protection ,CASH TRANSFERS ,OPORTUNIDADES ,Cambodia ,Economic Development: Human Resources ,Human Development ,Income Distribution ,Migration ,rate of return ,o15 - "Economic Development: Human Resources ,Migration" - Abstract
This study estimates the rates of return of non-contributory social transfer programmes in Cambodia using household-level data and going beyond standard cost–efficiency analyses by developing a dynamic microsimulation model. It shows that social protection promotes equitable economic growth by enhancing human capital and fostering economic performance at the micro level. A positive rate of return is achieved after 12 periods and can reach between 12 per cent and 15 per cent after 20 periods. This study shows that microsimulation models can be extended in order to analyse the long-term economic returns on social protection. © 2015 Taylor & Francis.
- Published
- 2016
24. The Shifting Structure of Agricultural R&D : Worldwide Investment Patterns and Payoffs
- Author
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Julian M. Alston, Philip G. Pardey, Kyuseon Lee, Robert Andrade, Xudong Rao, Steven P. Dehmer, Terrance M. Hurley, and Connie Chan-Kang
- Subjects
Rate of return ,Economic growth ,business.industry ,05 social sciences ,Commodity ,Bedrijfseconomie ,Investment (macroeconomics) ,Agricultural economics ,Agriculture ,Business Economics ,0502 economics and business ,Economics ,Life Science ,050202 agricultural economics & policy ,050207 economics ,Agricultural productivity ,China ,business ,Pace ,Rate of growth - Abstract
The future path and pace of agricultural productivity growth areinextricably intertwined with investments in food and agricultural research and development (R&D). Looking back over half a century of evidence, we find that the lay of the global food and agricultural R&D land is changing, with indications that we are in the midst of an historic transition. The more notable trends are as follows: (1) for the first time in modern history (in purchasing power parity, PPP, terms), the middle-income countries now outspend the rich countries in terms of public-sector investments in food and agricultural R&D; (2) the shifting public shares reflect a continuing decline in the rate of growth of food and agricultural R&D spending by the rich countries, along with a generally sustained and substantial growth in spending by the middle-income countries (especially China, India, and Brazil); (3) in PPP terms, China now spends more than the United States on both public- and private-sector food and agricultural R&D; (4) the global share of food and agricultural R&D being conducted by the private sector has increased, especially in the high- and rapidly growing middle-income countries; and (5) the low-income countries are losing ground and account for an exceptionally small share of global spending. The mean and median values of the reported rates of return to food and agricultural R&D based on the IRR are high and remain so, with no signs of a diminution in the payoffs to more recent (compared with earlier) investments in R&D. But the available evidence on the returns to food and agricultural R&D is not fully representative of the institutional (i.e., public versus private), locational, or commodity orientation of the research and the agricultural sector itself. The Shifting Structure of Agricultural R&D: Worldwide.... Available from: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/321253196_The_Shifting_Structure_of_Agricultural_RD_Worldwide_Investment_Patterns_and_Payoffs [accessed May 15 2018].
