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This study deals with the preparation of a novel biomaterial by incorporating the hematite α-Fe2O3 onto crushed leaves of the Washingtonia filifera palm tree in their raw state and in extracted cellulose from the same plant. The incorporation of α-Fe2O3 was accomplished by hydrothermal route at 200 °C. The palm leaves, extracted cellulose, and synthesized products were characterized by thermal analysis (TG) and FT-IR spectroscopy. The latter revealed peaks at 524 and 449 cm−1 for the synthesized material, attributed to vibrational deformation of the inorganic Fe-O bond. In contrast to the TG profile of raw palm leaves, the thermogram of the composite degrades in a single step at 343 °C. This one-step decomposition clearly indicates the chemical modification of our cellulose matrix and confirms the successful incorporation of the hematite α-Fe2O3 into the lignocellulose. The second part is devoted to α-Fe2O3 working as sensitizer in photocatalysis, it was characterized optically (Eg= 1.94 eV) and electrochemically with a flat band potential of −0.53 VSCE. The conduction band (−0.73 VSCE) is more cathodic than the potential of the O2/O2•− couple (−0.52 VSCE) and should reduce dissolved oxygen into reactive O2•− radical. The as-prepared materials were successfully tested in the photocatalytic degradation of Rh B (10 ppm) and the result gave an abatement of 60% on α-Fe2O3/lignocellulose under visible light irradiation (LED lamp) with a flux of 23 mW cm−2. The kinetic obeys a first-order model with a half photocatalytic-life of ∼ 7 h. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Starch-based coating systems find application in different industrial sectors as eco-friendly carriers of bioactive compounds such as in fertilizers and seeds. However, starch cannot be used as the only matrix component because of its high hygroscopicity and poor mechanical qualities. Here, we investigated the effects of the sequential addition of maltodextrin, cellulose, glycerol, and bentonite on the physicochemical characteristics of starch-based films potentially applied in coating systems. It observed that the addition of bentonite tends to increase hydrophobicity, but association with glycerol contributed to its reduction. The sequential reduction in water vapor permeability was observed, achieving lower values with the addition of bentonite. Viscosity variation was also verified, still in gel form. The matrices with or without glycerol showed a significant increase in viscosity with the addition of bentonite. The adjustment of this parameter is essential in the coating system. This trend is also observed for mechanical properties. In this case, cellulose addition provided a remarkable variation. Additionally, the water content between the starch chains is considerably reduced, as well as the brittleness and uniformity are improved with the simultaneous addition of fillers and glycerol-containing matrices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work presents a novel process for production of additive-free wood composites by ionic liquid treatment of wood powder involving extraction of lignin followed by precipitation onto particle surfaces, and hot pressing to form a cellulose-reinforced lignin biocomposite. Physicochemical properties of lignin-coated wood powders, as well as their degree of fusion upon hot pressing, were evaluated with the aim of optimising ionic liquid treatment and hot-pressing conditions. Optimal conditions to achieve complete fusion while minimising process energy demand were determined using response surface methodology, and mechanisms of process parameter effects investigated using gas pycnometry, electron microscopy, image analysis, thermogravimetry, and calorimetry. These novel materials, derived solely from waste with only reusable reagents, represent a sustainable alternative to existing engineered wood products, which rely on petrochemical additives that release toxic volatile compounds, offering a means to reduce environmental and health hazards associated with production and use of composites from wood waste. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent scenario, biocomposites are considered counterpart to synthetic fiber reinforced polymer composites due to their comparable specific mechanical characteristics, sustainability, low energy consumption during manufacturing, low cost and biodegradable nature. In this investigation, the influence of fiber loading and sodium hydroxide (NaOH) treatment on thermo-mechanical, morphological and water absorption properties of Areca Catechu tree peduncle fibers (ACTPFs) reinforced in Unsaturated Polyester Resin (UPR) matrix biocomposite has been explored. The biocomposites with 40 wt.% of ACTPF exhibited maximum mechanical characteristics with tensile, flexural, hardness and impact properties of 63 MPa, 56 MPa, 68 HRRW and 5.33 J/cm2 respectively. Also, the NaOH treatment of ACTPF reinforcement improved the tensile, flexural, hardness and impact properties of biocomposite specimens by 3.9%, 4%, 4.12% and 4.4% respectively. The scanning electron microscopic (SEM) images, X-ray diffraction (XRD) spectrum and Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectrum of the biocomposites were witnessed to ensure its suitability in industrial applications. The acceptable hydrophilic nature, less density and thermal stability up to 237 °C of biocomposite specimens achieved through NaOH-treated ACTPF reinforcements suit well for interiors of automobile and aerospace sectors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates the hygrothermal aging effect on the tensile and impact behavior of flax/PLA biocomposites. Specimens underwent up to four weeks of conditioning at 40°C in a climate chamber with water. Analysis covered porosity, moisture diffusibility, and transversal microstructure, enabling assessment of tensile strength, tensile modulus, and impact performance in relation to moisture uptake and fiber orientation. The study of tensile properties revealed that at approximately 12% moisture content, stiffness and yield stress decrease, while strength remains constant. Moisture diffusivity is higher in warp and weft yarn directions than the out‐of‐plane direction. Tensile testing at environmental equilibrium moisture reveals greater stiffness in the weft direction, correlated with lower crimp percentage and yarn angle. The main contribution of the paper is the study of the influence of moisture on the impact behavior, the results show that energy absorption capability of flax/PLA biocomposite increases with moisture content. Highlights: Fully biodegradable composite material by heat‐compression molding subjected to hygrothermal aging conditions for up to four weeks.The moisture diffusivity in both the warp and weft yarn directions registered higher values in comparison to the out‐of‐plane direction.Tensile testing at environmental equilibrium moisture revealed that the stiffness in the weft direction presented higher values.At 12% of moisture uptake, the stiffness and yield stress reached their lowest values, while strength remained constant.However, the low‐velocity impact properties of the composites exhibited improvement with moisture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bone cement based on magnesium phosphate has extremely favorable properties for its application as a bioactive bone substitute. However, further improvement is still expected due to difficult injectability and high brittleness. This paper reported the preparation of novel biocomposite cement, classified as dual-setting, obtained through ceramic hydration reaction and polymer cross-linking. Cement was composed of magnesium potassium phosphate and sodium alginate cross-linked with calcium carbonate and gluconolactone. The properties of the obtained composite material and the influence of sodium alginate modification on cement reaction were investigated. Our results indicated that proposed cements have several advantages compared to ceramic cement, like shortened curing time, diverse microstructure, increased wettability and biodegradability and improved paste cohesion and injectability. The magnesium phosphate cement with 1.50% sodium alginate obtained using a powder-to-liquid ratio of 2.5 g/mL and cross-linking ratio 90/120 of GDL/CC showed the most favorable properties, with no adverse effect on mechanical strength and osteoblasts cytocompatibility. Overall, our research suggested that this novel cement might have promising medical application prospects, especially in minimally invasive procedures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the evolving field of bioproducts, materials that synergize sustainability with functionality are of paramount importance. Mycelium composites, derived from intricate networks of fungal filaments, are gaining traction as innovative bioproducts that offer a compelling blend of eco‐friendliness, renewability, and adaptability. As the quest intensifies for alternatives that can mitigate the environmental toll of conventional products, mycelium‐based solutions are emerging as beacons on the sustainable bioproducts horizon. Their transition from niche innovations to mainstream applications depends on their ability to overcome a series of fabrication challenges. This review paper investigates the critical challenges faced in the fabrication of mycelium composite. It examines rigorously some