- Published
- 2018
25. BIM Investment, Returns, and Risks in China’s AEC Industries
- Author
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Ruoyu Jin, Dariusz Wanatowski, Llewellyn Tang, and Craig M. Hancock
- Subjects
Rate of return ,Economic growth ,Knowledge management ,business.industry ,Strategy and Management ,Interoperability ,0211 other engineering and technologies ,Information technology ,Questionnaire ,020101 civil engineering ,02 engineering and technology ,Building and Construction ,Investment (macroeconomics) ,GeneralLiterature_MISCELLANEOUS ,0201 civil engineering ,Project planning ,Empirical research ,Building information modeling ,021105 building & construction ,Industrial relations ,Business ,Civil and Structural Engineering - Abstract
Building information modeling (BIM), the emerging digital technology, is undergoing increasing application in developing countries including China. Both the governmental policy and industry motivation have indicated that BIM is becoming the mainstream innovation in China’s construction industry. Nevertheless, one major concern lies in the uncertainty of BIM investment for architecture, engineering, and construction (AEC) firms. Specifically, AEC firms should have the knowledge of areas BIM investment could focus on (such as BIM software); the expected returns from BIM investment; methods to enhance the returns from BIM usage; and the risks in implementing BIM. This study adopted a questionnaire survey–based approach to address these concerns related to BIM application and risk in China. BIM practitioners from multiple AEC fields and different experience levels were recruited as the survey sample. It was found from the questionnaire survey that both internal and external collaborations should be the BIM investment priority, together with the interoperability among multiple BIM software tools. Improved multiparty communication and understanding was the highest recognized return from BIM investment. Survey participants had a high expectation of BIM application in green building projects. Subgroup analysis conveyed the information that gaining BIM practical experience would provide professionals with more confidence on returns from BIM adoption in enhancing communication and understanding. Compared to survey participants from other professions, architects tended to have more conservative views on BIM’s effect on marketing their work, project planning, and recruiting/retaining employees. The findings from this empirical study provide an overview of BIM investment, return, and implementation-related risks for AEC professionals at different stages or levels of BIM practice, as well as suggestions for relevant public authorities when developing BIM guidelines (e.g., BIM applications in prefabrication construction). As an extension of existing BIM implementation studies in developed countries, this study provides insights of BIM practical experience and associated risks in China by adopting a holistic approach and summarizing the perceptions from AEC professionals across disciplines and experience levels. The knowledge gained from this study could be further applied in other developing countries where the application of information technology is growing in AEC projects.
- Published
- 2017
26. State Enterprises Performance Mixed Bag
- Subjects
Botswana Power Corp. ,Rate of return ,Electric utilities ,Cabinet officers ,Economic growth ,Government business enterprises ,Return on investment ,News, opinion and commentary - Abstract
Byline: Bopa Gaborone, Feb 06, 2018 (Botswana Daily News/All Africa Global Media) -- State-owned enterprises (SOEs) exist to support government's development efforts hence their performance is critical in achieving government's [...]
- Published
- 2018
27. The move to mass higher education in the UK: many questions and some answers
- Author
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Cécile Deer, Mehak Dua, and Ken Mayhew
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Rate of return ,Labour economics ,Economic growth ,Government ,education.field_of_study ,Higher education ,business.industry ,Population ,Subject (philosophy) ,Audit ,Education ,Compliance (psychology) ,Incentive ,Economics ,education ,business - Abstract
This article describes the course and causes of the expansion of higher education in the UK since the 1960s. The number of university students from modest social backgrounds has increased, but they comprise much the same proportion of the university population as they did 40 years ago. Though personal rates of return from higher education are generally substantial, subject choice matters, while the extent of the returns to society is more problematic. Despite government statements to the contrary, there is still doubt about how productively new graduates will be employed in the labour market. Meanwhile, the sector has had to meet this expansion with tight public funding since the early 1980s. The article considers the impact of this and of the increase in compliance and audit costs. Finally it suggests that the incentive structures applied by the government may have made the different parts of the sector more homogenous than is desirable.
- Published
- 2016
28. Manufacturing FDI in Sub-Saharan Africa : Trends, Determinants, and Impacts
- Author
-
Chen, Guangzhe, Geiger, Michael, and Fu, Minghui
- Subjects
WAREHOUSE ,TRADE LIBERALIZATION ,ENABLING ENVIRONMENTS ,MARKET ACCESS ,INVESTMENT ,CAPITAL FLOWS ,GLOBAL MARKET ,TAX ,FOREIGN INVESTORS ,COUNTRY RISK ,DEVELOPING COUNTRY ,ECONOMIC GROWTH ,TREATIES ,PRIVATE INVESTMENT ,PRIVATE SECTOR INVESTMENT ,PRIVATE INVESTMENTS ,STOCKS ,DOMESTIC MARKET ,INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY ,INVESTOR CONFIDENCE ,MARKETS DATABASE ,INVESTMENTS ,INSTRUMENT ,INVESTING ,GOVERNMENT POLICY ,BROKERS ,MANUFACTURING SECTOR ,INVESTMENT PROMOTION ,STOCK ,RETURNS ,POVERTY ,INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT ,INVESTORS ,DOMESTIC ECONOMY ,POLITICAL STABILITY ,GUARANTEE ,SHARES ,GOODS ,MARKET REFORMS ,TECHNOLOGIES ,MNE ,INTERESTS ,REAL EXCHANGE RATE ,FDIS ,EMERGING MARKETS ,GLOBAL PRODUCTION NETWORKS ,INVESTMENT POLICIES ,CAPITAL INVESTMENT ,FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT ,BALANCE OF PAYMENTS ,HOLDING ,INVESTMENT OPPORTUNITIES ,DOMESTIC FIRMS ,MARKETS ,PROFIT ,FOREIGN INVESTOR ,FINANCE ,EXPORTERS ,INTERNATIONAL MARKETS ,TAX POLICY ,PROPERTY RIGHTS ,DOMESTIC MARKETS ,LABOR MARKET ,CREDIT BUREAU ,FOREIGN MANUFACTURERS ,MANUFACTURING SECTORS ,LEGAL RIGHTS ,POTENTIAL INVESTMENT ,PRIVATE CAPITAL ,CREDIT STRENGTH ,MARKET ,GOVERNMENT POLICIES ,CAPITAL REQUIREMENT ,FINANCIAL SERVICES ,PROPERTY ,FINANCIAL RISK ,ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT ,FOREIGN ENTERPRISES ,RETURN ,LOCAL MARKET ,TAX RATE ,NATIONAL BANK ,INVESTMENT CLIMATE ,INVESTMENT PROJECTS ,TAX INCENTIVES ,REINVESTMENT RATE ,HOST COUNTRIES ,BINDING CONSTRAINT ,MACROECONOMIC STABILITY ,EQUITY INVESTMENT ,INVESTMENT ACTIVITIES ,EXCHANGE ,ACCOUNTING ,INTERNATIONAL ECONOMICS ,FOREIGN MARKETS ,GLOBAL TRADE ,MARKET SIZE ,LOCAL MARKETS ,TARIFFS ,MANUFACTURING FIRMS ,HOST COUNTRY ,EXCHANGE RATE ,RATE OF RETURN ,INVESTMENT DECISIONS ,HUMAN CAPITAL ,GOOD ,FOREIGN CAPITAL ,EQUIPMENT ,INSURANCE ,TURNOVER ,PRIVATE SECTOR ,TAXES ,EQUITY ,TRANSITION ECONOMIES ,INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY ,FOREIGN INVESTMENTS ,DIRECT INVESTMENT ,INTERNATIONAL MARKET ,HUMAN RESOURCES ,FDI ,ECONOMIC POLICY ,OVERSEAS INVESTMENT ,HOST ECONOMY ,PROFITS ,REINVESTMENT ,MACROECONOMIC POLICY ,DEVELOPING COUNTRIES ,GLOBAL MARKETS ,FUTURE ,MARKET SHARE ,RATES OF RETURN ,TRADE REGIME ,MONETARY FUND ,TECHNOLOGY ,INVESTMENT PATTERNS ,FOREIGN OWNERSHIP ,CENTRAL BANKS ,GLOBALIZATION ,EQUITY RETURNS ,INVESTMENT BEHAVIOR ,DEVELOPMENT BANK ,FOREIGN INVESTMENT ,CONTRACTS ,INVESTOR ,INTEREST ,POLITICAL RISK ,TRADING ,FOREIGN FIRMS ,INVESTOR INTEREST ,SHARE OF INVESTMENT ,REVENUES ,CONVERSION ,CAPITAL INFLOWS ,FOREIGN COMPANIES ,CHECKS ,TAX POLICIES ,SHARE ,POTENTIAL INVESTORS ,INVESTMENT PROMOTION AGENCIES - Abstract
This report offers five policy recommendations that could contribute to the attraction of manufacturing FDI in Africa. To further the benefits of FDI, especially in the manufacturing sector, policymakers in Africa should: First, manage FDI flows and FDI-related policies in a way that maximizes spillovers in host countries. Second, realize the emergence of FDI from newpartners, especially in manufacturing FDI, and establish platforms that help in the attraction ofnew FDI. Third, increase investment on key infrastructure to overcome constraints for manufacturing activities to develop, especially in power supply and transportation and logistics services. Fourth, take better advantage of the currently dominating market-seeking manufacturing FDI to improve the weak industry base in the shortterm. Market-seeking FDI has a sizeable positivecontribution to the host economy. Fifth, strengthen the linkages between domestic material input and foreign manufacturing investment.