essential factors leading to fabrication failure, such as contamination, inconsistent growth, insufficient moisture, inappropriate pH, and improper substrate preparation. The review offers a comprehensive analysis of each factor influencing mycelium growth and the resulting composite properties, with an emphasis on preventative and mitigating strategies. Through an in‐depth exploration of case studies detailing unsuccessful mycelium composite fabrication, the significance of understanding these failure factors is emphasized. The paper culminates in a forward‐thinking discourse on potential strategies for refining fabrication processes, and identifies promising research areas poised to enhance both the success rate and overall efficiency of mycelium composite production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Efforts are ongoing to utilise agricultural waste to achieve a full resource use approach. Bambara groundnut is an important crop widely grown in the sub-Saharan Africa with potential future importance because of its resilience to thrive under heightened weather uncertainty and widespread droughts that have challenged food security. After harvesting, the edible nuts are separated from the shells which are discarded as waste. Therefore, this research is aimed at characterising the chemical composition and the structural properties of Bambara groundnut shells (BGS) in view of their potential application as a biomass for different bio-products. The chemical composition of BGS was found to be 42.4% cellulose, 27.8% hemicellulose, 13% lignin and 16.8% extractives. Proximate analysis showed a high amount of volatile matter (69.1%) and low moisture (4.4%). XRD analysis confirmed crystallinity of cellulose I polymer and FTIR analysis observed functional groups of lignocellulosic compounds. Thermal stability, maximum degradation temperature and activation energy were found to be 178.5 °C, 305.7 °C and 49.4 kJ/mol, respectively. Compared to other nutshells, BGS were found to have a relatively high amount of cellulose and crystallinity that may result in biocomposites with improved mechanical properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Our study presents an innovative material for application in the construction of biocomposites produced from agro-industrial by-products, constituted by the matrix of 70% raw rice bran, reinforced with 15% of rice husk fibers of different particle sizes (> 1 mm, > 500 µm, > 250 µm and < 250 µm) and 15% glycerol as a plasticizer. The materials were manually mixed and then molded by thermal compression in a hydraulic press with heating using a tray format. The molded parts were submitted to tests of biodegradability, contact angle, water absorption and impact resistance. The obtained results showed the influence of the incorporation of the rice husk fibers in the improvement of the evaluated properties when compared to the biocomposite produced only with rice bran. The different particle sizes of the rice husk fibers used in this study presented minor influence on the evaluated properties. Nevertheless, it should be noted that biocomposites with grain sizes > 250 µm and < 500 µm showed significant improvements, such as greater impact performance, higher initial contact angle and minor mass losses in composting experiments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates the incorporation of algae-based activated carbon into polyurethane foam to improve a biocomposite for gasoil sorption. The biocomposites were thoroughly analyzed using various techniques to examine the properties of both the blank foam and the algae activated carbon foam with a carbon content of 4.41 mass% and particle diameter of 500 µm. These techniques included Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and density analysis. The TGA analysis revealed that the biocomposites had an impact on the onset temperature (Tonset) of the foams. Higher concentrations of the biocomposites resulted in a decrease in Tonset from approximately 310 °C in the blank foam (PUF0) to 300 °C in the composite (PUF3B). The final residue percentage also decreased from around 20% in PUF0 to 10% in PUF3B. Density analysis showed that the apparent density of the foam increased from 0.016 g/cm3 in the blank foam to 0.020 g/cm3 in the biocomposite (PUF3B), while the real density slightly decreased from 0.092 g/cm3 to 0.076 g/cm3, indicating a reduction in overall porosity from 82.5% to 74.4%. All foams that were modified showed an increase in their ability to absorb gasoil in a PUF/gasoil/water system. The optimized biocomposite (PUF1B), with 1.14 mass% of 500 µm algae carbon, displayed the highest sorption capacity, starting at approximately 50 g/g at 1.5 h and increasing to 53 g/g over 72 h. The analysis of adsorption kinetics revealed that by utilizing adsorption isotherms, particularly the Langmuir isotherm, a more accurate fit to the data was achieved. This allowed for the prediction of the maximum gasoil adsorption capacity. This study aims to further develop, analyze, and utilize biocomposites made from algae-based activated carbon and polyurethane. These materials offer a sustainable and environmentally friendly approach to cleaning up oil spills. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Various treatments, such as alkaline and silane treatments, are commonly applied to natural fillers before production to enhance their quality, thermal stability, and water absorption capacity and improve the fiber–matrix interface properties. However, these processes are not environmentally friendly and may escalate the production cost of composites due to the need for additional processing steps in mass production. This study delves into the impact of untreated walnut shell (WS) filler material, employed in varying ratios (ranging from 10 to 40%) as a filler, on the mechanical, thermal, morphological, and physical properties of environmentally friendly polylactic acid (PLA) matrix composites. The experimental results highlight a significant decrease in tensile modulus by 28%, tensile strength ranging from 32 to 65%, a decrease in flexural modulus by 22%, and flexural strength ranging from 24 to 58% with varying WS filler ratios. Time-dependent water absorption and increased density were observed. FT-IR analysis indicates structural similarities, while DSC results show minimal effects on glass transition temperature and crystallinity. TGA results reveal reduced thermal stability with increasing WS content. SEM microstructure imaging demonstrates homogeneous WS particle distribution, but higher WS content leads to increased brittleness and diminished resistance properties. In conclusion, this study underscores the importance of balancing sustainability through WS filler ratios while preserving mechanical performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Manufacturing PHBV biocomposites with spent coffee ground (SCG) is an eco‐friendly approach of repurposing waste materials to improve sustainability. Although, as shown previously, pretreatments of SCG can improve its interaction with PHBV to obtain enhanced properties, the chemical or biological treatment could be time‐consuming, costly, and environmentally harmful. Therefore, this study developed a method of manufacturing PHBV/SCG biocomposites via a simple and industrially viable reactive extrusion method requiring no SCG pretreatment. The present work aims at investigating the impact of untreated SCG combined with different processing additives (peroxide, coagent, and chain extender) on the morphological, thermal, mechanical, and water absorption properties of PHBV‐based biocomposites. Overall, the introduction of the untreated SCG (10–30 wt.%, without processing additives) decreased the crystallinity (by 3.8%–6.8%), degradation temperature (Tpeak, by 6.2%–8.2%) and tensile strain (by 33%–43%) of PHBV. SCG addition had no significant effect on PHBV tensile strength or Young's modulus. However, the presence of processing additives decreased the melting temperature (by up to 4.5°C), crystallinity (by up to 8.4%) and Young's modulus (by up to 17%) and increased the degradation temperature (Tpeak, by up to 12.5°C) of the PHBV/SCG biocomposites (10% wt.% SCG). Lastly, SCG addition improved water absorption ability of PHBV by up to 250%, while the addition of peroxide further improved the water absorption ability by approximate 320%. The PHBV/SCG developed in this study have good renewability and biodegradability, improved water absorption property, reduced cost and acceptable mechanical properties. They are promising in applications where biodegradability is favorable and high mechanical performance is not required such as plant pots and containers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, there has been considerable focus on ensuring that energy is used in the most efficient manner possible. This is due to the fact that globally, over 70% of energy is generated from fossil fuels. Consequently, the matter of designing and utilizing materials that will negate energy losses within the construction industry is of paramount importance. Simultaneously, the necessity for a sustainable approach to the design and production of materials is strongly emphasized. This paper presents an innovative approach to the use of a combination of mineral and plant-based fillers in polyurethane foam technology as a thermal insulation material with the potential to be used in construction to reduce energy consumption. Polyurethane composites containing fly ash from biomass combustion and the addition of rice, sunflower, and buckwheat husks as plant fillers were proposed. The structure of the obtained materials was studied, and the most important physical properties were analyzed. These included apparent density, dimensional stability, water absorption, and the effects of UV radiation and water influence on the carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, and oxygen content. Moreover, the mechanical properties of the materials were investigated, including compressive strength and brittleness. Additionally, the foams were subjected to flammability tests using a cone calorimeter. Furthermore, additional parameters were determined, including the limiting oxygen index and the vertical and horizontal flammability tests. The results demonstrate the beneficial effects of combining mineral and vegetable fillers in polyurethane foam. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights Starch‐based biocomposites exhibit great potential as an alternative to fossil‐based materials. This work focused on investigating the properties of the starch‐based biocomposite reinforced by cellulose nanofibers derived from sugarcane bagasse (SCB). The sodium hydroxide (NaOH) concentration was varied from 4%, 8%, and 12% wt/vol for the SCB extraction process. The obtained nanofibers, respectively called SCBNF4, SCBNF8, and SCBNF12, were characterized by various techniques prior to being incorporated into modified starch (MS). The effects of the type and amount of SCBNF on the mechanical properties, thermal behavior, optical transparency, and moisture absorption of the biocomposite films were examined. All SCBNF samples had a cellulose type I structure with a diameter on the nanometer scale, regardless of the NaOH concentration. The SCBNF's diameter decreased, whereas the crystallinity index increased with increasing NaOH concentration. When incorporated into MS, the higher SCBNF loading resulted in enhancements of mechanical properties and resistance to moisture absorption with the sacrifice of optical transparency. The biocomposite filled with SCBNF12 exhibited better overall performance at a certain filler loading due to the greater filler‐polymer interaction. The benefits of greater strength, light weight, and eco‐friendliness of the developed biocomposites make them suitable for many applications, including packaging. Diameter and crystallinity index of SCBNF were governed by NaOH concentration. Adding SCBNF to MS greatly improved the biocomposite's mechanical properties. SCBNF12 showed the highest biocomposite's overall performance. The maximum strength was achieved at 1 phr of SCBNFs. The addition of SCBNFs reduced water and moisture absorption. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The drastic increase in the amount of packaging waste from conventional plastics, caused by improper waste management, is a serious challenge for the planet. It is therefore worth considering how we can solve this problem. Thus, it is necessary to develop new polymeric materials that retain the functional properties of traditional plastics but are susceptible to degradation with the participation of microorganisms. The development of new eco-friendly materials requires a holistic approach in terms of their disposal. Organic recycling enables the disposal of biodegradable packaging along with food remains that are difficult to remove. The article presents a study on the degradation of biocomposites of polylactide with cork in various environments (water, buffer, and compost). The obtained results indicate a clear influence of the presence of the filler and its amount on the degradation profile of the composites. In addition, the effect of sample shrinkage was observed, especially during degradation in water, where the pH decreases during the process due to the appearance of degradation products. This effect may be important not only for the degradation profile of the packaging but also during its use. Packaging distorted due to shrinkage may be a sign of improper product storage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Agricultural activities contribute to numerous waste problems and have emerged as a significant environmental concern. Nondegradable plastic residues decompose, releasing microplastics and affecting ecosystems and the environment. Consequently, biodegradable bio-composite films consisting of polylactic acid (PLA), natural rubber (NR), and rice straw (RS) have been developed with the aim of using them in agricultural applications. In this study, the PLA/NR blend, at a fixed ratio of 60/40 wt%, was filled with 3 and 5 wt% RS powder and extruded through a slit die into films. The biodegradability of all films was examined after being buried for 90 days in soil with a moisture content of 30% by weight. The neat PLA film showed the lowest weight loss percentage, 3.33%, suggesting a comparatively slower degradation rate in comparison to the PLA/NR(60:40) blend and all bio-composite films. The presence of 40 wt% NR in the film helped accelerate the biodegradation process during soil burial. The film produced from PLA/NR 60:40 wt% matrix filled with RS at 5 wt% led to rapid degradation, leading to a weight loss of 8.30%. From SEM micrographs, the morphology of all polymers after burial in soil showed fractures, the formation of pores, and obvious surface indications of fungi growing. The content of carbon decreased after soil burial, while oxygen content increased, and nitrogen was detected. The XRD analysis revealed low crystallinity in the neat PLA, consistent with the DSC analysis. The addition of NR and RS to the composites led to an increase in the crystallinity of PLA phase. All investigated materials exhibited an increase in crystallinity after being buried in soil. This research demonstrates that bio-composite films manufactured from the PLA/NR(60:40) blend filled with RS degrade more easily than unmodified PLA film. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An innovative microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) natural fibre powder-reinforced PLA biocomposite was investigated using the hand lay-up technique. The polymer matrix composite (PMC) samples were prepared by varying the weight percentages (wt.%) of both PLA matrix and MCC reinforcement: pure PLA/100:0, 90:10, 80:20, 70:30, 60:40 and 50:50 wt.%, respectively. From the results obtained, MCC powder, with its impressive aspect ratio, proved to be an ideal reinforcement for the PLA, exhibiting exceptional mechanical properties. It was evident that the 80:20 wt.% biocomposite sample exhibited the maximum improvement in the tensile, flexural, notched impact, compressive strength and hardness by 28.85%, 20.00%, 91.66%, 21.53% and 35.82%, respectively compared to the pure PLA sample. Similarly, during the thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), the same 80:20 wt.% biocomposite sample showed a minimum weight loss of 20% at 400°C, among others. The morphological study using Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FE-SEM) revealed that the uniform distribution of cellulose reinforcement in the PLA matrix actively improved the mechanical properties of the biocomposites, especially the optimal 80:20 wt.% sample. Importantly, it was evident that the optimal PLA/cellulose biocomposite sample could be a suitable and alternative sustainable, environmentally friendly and biodegradable material for semi/structural applications, replacing synthetic and traditional components. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates the complex relationships between process parameters and material properties in FDM-based 3D-printed biocomposites using explainable AI techniques. We examine the effects of key parameters, including biochar content (BC), layer thickness (LT), raster angle (RA), infill pattern (IP), and infill density (ID), on the tensile, flexural, and impact strengths of FDM-printed pure PLA and biochar-reinforced PLA composites. Mechanical testing was used to measure the ultimate tensile strength (UTS), flexural strength (FS), and impact strength (IS) of the 3D-printed samples. The extreme gradient boosting (XGB) algorithm was used to build a predictive model based on the data collected from mechanical testing. Shapley Additive Explanations (SHAP), Local Interpretable Model-Agnostic Explanations (LIME), and Partial Dependence Plot (PDP) techniques were implemented to understand the effects of the interactions of key parameters on mechanical properties such as UTS, FS, and IS. Prediction by XGB was accurate for UTS, FS, and IS, with R-squared values of 0.96, 0.95, and 0.85, respectively. The explanation showed that infill density has the most significant influence on UTS and FS, with SHAP values of +2.75 and +5.8, respectively. BC has the most significant influence on IS, with a SHAP value of +2.69. PDP reveals that using 0.3 mm LT and 30° RA enhances mechanical properties. This study contributes to the field of the application of artificial intelligence in additive manufacturing. A novel approach is presented in which machine learning and XAI techniques such as SHAP, LIME, and PDP are combined and used not only for optimization but also to provide valuable insights about the interaction of the process parameters with mechanical properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cellulose