- Published
- 2015
29. China and Africa : Expanding Economic Ties in an Evolving Global Context
- Author
-
Pigato, Miria and Tang, Wenxia
- Subjects
GROWTH RATES ,PRIVATE INVESTMENT ,WORLD TRADE ,AMOUNT OF CAPITAL ,CREDIT PROGRAMS ,COMMODITIES ,GROSS FIXED CAPITAL FORMATION ,MULTINATIONALS ,INFLATION ,DIRECT ACCESS ,RENEWABLE ENERGY ,INCOME ,EXPORT GROWTH ,AGRICULTURAL SECTORS ,URBANIZATION ,BACKED FINANCING ,WORLD DEVELOPMENT INDICATORS ,PRIVATE ENTERPRISES ,PUBLIC SPENDING ,CREDIT LINES ,DEVELOPMENT BANKS ,OUTSOURCING ,TRANSPARENCY ,REAL EXCHANGE RATE ,PRICE INCREASES ,FINANCIAL MARKETS ,PENSIONS ,LOAN PROGRAMS ,EMERGING ECONOMIES ,HOLDING ,NEW BUSINESS ,LOW-INCOME COUNTRIES ,FINANCING ARRANGEMENTS ,OIL RESERVES ,TRADE BARRIERS ,AGRICULTURAL COMMODITIES ,INDUSTRIALIZATION ,ECONOMIC COOPERATION ,CONSUMPTION RATES ,INTEREST RATES ,LARGE-SCALE INVESTMENT ,INDUSTRIAL ECONOMY ,LOAN SIZE ,CAPITAL REQUIREMENT ,FINANCIAL SERVICES ,FIXED CAPITAL ,INFRASTRUCTURE FINANCING ,LOCAL MARKET ,TAX RATE ,CONSUMERS ,DEVELOPMENT ASSISTANCE ,COMMUNICATIONS TECHNOLOGY ,DEVELOPMENT PROJECTS ,INVESTMENT PROJECTS ,GDP ,REGISTRATION PROCESS ,OFFSHORE FINANCIAL CENTERS ,TRADE BALANCE ,BASE YEAR ,PORTFOLIO ,BUSINESS ENVIRONMENT ,OFFSHORE FINANCIAL CENTER ,RAPID INDUSTRIALIZATION ,HUMAN DEVELOPMENT ,INCOME TAX ,EXPORT CREDITS ,FINANCIAL NETWORK ,INTERNATIONAL TRADE ,BILATERAL TRANSACTIONS ,CAPITAL STOCK ,REGIONAL INTEGRATION ,EXCHANGE RATE ,EQUIPMENT ,FOREIGN CAPITAL ,CURRENCY ,DIVERSIFICATION ,FORECASTS ,MERGERS ,UNION ,LOAN ,REAL EXCHANGE RATES ,COMMODITY PRICES ,DEVELOPING COUNTRIES ,SECURITIES ,GLOBAL MARKETS ,PRIVATE MARKETS ,EXPOSURE ,GLOBALIZATION ,LABOR MARKETS ,DEVELOPMENT BANK ,REAL ESTATE ,BUSINESS OPPORTUNITIES ,FOREIGN INVESTMENT ,TRADING ,ECONOMIC POWERS ,COMPARATIVE ADVANTAGE ,CAPITAL FORMATION ,PROFIT MARGIN ,ECONOMIES OF SCALE ,BANKING LAWS ,EXPORT COMPETITIVENESS ,STABILIZATION POLICIES ,FINANCIAL FLOWS ,VOLATILITY ,TAX SYSTEM ,INFRASTRUCTURE PROJECTS ,INITIAL INVESTMENT ,TRANSACTION ,FOREIGN TRADE ,TRADE LIBERALIZATION ,NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT ,FOREIGN INVESTORS ,ECONOMIC GROWTH ,GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT ,EXCHANGE RATES ,PRIVATE INVESTMENTS ,FREE LOANS ,TRUST FUND ,COMMODITY ,TRANSACTION COSTS ,TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE ,DOMESTIC MARKET ,EXPORT PROCESSING ZONE ,MACROECONOMICS ,INTERNATIONAL STANDARDS ,MIDDLE-INCOME COUNTRY ,INVESTING ,INVESTMENT FLOWS ,ECONOMIC CRISIS ,FINANCIAL CRISIS ,MULTILATERAL DEVELOPMENT ,REGISTRATION SYSTEM ,BACKED LOANS ,PRODUCTION COSTS ,CRITICAL INFRASTRUCTURE ,LARGE-SCALE INVESTMENTS ,FINANCIAL ASSISTANCE ,COUNTRY MARKETS ,LIVING STANDARDS ,CAPITAL INVESTMENT ,FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT ,INVESTMENT OPPORTUNITIES ,GLOBAL EXPORTS ,EXPORTERS ,INTERNATIONAL MARKETS ,WAGES ,DEVELOPMENT FINANCE ,LINE OF CREDIT ,COMPETITIVE ADVANTAGES ,EXPORTER ,NATURAL RESOURCE ,LESS DEVELOPED COUNTRY ,APPROVAL PROCESS ,CREDIT LINE ,PRODUCTION CAPACITY ,COMMODITY PRICE ,MANUFACTURING INDUSTRIES ,COMMERCIAL LOANS ,ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT ,AGRICULTURE ,DIVIDENDS ,FREE TRADE ,INVESTMENT CLIMATE ,DEVELOPING ECONOMIES ,POLICY ENVIRONMENT ,HOME COUNTRY ,MACROECONOMIC MANAGEMENT ,WAGE RATES ,PRIVATE ENTERPRISE ,INVESTMENT POLICY ,ACCOUNTING ,LIBERALIZATION ,FINANCES ,INTERNATIONAL ECONOMICS ,COMMERCIAL BANK ,WORLD INVESTMENT REPORT ,COMMERCIAL LENDING ,BANK FINANCING ,INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT ,BENCHMARK ,LOCAL GOVERNMENTS ,OUTPUT ,PRIVATE INVESTORS ,RATE OF RETURN ,INSURANCE ,MANUFACTURING INDUSTRY ,RATE OF RETURN ON CAPITAL ,TRADE PROTECTIONS ,CREDIT ACCESS ,TRANSITION ECONOMIES ,DOUBLE TAXATION ,COMPETITION POLICIES ,TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER ,FINANCIAL BENEFITS ,GROWTH RATE ,JOINT VENTURES ,COMMERCIAL BANKS ,INVESTMENT CONTRACTS ,MONETARY FUND ,FOREIGN OWNERSHIP ,TRANSFER PAYMENTS ,WORLD ECONOMY ,SCHOLARSHIPS ,AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS ,JOB CREATION ,FIXED INVESTMENT ,NATURAL RESOURCES ,FINANCIAL SUPPORT ,CONSUMER GOODS ,ECONOMIC RESEARCH ,COMPARATIVE ADVANTAGES ,GLOBAL INVESTMENT ,OPERATING COSTS - Abstract
Economic growth in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) has averaged roughly 5 percent per year over the past decade, improving living standards and bolstering human development indicators across the continent. Stronger public institutions, a supportive, private sector focused policy environment, responsible macroeconomic management, and a sustained commitment to structural reforms have greatly expanded opportunities for countries in SSA to participate in global markets. In recent years, many countries in the region have benefited from an increasingly favorable external environment, high commodity prices, and an especially strong demand for natural resources by emerging economies, particularly China. Over the longer term, leveraging Chinese investment to support broad-based growth will require policies designed to boost the competitiveness of sectors in which China s economic rebalancing may create a comparative advantage for SSA. To date, few African countries have been able to benefit from large-scale Chinese investment outside the resource sector. However, as China s growth slows and its economy shifts toward a more consumption-driven model, it is likely that global demand for resource imports will slow as well. Countries with the most heavily concentrated export mix, particularly in the mineral and oil sectors are the most vulnerable to China s economic rebalancing and should be ready to adopt measures to mitigate the impact of negative terms-of-trade shocks. By contrast, as wage rates in China continue to rise and firms refocus their attention on domestic demand, countries in SSA will be well positioned to exploit emerging opportunities for investment in export-oriented manufacturing. Ethiopia provides an instructive example, as its inexpensive yet relatively skilled labor force, coupled with the government s proactive efforts to court Chinese investors, have enabled Ethiopia to attract substantial investments in labor-intensive industries. Infrastructure enhancement, workforce development, and good-governance reforms offer a promising strategy for many countries in the region. Although the establishment of industrial zones has yielded mixed results, several salient success stories warrant careful attention. This report discusses how Africa could take advantage of the untapped opportunities offered by China s progressively intensifying investment and trade ties with SSA. It is hoped that this analysis will enrich the ongoing dialogue between policy makers, private firms, and civil society regarding China s increasingly important role in the growth and development of Sub-Saharan Africa.
- Published
- 2015
30. Fiscal Policy Issues in the Aging Societies
- Author
-
Bogetic, Zeljko, Onder, Harun, Onal, Anil, Skrok, Emilia, Schwartz, Anita, and Winkler, Hernan
- Subjects
POPULATION STRUCTURE ,BUDGET DEFICITS ,FISCAL REFORMS ,TAX EXEMPTIONS ,GROWTH RATES ,LONG-TERM CARE ,CENTRAL ASIA ,AGING ,INFLATION ,YOUNG PEOPLE ,LOW FERTILITY ,FISCAL DEFICIT ,FUTURE GENERATIONS ,FISCAL MANAGEMENT ,UNEMPLOYMENT ,NUMBER OF CHILDREN ,RETIREMENT AGES ,MARKET REGULATION ,WORKERS ,PERSONAL INCOME ,WORLD DEVELOPMENT INDICATORS ,RETURNS ,DEMOGRAPHIC CONSEQUENCES ,PENSION ,HIGH POPULATION GROWTH ,PUBLIC FINANCES ,PUBLIC SPENDING ,SOCIAL SERVICES ,AGED ,FERTILITY RATES ,OLD AGE ,EUROPE ,PENSIONS ,HOLDING ,POLICY CHANGE ,TAX POLICY ,ADULT MORTALITY ,FERTILITY ,PURCHASING POWER ,SECONDARY EDUCATION ,INDEBTEDNESS ,ELDERLY ,DISABILITY ,GOVERNMENT EXPENDITURES ,IMPLICIT DEBT ,INCOME TAXES ,PUBLIC DEBT ,SCHOOL-AGE CHILDREN ,INCOME LEVELS ,CENTRAL ASIA AGING ,PRIVATE SAVINGS ,TECHNOLOGICAL CHANGES ,WORK FORCE ,INDEBTED COUNTRIES ,DEMOGRAPHIC CHANGE ,ADVANCED ECONOMIES ,INITIAL DEBT ,BUDGET CONSTRAINT ,LIFE EXPECTANCY ,POLITICAL ECONOMY ,DEBT BURDENS ,POPULATION PROJECTIONS ,DEBT RATIO ,SOCIAL SYSTEMS ,CAPITAL STOCK ,FISCAL POLICY ,LIABILITY ,HEALTH CARE ,DEMOGRAPHIC IMPACT ,PUBLIC PENSION ,HEALTH SYSTEMS ,CURRENCY ,RETIREMENT AGE ,PUBLIC HEALTH ,RESPECT ,HEALTH CARE SYSTEM ,INCOME LEVEL ,CLOSED ECONOMY ,DEPENDENCY RATIO ,CURRENT POPULATION ,FEWER CHILDREN ,DEBT CRISIS ,TAX REVENUES ,PUBLIC FINANCE ,QUALITY OF LIFE ,PENSION CONTRIBUTIONS ,PUBLIC ,LABOR MARKETS ,MORTALITY RATE ,ACCUMULATION OF DEBT ,INCOME GROWTH ,POPULATION SIZE ,PENSION SYSTEM ,POPULATION DYNAMICS ,SHORT TERM DEBT ,CHILD MORTALITY ,WORKING-AGE POPULATION ,REPLACEMENT RATES ,FACTORS OF PRODUCTION ,HOSPITAL ,TAX SYSTEM ,INFRASTRUCTURE PROJECTS ,ECONOMIC PERFORMANCE ,TAX ,POPULATION GROWTH RATES ,DEMOGRAPHIC ,ECONOMIC GROWTH ,PENSION FUND ,DEBT ISSUANCE ,FAMILIES ,PHYSICIANS ,HEALTH REFORM ,PARTICULAR COUNTRY ,FINANCIAL SECTOR ,BENEFICIARIES ,INFRASTRUCTURE INVESTMENT ,PUBLIC BUDGET ,INVESTING ,WORLD POPULATION ,AGE DISTRIBUTION ,FINANCIAL CRISIS ,TRANSITION COUNTRIES ,BALANCE SHEETS ,GOVERNMENT BONDS ,INCENTIVE STRUCTURE ,TREATY ,CURRENCY COMPOSITION ,STATE GUARANTEES ,AGE-RELATED SPENDING ,BENEFICIARY ,PENSION CONTRIBUTION ,ELDERLY PEOPLE ,WAGE GROWTH ,DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSITION ,HEALTH SPENDING ,REGULATORY FRAMEWORKS ,PUBLIC EDUCATION ,OPEN ECONOMY ,YOUNG POPULATIONS ,PROGRESS ,RATES OF GROWTH ,STOCK EXCHANGE ,POPULATION DECLINE ,PUBLIC EXPENDITURES ,MORTALITY ,GENERATIONAL ACCOUNTS ,SOCIAL CHANGES ,DEPENDENCY RATIOS ,TERTIARY EDUCATION ,DIVIDEND ,DURABLE ,HEALTH SECTOR ,SOCIAL SECURITY ,RATE OF POPULATION GROWTH ,EXCISE TAXES ,LOWER FERTILITY ,GOVERNMENT BUDGETS ,LONG-TERM DEBT ,DEVELOPMENT INVESTMENTS ,OLD-AGE PENSION ,INTERNATIONAL