nanofiber–blended polylactic acid composites were prepared to enhance biodegradable polymers, which are expected to be a viable solution to the recent plastic waste crisis. The cellulose nanofibers were prepared by extracting cellulose fibers from bamboo using high-temperature and high-pressure steam and then disintegrating the fibers to the nanoscale. The optimum conditions for the processing pressure of the high-temperature and high-pressure steam treatments and the extraction process grinding time were investigated. Furthermore, the mixing ratio of cellulose nanofibers and polylactic acid for the fabrication of the composites was examined. The results show that the best condition was a 1:1 (50 wt% CNF) blend of cellulose nanofibers made with 15 atm of steam pressure for 5 min of steaming time followed by 10 s of milling time to make composites with polylactic acid that had 2.35 times the strength (77.5 MPa/g/cm3) of polylactic acid alone (33.3 MPa/g/cm3). This indicates that cellulose nanofibers produced from bamboo using high-temperature and high-pressure steam treatments can be used as reinforcing materials for low-strength biodegradable polymers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Artificial reefs represent useful tools to revitalize coastal and ocean ecosystems. Their formulation determines the biofilm formation which is the prerequisite for the colonization process by marine micro- and macroorganisms. In comparison with concrete, biobased polymers offer improved characteristics, including architecture, formulation, rugosity and recycling. This article aims to explore a new scale of artificial reef made of biocomposites reinforced with a high flax fibre (Linum utilatissimum) content (30%). Cellular adhesion and resulting biofilm formation were assessed using two marine microorganisms: Pseudoalteromonas sp. 3J6 and Cylindrotheca closterium. The influence of flax fibre leachates and plastic monomers on the growth of those marine microorganisms were also evaluated. Results indicated that the introduction of flax fibres inside the polymer matrix modified its physicochemical properties thus modulating adhesion and biofilm formation depending on the microorganism. This study gives insights for further developments of novel functionalized artificial reefs made of biocomposites. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Bone cement based on magnesium phosphate has extremely favorable properties for its application as a bioactive bone substitute. However, further improvement is still expected due to difficult injectability and high brittleness. This paper reported the preparation of novel biocomposite cement, classified as dual-setting, obtained through ceramic hydration reaction and polymer cross-linking. Cement was composed of magnesium potassium phosphate and sodium alginate cross-linked with calcium carbonate and gluconolactone. The properties of the obtained composite material and the influence of sodium alginate modification on cement reaction were investigated. Our results indicated that proposed cements have several advantages compared to ceramic cement, like shortened curing time, diverse microstructure, increased wettability and biodegradability and improved paste cohesion and injectability. The magnesium phosphate cement with 1.50% sodium alginate obtained using a powder-to-liquid ratio of 2.5 g/mL and cross-linking ratio 90/120 of GDL/CC showed the most favorable properties, with no adverse effect on mechanical strength and osteoblasts cytocompatibility. Overall, our research suggested that this novel cement might have promising medical application prospects, especially in minimally invasive procedures.

The drastic increase in the amount of packaging waste from conventional plastics, caused by improper waste management, is a serious challenge for the planet. It is therefore worth considering how we can solve this problem. Thus, it is necessary to develop new polymeric materials that retain the functional properties of traditional plastics but are susceptible to degradation with the participation of microorganisms. The development of new eco-friendly materials requires a holistic approach in terms of their disposal. Organic recycling enables the disposal of biodegradable packaging along with food remains that are difficult to remove. The article presents a study on the degradation of biocomposites of polylactide with cork in various environments (water, buffer, and compost). The obtained results indicate a clear influence of the presence of the filler and its amount on the degradation profile of the composites. In addition, the effect of sample shrinkage was observed, especially during degradation in water, where the pH decreases during the process due to the appearance of degradation products. This effect may be important not only for the degradation profile of the packaging but also during its use. Packaging distorted due to shrinkage may be a sign of improper product storage.

The protein from black soldier fly larvae was used as a functional ingredient of a novel green nanofiber. Larvae protein powder (LP) was blended with biodegradable poly(ε-caprolactone) (PCL) and processed in an electrospinning machine using a coaxial feeding/mixing method to produce nanofibers approximately 100–350 nm in diameter. To improve the dispersion and interface bonding of various PCL/LP nanofiber components, a homemade compatibilizer, maleic anhydridegrafted poly(ε-caprolactone) (MPCL), was added to form MPCL/LP nanofibers. The structure, morphology, mechanical properties, water absorption, cytocompatibility, wound healing, and biodegradability of PCL/LP and MPCL/LP nanofiber mats were investigated. The results showed enhanced adhesion in the MPCL/LP nanofiber mats compared to PCL/LP nanofiber mats; additionally, the MPCL/LP nanofibers exhibited increases of approximately 0.7–2.2 MPa in breaking strength and 9.0–22.8 MPa in Young’s modulus. Decomposition tests using a simulated body fluid revealed that the addition of LP enhanced the decomposition rate of both PCL/LP and MPCL/LP nanofiber mats and in vitro protein release. Cell proliferation and migration analysis indicated that PCL, MPCL, and their composites were biocompatible for fibroblast (FB) growth. Biodegradability was tested in a 30 day soil test. When the LP content was 20 wt%, the degradation rate exceeded 50%.

Abstract Jarosite, an industrial waste, has the potential to be used as an alternative filler in biocomposites used as packaging material and can replace nondegradable thermoplastic. Such a novel approach of waste management strategy has not been studied till date. In this research work, different weight percentages of jarosite were mixed with poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) to fabricate polymer composites with better physico‐chemical, thermal, tensile, and biodegradation properties. The data indicate that a low concentration of jarosite (3 wt.%) improved the tensile strength by 198.7% and the composite showed higher thermal stability by 6.3% than that of the neat PVA. X‐ray diffractogram and transmission electron microscopic analysis revealed a strong interaction between PVA and jarosite. Interestingly, the addition of jarosite reduced the water absorption capacity and thickness swelling of the PVA composite by 58% and 54.7%, respectively. Jarosite‐incorporated composites showed lesser degradation potential (64%) than the control composites (84%) after 60 days under soil burial conditions, indicating that PVA‐jarosite composites have a higher shelf‐life, which is needed for packaging materials. These composites can also be good alternant for thermoplastic used in preparation of cuboid, sealing, and decorative materials. Also, this would be a novel sustainable approach for managing/reducing jarosite waste. Highlights Jarosite was reinforced with PVA to fabricate biocomposites. The maximum tensile strength of the composite was achieved as 45.4 MPa. The thermal stability of mechanically optimized composite is found at 320°C. After 60 days under soil burial, the composite lost 64.8% of its original weight. Developed composites can be good alternant for nondegradable thermoplastic.

Global regulations are guiding society towards more sustainable material solutions. This increasing awareness of the need for environmentally friendly alternatives has led to a greater emphasis on biocomposites, which combine natural fibers with bio-based polymers. This study investigates how bleached softwood pulp fibers (BSWPF) and unbleached softwood pulp fibers (UBSWPF) affect the characteristics of poly(lactic acid) (PLA)-based biocomposites. UBSWPF is a more cost-effective option because it is manufactured with less processing steps than BSWPF. However, it is largely unexplored as a reinforcement in biopolymers. Through investigating the mechanical, thermal, and morphological aspects of the biocomposites, this study showed that UBSWP increased the modulus and impact strength of the PLA biocomposites better than BSWPF. The impact strength, modulus, and tensile strength of PLA-BSWPF and PLA-UBSWPF improved as the fiber content increased. However, a decrease in tensile strength was seen at higher percentages of UBSWPF in PLA. Despite the decrease in tensile strength at higher UBSWPF concentrations, both types of fibers improved the mechanical properties of the biocomposites, demonstrating a potential sustainable reinforcing material for PLA biocomposites.