EFFORTS ,OLD-AGE ,DEFICITS ,ACCOUNTING ,PORTFOLIOS ,AGING COUNTRIES ,FINANCES ,OLD-AGE PENSIONS ,STRUCTURAL PROBLEMS ,OIL RESOURCES ,DEBT STOCK ,FISCAL CONSOLIDATIONS ,OUTPUT ,RATE OF RETURN ,CAREGIVERS ,PUBLIC REVENUES ,MIGRATION ,WORKING POPULATION ,LABOR FORCES ,GOVERNMENT SPENDING ,EXPENDITURES ,DEBT MANAGEMENT ,QUALITY OF SERVICES ,GROWTH RATE ,INTERNATIONAL BANK ,LIFELONG LEARNING ,INEQUITIES ,ACCESS TO HEALTH SERVICES ,GENERATIONAL ACCOUNTING ,FISCAL CONSOLIDATION ,CAPITAL ACCUMULATION ,MIGRATION FLOW ,DEMOGRAPHIC PROJECTIONS ,LABOR FORCE ,SAVINGS ,DEBT BURDEN ,HEALTH SERVICES ,IMMIGRATION ,NUMBER OF PEOPLE ,DEMOGRAPHIC CHANGES ,NURSES ,EXPENDITURE - Abstract
Aging may be one of the most far-reaching processes defining the economic, fiscal, and social changes societies are likely to experience over the next 40 years. The demographic consequences of aging will have a dramatic impact on labor markets, economic growth, social structures--and government budgets. These issues have gained urgency after the second largest global recession in the past 100 years. Based on a broad comparative analysis of countries that include the EU and non-EU European and Central Asian countries, as well as several case studies and model simulations, the paper seeks to provide broad answers--tailored in part to distinct groups of countries according to their aging-fiscal profiles--to major questions facing governments budgets in aging societies: What are the fiscal-aging profiles of Western European, emerging European, and Central Asian countries? In other words, how good or bad is their fiscal situation--"initial conditions"--in view of their emerging aging-related problems? What kind of public spending pressures are likely to emerge in the coming decades, and what will be their relative importance? How do countries compare in terms of the possible impacts of aging on growth and long-term debt sustainability? What can be learned from in-depth and comparative case studies of aging, fiscal sustainability, and fiscal reform? Are there good-practice examples--countries doing things right at the right time--that may offer lessons for the others? And, perhaps most important, given the need for long-term fiscal consolidation for many countries, what kind of revenue and expenditure policy agendas are likely to emerge to mitigate the effects of aging? A key policy conclusion is that countries should aim for early rather than delayed reforms dealing with long-term aging pressures. The urgency is accentuated by the debt situations and/or adverse debt and demographic dynamics in almost all countries but also by the evolving voter preferences. As societies age and voting preferences increasingly reflect the political will of the older population, it will become more difficult to enact the necessary reforms ensuring social and fiscal sustainability.
- Published
- 2015
31. Information and communication technology and foreign direct investment: interactions and contributions to economic growth
- Author
-
Ketteni, Elena, Kottaridi, Constantina, Mamuneas, Theofanis P., and Mamuneas, Theofanis P. [0000-0002-8426-2141]
- Subjects
Statistics and Probability ,Macroeconomics ,Rate of return ,Economics and Econometrics ,Foreign direct investment ,Oecd countries ,Smooth coefficient model ,Mathematics (miscellaneous) ,Physical capital ,Double counting (accounting) ,Semiparametric estimation ,Information and Communications Technology ,Economics ,Social Sciences (miscellaneous) ,Economic growth ,Information and communication technology - Abstract
This study explores the joint effect of FDI and domestic capital stocks (ICT and non-ICT) on productivity and economic growth, by incorporating two additions to the recent literature. Firstly, biases due to the fact that the observed measures of domestic capital stocks have an FDI component (double counting) are taken into account, and secondly, the possibility that the effect may be heterogeneous. Using semiparametric econometric techniques, the output elasticities for 15 OECD countries for the period 1980–2004 are estimated. The results indicate that biases do exist and they are significant. When corrected, the effects of all three types of capital are positive, significant, and they vary across countries and time. Furthermore, there exist interactions between the three capital variables, implying a complimentary relationship between domestic (ICT and non-ICT) and FDI capital. Additionally, the rates of return to FDI are high and heterogeneous, suggesting that in most countries, there is need for more investment. © 2014, Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg. 48 1525 1539 1525-1539
- Published
- 2015
32. If It Innovates, Tax It, Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez Suggests.
- Author
-
Bahcall, Safi
- Subjects
- *
TAXATION , *TECHNOLOGICAL innovations , *GROSS domestic product , *RATE of return - Published
- 2019
33. Abenomics Will Long Outlast Its Author.
- Author
-
Peaple, Andrew
- Subjects
- *
RATE of return , *MONETARY policy - Published
- 2018
34. Short Squeeze Roils Wall Street’s Favorite Bond Trade.
- Author
-
Kruger, Daniel
- Subjects
- *
RATE of return , *INVESTORS , *BOND market , *GOVERNMENT securities , *HEDGE funds , *ECONOMICS - Published
- 2018
35. The Wages of Tax Reform Are Going to America’s Workers.
- Author
-
Hassett, Kevin
- Subjects
- *
TAX reform , *WORKING class , *CORPORATE taxes , *WAGE increases , *RATE of return , *ECONOMIC history - Published
- 2018
36. Who Are the Big Players in the Bond Market? Small Investors.
- Author
-
Kruger, Daniel
- Subjects
- *
INVESTORS , *RATE of return , *INTEREST rates , *INTERNATIONAL relations - Published
- 2018
37. 2018: You Read It Here First.
- Author
-
Kessler, Andy
- Subjects
- *
ECONOMIC forecasting , *PROPHECY , *INTEREST rate forecasting , *BITCOIN , *STOCK exchanges , *RATE of return , *ECONOMICS - Published
- 2017
38. U.S. Economy Returns to Lackluster Growth.
- Author
-
Leubsdorf, Ben
- Subjects
- *
RATE of return , *ECONOMIC expansion , *ECONOMIC development ,UNITED States economy - Published
- 2017
39. IMF Sees 2015 Global Growth at Weakest Rate Since Financial Crisis.
- Author
-
Talley, Ian
- Subjects
- *
FINANCIAL crises , *COMMERCIAL products , *ECONOMIC development , *RATE of return , *EMERGING markets - Published
- 2015
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