Abstract The canola oil industry generates significant waste as canola meal (CM) which has limited scope and applications. This study demonstrates the possibility of valorization of CM as a sustainable natural filler in a biodegradable polymer composite of Poly(lactic acid) (PLA). Generally, interfacial bonding between natural fibers and the polymer matrix in the composite is weak and non-uniform. One possible solution is to derivatize natural fibre to introduce interfacial bond strength and compatibility with the PLA polymer matrix. Here, CM was succinylated in a reactive extrusion process using succinic anhydride at 30 wt% to get 14% derivatization with 0.02 g of -COOH density per g of CM. The CM or succinylated CM at 5 and 15 wt% was co-extruded with amorphous PLA to get composite fibers. CM-PLA and succinylated CM-PLA biocomposites were foamed using a mild and green microcellular foaming process, with CO2 as an impregnating agent without any addition of organic solvents. The properties of the foams were analyzed using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), Dynamic mechanical thermal analysis (DMTA), shrinkage, and imaging. The addition of CM or succinylated CM as a natural filler did not significantly change the glass transition temperature, melting point, percent crystallization, stiffness, and thermal stability of PLA foams. This suggests succinylation (modification) of CM is not a mandatory step for improving interphase compatibility with the amorphous PLA. The new PLA-CM foams can be a good alternative in the packaging industry replacing the existing petroleum-based polymer foams. Graphical Abstract

Polyethylene (PE), a highly prevalent non‐biodegradable polymer in the field of plastics, presents a waste management issue. To alleviate this issue, bio‐based PE (bio‐PE), derived from renewable resources like corn and sugarcane, offers an environmentally friendly alternative. This review discusses various production methods of bio‐PE, including fermentation, gasification, and catalytic conversion of biomass. Interestingly, the bio‐PE production volumes and market are expanding due to the growing environmental concerns and regulatory pressures. Additionally, the production of PE and bio‐PE biocomposites using agricultural waste as filler materials, highlights the growing demand for sustainable alternatives to conventional plastics. According to previous studies, addition of ≈50% defibrillated corn and abaca fibers into bio‐PE matrix and a compatibilizer, results in the highest Young's modulus of 4.61 and 5.81 GPa, respectively. These biocomposites have potential applications in automotive, building construction, and furniture industries. Moreover, the advancement made in abiotic and biotic degradation of PE and PE biocomposites is elucidated to address their environmental impacts. Finally, the paper concludes with insights into the opportunities, challenges, and future perspectives in the sustainable production and utilization of PE and bio‐PE biocomposites. In summary, production of PE and bio‐PE biocomposites can contribute to a cleaner and sustainable future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Given the increasing rate of infections following hip arthroplasty, one of the current options is the application of a biocomposite at the site of the infection. One of the products used is Stimulan, a completely resorbable calcium sulfate, designed to treat acute and chronic infections. This biocomposite has a controlled purity, is easy to mix with liquid, powder, and antibiotics, and can be applied directly to the site of infection, or it can be injected. Methods: We analyzed data from 76 patients, who were admitted to the County Clinical Hospital of Emergency "St. Apostol Andrei" in Galati during January 2017–September 2023, with a diagnosis of infection associated with hip arthroplasty. Results: In 69.73% of cases (52 patients), we decided to keep the implant in place. In this subgroup, Stimulan was applied in 26 cases (57.78%). Of these, 100% were cured—compared to the subgroup in which Stimulan was not applied, where this percentage was lower. All patients underwent chemical and mechanical toileting, and for 24 patients (20.27%), it was necessary to ablate the implant with or without the application of Stimulan, then reimplantation of the prosthesis. Conclusions: The patients with Stimulan had a longer average length of hospitalization, almost half of them required intervention in two periods, and a quarter required the implantation of spacers. However, the cure rate was higher, only in three people could we not control the infection, and there was no death. This study confirms the effectiveness of the treatment when using a biocomposite in addition to the classical treatment for both acute and chronic cases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights The study presents the ideal distribution of graphene nanoplatelets (GNP) within the thermoplastic starch (TPS) matrix significantly elevated the thermal and electrical conductivities, as well as the electrochemical efficiency of the biocomposites. Additionally, the incorporation of GNP resulted in an increased thermal stability for the TPS, as indicated by the elevated temperatures required for maximum degradation. The biocomposites exhibited a self‐aligned layered structure, creating conductive pathways and enhancing electron conduction. An electrical conductivity increased as the concentration of GNP increased, with the highest conductivity observed on the top and bottom surface with the value of 4.23 × 10−7 S/m and 3.92 × 10−6 S/m when 12 wt% of GNP was added. The presence of hydroxyl groups in TPS facilitated the formation of hydrogen bonds with GNP, preventing GNP from stacking and forming a more uniform conductive network within the film. The addition of 15 wt% GNP also improved the capacitive performance of the TPS matrix, as evidenced by higher current responses and larger quasi‐rectangular areas in the cyclic voltammetry curves compared to neat TPS. The Nyquist plots which are illustrated impedance data showed that the TPS film with 12 wt% GNP exhibits the smallest semicircle, indicating the highest conductivity which is suggested that GNP improves charge transfer compared to pure TPS. Optimal dispersion of GNP enhanced the biocomposite's properties. The electrical conductivity increases with the GNP content until 12 wt%. TPS/GNP self‐aligned layered improved conduction and capacitive behavior. GNP improved thermal stability by restricting polymer chain movement. Electrochemical impedance shows improved properties of TPS/GNP. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, the integration of paper industry waste with high cellulose content into biocomposites of polylactic acid (PLA), a widely used biobased polymer material, was investigated. The PLA/waste biocomposite samples (0–25 wt.%) were manufactured using the extrusion and injection moulding techniques. The mechanical test results showed improvements in terms of tensile properties and a decrease in impact strength as the percentage of residue increased. The melting temperature decreased, and the crystallinity increased in all biocomposites according to the Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) analysis. Water absorption increased proportionally with the percentage of residue, attributed to the higher cellulose content in the biocomposites, determined by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) techniques. The scanning electron microscopy (SEM) fracture analysis demonstrated effective reinforcement–matrix cohesion, supporting the previously observed behaviour of the analysed materials. This work highlights the potential of using waste from the paper industry as reinforcement in PLA matrices, opening new perspectives for sustainable applications in the framework of the manufacture of composite materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study is to extract cellulose from corn silk (CS) fiber and use it as a reinforcing filler in unsaturated polyester resin (UPR) matrix. In this study, the cellulose is characterized using a Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrometer (FTIR), and the resulting UPR/cellulose biocomposite's mechanical properties (such as flexural and impact testing) are assessed. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) provided strong support for mechanical rather than a chemical bond between fiber and UPR. Additionally, the sodium hydroxide treated CS in UPR biocomposite and comparing it with neat UPR. The agricultural byproduct rich in cellulose corn silk is a natural polymer known for its structural strength and UPR has garnered attention as a biopolymer with notable flexibility, making it an appealing choice for plastic product manufacturing. However, the drawback of UPR lies in its inherent deficiency in both stiffness and strength. According to the FTIR data, extracted cellulose (CS) had fewer ketone (C = O) and hydroxyl (-OH) groups than virgin cellulose. It was shown that throughout the extraction process, hemicellulose and lignin were more eliminated, producing a more pure form of cellulose. When filled in UPR, cellulose and treated CS both caused the impact strength of UPR biocomposites to drop. For both treated CS and cellulose, it was shown that the flexural modulus and flexural strength increased as the filler amount increased to a definite percentage (12%) after which it decreased. The result revealed the tensile strength and tensile modulus achieved by 0% of fiber with 48 N/mm2 and 51 N/mm2 and highest at 12% of fiber with 54.3 N/mm2 and 68.8 N/mm2 for CS + UPR. And 53.4 N/mm2 and 69.6 N/mm2 for cellulose + UPR composite,, respectively. In comparison, the flexural characteristics of UPR/cellulose were marginally inferior to those of UPR/treated CS. However, the impact resistance showed a significant improvement, particularly with a cellulose loading of 12%. Hence, cellulose presents a greater potential for composite manufacturing due to its ability to maintain the ductile properties of UPR compared to treated CS. Moreover, processed CS and cellulose both can be used as reinforcing agents in polymers to increase their strength and stiffness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study explores the utilization of Spent Coffee Grounds (SCG), a residual product of the coffee industry, as a microfiller reinforcement in Poly‐3‐hydroxybutyrate‐co‐3‐hydroxyvalerate (PHBV) biopolymer composites at varying concentrations (1%, 3%, 5%, and 7%). Melt compounding via a twin‐screw extruder and subsequent compression molding were employed in the fabrication process. The SCG microfiller, with particle diameters ranging from 1.11 to 1.28 μm, exhibited a significant negative charge (zeta potential: −20 mV). Hydrophobicity increased up to 5% filler concentration, as indicated by higher water contact angles, but diminished at highest concentration likelihood of agglomeration of the spent coffee grounds within the biopolymer matrix. The addition of SCG enhanced overall mechanical properties, particularly at a 5% filler concentration. Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FE‐SEM) and Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) confirmed the successful incorporation of SCG microfiller, improving structural characteristics. Schematic drawings illustrated the interphase bonding of microfiller and matrix. However, properties diminished at the highest filler content (7%) due to coffee grounds' agglomeration. Despite this, SCG incorporation enhanced functional properties, making the biopolymer composite a promising material for sustainable packaging and various applications. Highlights: Enhancement of properties of spent coffee grounds in PHBV biocomposites.Characterization of Biocomposites for multifunctional properties.Fracture and 2D analysis of the tensile fractured surface of biocomposites.A promising material for sustainable and biodegradable packaging. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights Development of biocomposites is becoming a necessity due to environmental concerns. Polylactide is a matrix of choice, regarding its bio‐sourced and compostable nature along with its mechanical properties. In this study, poly(L‐lactide)/flax biocomposites were produced using thermoplastic resin transfer molding (TP‐RTM) in one step process from the monomer, affording sustainable and fully compostable composite materials. The polymerization of L‐lactide (L‐LA) monomer was promoted by tin octoate, affording poly(L‐lactide) (PLLA) matrices displaying monomer conversions superior to 96% and mass‐average molar masses above 140,000 g/mol. Flax fibers were used as received without any functionalization which is usually conducted to prevent the hydroxyl groups to conduct side reactions. Mechanical testing revealed bending modulus of 9.3 GPa and bending strength of 177 MPa comparable to existing literature values for PLLA/flax composites produced by other techniques. Digital microscopy analysis provided insights into impregnation quality and void characterization within the composites. In addition, the durability of these biocomposites was also evaluated via accelerated aging tests. PLLA/flax biocomposites were produced by TP‐RTM for the first time. In situ polymerization of the PLLA matrix associated with non‐functionalized flax fabrics was conducted. Bending properties were found in line with those of PLLA/flax composites produced by compression molding. Aging tests under UV at 50°C of PLLA/flax biocomposites were conducted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Case: An 18-year-old immunocompetent man presented with symptomatic lumbar canal stenosis, discharging sinuses, and cold abscess for 3 years treated with multiple incision drainage procedures with cottonoid packing antibiotic therapy. Radiographic imaging showed a soft tissue mass in the canal causing bony destruction. Postoperative histopathological examination showed an Aspergillus fungal ball. Patient showed improvement at 6-month follow-up with medical management. Conclusion: As far as we know, this is the first case report showing an aspergilloma involving the vertebral column. Inadequate antibiotic treatment and blind introduction of a foreign body into sinus tracts can lead to fungal infections mimicking tuberculosis, causing disastrous outcomes. Fungal cultures are recommended routinely. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Global regulations are guiding society towards more sustainable material solutions. This increasing awareness of the need for environmentally friendly alternatives has led to a greater emphasis on biocomposites, which combine natural fibers with bio-based polymers. This study investigates how bleached softwood pulp fibers (BSWPF) and unbleached softwood pulp fibers (UBSWPF) affect the characteristics of poly(lactic acid) (PLA)-based biocomposites. UBSWPF is a more cost-effective option because it is manufactured with less processing steps than BSWPF. However, it is largely unexplored as a reinforcement in biopolymers. Through investigating the mechanical, thermal, and morphological aspects of the biocomposites, this study showed that UBSWP increased the modulus and impact strength of the PLA biocomposites better than BSWPF. The impact strength, modulus, and tensile strength of PLA-BSWPF and PLA-UBSWPF improved as the fiber content increased. However, a decrease in tensile strength was seen at higher percentages of UBSWPF in PLA. Despite the decrease in tensile strength at higher UBSWPF concentrations, both types of fibers improved the mechanical properties of the biocomposites, demonstrating a potential sustainable reinforcing material for PLA biocomposites. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

All-cellulose composites (ACCs) have been fabricated by using a variety of cellulosic sources, versatile technologies, and are sustainable alternatives for traditional composites. In this study, nonwoven-woven ACC laminates were created from wood-based Spinnova short fibers and Lyocell fabrics via partial dissolution and an NaOH-urea solvent system. The less-known wood-based Spinnova fiber is created for the textile industry, but it also has great potential for the composite industry. To identify the mechanical properties of ACCs--which greatly influence the range of material application--tensile, impact, and flexural tests were conducted. The mechanical properties indicated only moderate properties, which are influenced by high porosity and weak fiber bonding. Despite this, valuable information on the nonwoven-woven structured ACCs was obtained. To improve the ACC laminate's ability to resist moisture, biobased coatings (e.g., commercially available birch bark betulin and suberin acid mixture) were applied on the surface of ACCs and it successfully improved the wetting resistance. The results of contact angle analyses demonstrated that the highest contact angle of 128° was measured for betulin-coated laminates and the best stable hydrophobicity calculated a minute after the beginning of the experiment were observed at 109° for the uncommercial pressurized hot ethanol (PHE) extract of birch bark. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bio-based composites with passive control layers were investigated by means of a comprehensive set of experiments. The structure, composed of an exterior layer of PLA/Flax and an inserted rubber layer, were manufactured using 3D printing technology. Tensile tests on PLA/Flax and rubber specimens revealed that it exhibited higher stiffness, whereas rubber demonstrated superior elongation. Additionally, three-point bending tests were conducted on 3D-printed composites with varying viscoelastic layer thicknesses (VL) to assess their bending performance. However, the composite with a single 1-mm thick viscoelastic layer (V1t1) showed optimal deflection and stiffness compared to counterparts with different viscoelastic layers. Furthermore, resonance vibration experiments were performed to investigate dynamic parameters such as frequencies and modal loss factors. Based on the experiments, it was determined that V1t1 was the composite that offered the optimal compromise between mechanical and vibration behavior due to its excellent damping characteristics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the present study is to use beech wood flour (WF) and expanded ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA) copolymer industrial waste to develop a sustainable composite and its production method for further engineering use. Polyamide (PA) powder waste obtained after multiple selective laser sintering (SLS) thermal cycles was used to increase the strength and adhesion between the waste composite components. The morphological, mechanical, and thermal properties of the EVA/WF composites were characterised along with their interfacial wetting and water absorption properties. Optical and electron microscopy investigations revealed that the composites prepared have homogeneous dispersion and good interfacial adhesion between EVA and wood. The addition of SLS waste PA powder increases the strength and stiffness of the composite developed. The composite with 40 wt% WF exhibited the best water absorption, mechanical properties, and processability among the various compositions. The sustainable composite proposed can replace commercially available materials, which helps to save resources and reduce waste. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Releasing of large volumes of leather scraps wastes from different leather, footwear, and leather goods industries has become a major environmental pollution concern now a days in developing countries. Natural nanofibers are widely used as prospective reinforcement materials in formulation of different biocomposites materials. Herein, a new nanocomposite material has been synthesized and characterized using leather scraps wastes and Slender amaranth based nano-cellulose with latex in a clean environment perspective. Nano-cellulose was extracted from Slender amaranth vegetable wastes as natural fiber for green composites preparation. The extracted nanofibers, leather waste composite, and the resulting nanocomposite material have been characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), and Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM). Different physio-mechanical characteristics of nanocomposite were evaluated which showed its potential applications as shoe upper components. The results revealed that addition of nano-cellulose significantly improved the physical properties of new composite sheet. SEM images revealed the surface morphology of nanocomposite which was observed to be predominantly homogenous with uniform distribution of particles. This novel nanocomposite exhibits different potential properties and TGA data showed higher thermal stability of this material in comparison to those obtained with control method. It can find application as a green reinforcement material in the preparation of different leather goods with improved mechanical properties and thermal stability. These significant findings highlight the preparation of a valuable biocomposite material from leather solid wastes which is cost effective and sustainable for leather industries as well as it emphasizes an effective approach to reduce environmental pollution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Natural chitin/CaCO3 (ChCC) complex derived from crab shell was modified and used to fabricate an organic/inorganic complex filler to enhance the optical and mechanical properties of polylactic acid (PLA) biocomposite. Crab shell was treated with NaOH to remove proteins and pulverized to produce ChCC microparticles having flake-like shape. The presence of CaCO3 in ChCC enhanced the hydrophobicity of the microparticles after treatment with fatty acids. The ChCC-filled PLA composite films prepared via melt extrusion displayed good optical properties without harsh discoloration (ΔE of 0.9%). In contrast, the film filled only with chitin showed high ΔE of 15% at same filler content, which is not commonly observed in biopolymer-filled biocomposites. Also, the ChCC-filled film exhibited higher mechanical properties, with an 8% increase in tensile strength compared to PLA, while the chitin-filled film showed a decreased tensile strength of 6% than PLA, which was attributed to the improved compatibility between the hydrophobic ChCC and the PLA matrix. The inexpensive preparation of ChCC and its application as a biocomposite filler is an attractive use of crab shell waste. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sustainable poly(lactic acid) (PLA)/propylparaben (PPB) composite based films were fabricated via solution casting approach. The assessment of PLA/PPB composite films in terms of active food packaging characteristics like thermal, mechanical, UV–Vis, oxygen barrier, anti-bacterial as well as anti-oxidant effect is carried out. The PLA/PPB-5 composite film resulted in three-fold (23%) increase of elongation-at-break while maintaining a tensile strength (42 MPa) in comparison with PLA film. Consequently, the PLA/PPB-5 composite film displayed a 70% UV–B blockage and reduced the oxygen transmission rate by 52% as compared to PLA film. Further, the PLA/PPB-5 composite film exhibited significant improvement (52%) in the radical scavenging activity which can be really helpful to keep the food products fresh for longer periods. The PLA/PPB filler showed good antibacterial activity against food-borne bacteria [Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli]. The fabricated PLA/PPB composite films have shown desirable active food packaging characteristics and therefore may be suitable for food packaging applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Screw pine root fibers are engineering fibers that have yet to be explored in terms of its chemistry with bio‐resin in biodegradable composites to replace nonbiodegradable thermoplastics used in packaging, automobiles, furniture, and industrial sectors. Screw pine root fibers are reinforced with soy, poly(vinyl alcohol), and soy‐poly(vinyl alcohol) resin systems in this work to create a variety of composites. Composites demonstrated highest amount of tensile strength at around 39.7 MPa, 37.6 MPa of flexural property, along with an impact strength around 12.4 kJ/m2. The thermal solidity of the optimized material was determined to be 235°C. After 24 hours of immersion, the composite had the lowest water absorption of 18.4%. All composites were shown to be biodegradable, losing about 54.2%–72.9% of their original mass after 60 days in soil burial. Unique characteristics such as the use of low‐cost agricultural materials, water‐based resin, stable composite, and properties such as moderately strong, safe disposal after service periods make these manufactured composites market feasible as consumer‐friendly/ecofriendly green products. Highlights: Screw pine root fibers were extracted from waste roots and used as reinforcement.The tensile strength of the composite was achieved as 39.7 MPa.The water absorption of hybrid composite was found 30.8% after 24 h.After 60 days under soil burial, composite lost 67.5% of its original weightDeveloped composites can be good alternant for nondegradable thermoplastic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Jarosite, an industrial waste, has the potential to be used as an alternative filler in biocomposites used as packaging material and can replace nondegradable thermoplastic. Such a novel approach of waste management strategy has not been studied till date. In this research work, different weight percentages of jarosite were mixed with poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) to fabricate polymer composites with better physico‐chemical, thermal, tensile, and biodegradation properties. The data indicate that a low concentration of jarosite (3 wt.%) improved the tensile strength by 198.7% and the composite showed higher thermal stability by 6.3% than that of the neat PVA. X‐ray diffractogram and transmission electron microscopic analysis revealed a strong interaction between PVA and jarosite. Interestingly, the addition of jarosite reduced the water absorption capacity and thickness swelling of the PVA composite by 58% and 54.7%, respectively. Jarosite‐incorporated composites showed lesser degradation potential (64%) than the control composites (84%) after 60 days under soil burial conditions, indicating that PVA‐jarosite composites have a higher shelf‐life, which is needed for packaging materials. These composites can also be good alternant for thermoplastic used in preparation of cuboid, sealing, and decorative materials. Also, this would be a novel sustainable approach for managing/reducing jarosite waste. Highlights: Jarosite was reinforced with PVA to fabricate biocomposites.The maximum tensile strength of the composite was achieved as 45.4 MPa.The thermal stability of mechanically optimized composite is found at 320°C.After 60 days under soil burial, the composite lost 64.8% of its original weight.Developed composites can be good alternant for nondegradable thermoplastic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to enhance the mechanical properties of polylactic acid by incorporating black tea waste as an economical and sustainable additive capable of being recycled. The black tea waste, after the hot water color removal process, is milled to a fine and uniform powder size. The combination of these particles with polylactic acid is carried out using a twin-screw extruder. Specimens of pure polylactic acid and biocomposites containing 3 and 5 wt% black tea waste are manufactured using a hot press machine at a temperature of 200 °C. The filaments are also successfully extruded for three-dimensional printing purposes. Scanning electron microscopy images reveal that in the polylactic acid–3% tea biocomposite, the tea particles are appropriately dispersed within the polylactic acid matrix. The tensile test results indicate that biocomposite polylactic acid-3% tea has the highest mechanical properties, with a tensile strength of 67 MPa, demonstrating a 34% increase compared to polylactic acid. Furthermore, the biocomposite of polylactic acid–3% tea waste exhibits the best performance with a fracture energy of 2.5 kJ/m2 in the impact test. Hence, polylactic acid–3% tea biocomposite can be recommended as a suitable sustainable substitute. Finally, numerical simulations are performed on biocomposites containing double keyhole notches. This analysis is conducted to observe the behavior of biocomposite models with double keyhole notch under mixed-mode loading. The critical fracture load of the models is calculated using the strain energy density criterion. It is observed that an increase in the notch inclination angle and notch radius leads to a decrease in the fracture load in the models. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Synthetic polymers have made advances in terms of their flexibility and other properties but a major problem still exists when it comes to their poor biodegradability and lack of conservation. To overcome this problem, the biocomposites are widely used for wide range of applications. Crop residues (CRs) from agriculture can be utilized to make items like biodegradable components; however, they are hard to recycle or dispose of. The aim is to use corn cob ash (CCA), which is generated by calcination of corn cob (CC) in a pectin matrix to create a biocomposites. The Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), X‐ray diffraction (XRD), and energy‐dispersive X‐ray analysis (EDX) show the major compounds present in the CCA are silica, potassium, calcium, and many other inorganic compounds. In this research, a solution casting method is used to fabricate pectin/CC biocomposite films. By increasing the content of the CCA, the moisture content will decrease, contact angle and hardness properties are increased. However, increasing CCA content promotes the color change of pectin/CC biocomposite films and water absorption increases. The composite films are analyzed for biodegradation study. The FTIR, morphological, mechanical property, XRD, and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) studies are used to evaluate the biocomposite films. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The canola oil industry generates significant waste as canola meal (CM) which has limited scope and applications. This study demonstrates the possibility of valorization of CM as a sustainable natural filler in a biodegradable polymer composite of Poly(lactic acid) (PLA). Generally, interfacial bonding between natural fibers and the polymer matrix in the composite is weak and non-uniform. One possible solution is to derivatize natural fibre to introduce interfacial bond strength and compatibility with the PLA polymer matrix. Here, CM was succinylated in a reactive extrusion process using succinic anhydride at 30 wt% to get 14% derivatization with 0.02 g of -COOH density per g of CM. The CM or succinylated CM at 5 and 15 wt% was co-extruded with amorphous PLA to get composite fibers. CM-PLA and succinylated CM-PLA biocomposites were foamed using a mild and green microcellular foaming process, with CO2 as an impregnating agent without any addition of organic solvents. The properties of the foams were analyzed using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), Dynamic mechanical thermal analysis (DMTA), shrinkage, and imaging. The addition of CM or succinylated CM as a natural filler did not significantly change the glass transition temperature, melting point, percent crystallization, stiffness, and thermal stability of PLA foams. This suggests succinylation (modification) of CM is not a mandatory step for improving interphase compatibility with the amorphous PLA. The new PLA-CM foams can be a good alternative in the packaging industry replacing the existing petroleum-based polymer foams. Highlights: Valorization of CM as a sustainable natural filler in PLA biocomposite foams Modification of CM is not mandatory for interphase compatibility with the PLA PLA-CM foams have similar appearance and properties to control PLA foams New PLA-CM foams can be a good alternative in the packaging industry [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, a biogenic magnetic nanocomposite, HAP@DEX@MNP, using hydroxyapatite from eggshell waste and dextran was developed to efficiently remove 2,4-D from aqueous solutions. The magnetic nano biocomposite underwent rigorous characterization using a comprehensive suite of analytical techniques, including FTIR, XRD, FESEM, EDX, TEM, and VSM. FTIR analysis was used to validate the existence of pivotal functional groups, such as phosphate, carbonyl, hydroxyl, and iron oxide. XRD analysis verified both the crystalline nature of hydroxyapatite and the successful integration of dextran and hematite within the composite structure. FESEM and EDX examinations provided valuable insights into the surface morphology and elemental composition. TEM observations elucidated the existence of nano-sized particles underscoring the unique structural characteristics of the nanocomposite. Batch adsorption experiments were conducted under optimized conditions, highlighting the critical role of pH 2 for efficient 2,4-D removal. The mechanisms driving the binding of 2,4-D to HAP@DEX@MNP were found to encompass diverse interactions, encompassing electrostatic forces, hydrogen bonding, π-π interactions, and van der Waals forces. Adsorption isotherm studies revealed both monolayer and multilayer adsorption, with the Langmuir and Freundlich models fitting well, indicating a maximal adsorption capacity of 217.39 µg/g at 25 °C. Kinetic investigations supported the pseudo-second-order model for efficient adsorption dynamics, and thermodynamic analysis emphasized the versatility of HAP@DEX@MNP across different temperatures. Importantly, the study highlighted the remarkable regenerative capacity of the nanocomposite using a 0.1 M NaOH solution, positioning it as an environmentally friendly option for water treatment. In conclusion, HAP@DEX@MNP holds significant potential for diverse applications in addressing global water treatment and environmental challenges. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study describes a novel spray-on mulch material as an alternative to currently used weed control methods. The mulch material is based on renewable raw materials, mainly rapeseed oil, starch and sodium alginate. Laboratory tests were conducted to obtain a mulch material with the best possible properties. Formulations with different ingredients were prepared and tested for their material properties. The formulations were investigated for potential shrinkage tendency and heat resistance as well as water resistance. Further tests such as resistance to mould infestation and aerobic degradability according to DIN EN ISO 17556 were carried out with the formulation that performed best in the previous tests. Mould resistance was enhanced by adding sodium benzoate. In the laboratory experiment, the CO2 decomposition rate was about 30% after seven weeks. With the favouritised variant, which was found step by step through the experiments, an outdoor field test was carried out to investigate the durability under natural conditions over the vegetation period. In the field, the mulch material maintained its function for six months. In the greenhouse, the effect of the mulch material on weeds was studied. It was found that the mulch material showed a high efficiency in controlling above-ground biomass of Elymus repens, Amaranthus retroflexus, and Setaria viridis. In addition, the biomass of the roots of Amaranthus retroflexus and Elymus repens was reduced. Further studies are on the way to elucidate field suitability and the weed suppressive effect under different environmental conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bio-based materials are becoming increasingly important as demand for conventional wood-based products raises environmental issues, potentially leading to deforestation. As a result, environmentally acceptable, cost-effective, and easily available alternative natural biomass materials for these intended utilizes are highly required. In this work, a waste wheat straw cellulose polymer matrix composite reinforced with sisal fiber through physical and chemical treatment methods for fiberboard application was synthesized and characterized. The composite materials were developed using the polymer solution casting method. Waste wheat straw composites with 0, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, and 30 wt% of sisal fiber with respect to the matrix were prepared. Qualitative and quantitative approaches, as well as exploratory and experimental research methods, were employed. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy was used to investigate the functional group of wheat straw cellulose, while scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to examine the sisal fiber morphology. Flexural strength was tested by using a universal testing machine, and impact strengths were measured by a V-notch Charpy tester based on medium-density fiberboard (MDF) and low-density fiberboard (LDF) as control samples. The water absorption of the samples was also studied. The work complied with ANSI A208.2–2002's general test standards for general usage. The results showed that the maximum flexural strength attained at 20 wt% of reinforcement was (56.83 MPa) and the impact strength at 20 wt% sisal fiber was (30.33 J), while the MDF and LDF control samples' flexural strengths were 35.5 MPa and 41.5 MPa, respectively, and the impact strengths were (20.16 J and 25 J), respectively. The lowest water absorption value was achieved at 5 wt% of sisal fiber, and the value was (2.09%). However, water absorption of (74.04%) for MDF and (106.98%) for LDF was measured. Thus, it was discovered that using waste biomass such as wheat straw instead of raw wood may provide a composite material with superior flexural strength, impact strength, and reduced water absorption for fiberboard applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]