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The 23rd EUROCALL conference was held in Cyprus from the 24th to the 27th of August 2016. The theme of the conference this year was "CALL Communities and Culture." It offered a unique opportunity to hear from real-world CALL practitioners on how they practice CALL in their communities, and how the CALL culture has developed in local and global contexts. Short papers from the conference are presented in this volume: (1) The impact of EFL teachers' mediation in wiki-mediated collaborative writing activities on student-student collaboration (Maha Alghasab); (2) Towards the development of a comprehensive pedagogical framework for pronunciation training based on adaptive automatic speech recognition systems (Saandia Ali); (3) Digital literacy and sustainability--a field study in EFL teacher development (Christopher Allen and Jan Berggren); (4) Self-evaluation using iPads in EFL teaching practice (Christopher Allen, Stella K. Hadjistassou, and David Richardson); (5) Amateur online interculturalism in foreign language education (Antonie Alm); (6) Teaching Turkish in low tech contexts: opportunities and challenges (Katerina Antoniou, Evelyn Mbah, and Antigoni Parmaxi); (7) Learning Icelandic language and culture in virtual Reykjavic: starting to talk (Branislav Bédi, Birna Arnbjörnsdóttir, Hannes Högni Vilhjálmsson, Hafdís Erla Helgadóttir, Stefán Ólafsson, and Elías Björgvinsson); (8) Investigating student choices in performing higher-level comprehension tasks using TED (Francesca Bianchi and Ivana Marenzi); (9) An evaluation of text-to-speech synthesizers in the foreign language classroom: learners' perceptions (Tiago Bione, Jennica Grimshaw, and Walcir Cardoso); (10) Quantifying CALL: significance, effect size and variation (Alex Boulton; (11) The contribution of CALL to advanced-level foreign/second language instruction (Jack Burston and Kelly Arispe); (12) Using instructional technology to integrate CEFR "can do" performance objectives into an advanced-level language course (Jack Burston, Androulla Athanasiou, and Maro Neophytou-Yiokari); (13) Exploiting behaviorist and communicative action-based methodologies in CALL applications for the teaching of pronunciation in French as a foreign language (Jack Burston, Olga Georgiadou, and Monique Monville-Burston); (14) Mobile assisted language learning of less commonly taught languages: learning in an incidental and situated way through an app (Cristiana Cervini, Olga Solovova, Annukka Jakkula, and Karolina Ruta); (15) Using object-based activities and an online inquiry platform to support learners' engagement with their heritage language and culture (Koula Charitonos, Marina Charalampidi, and Eileen Scanlon); (16) Urban explorations for language learning: a gamified approach to teaching Italian in a university context (Koula Charitonos, Luca Morini, Sylvester Arnab, Tiziana Cervi-Wilson, and Billy Brick); (17) Communicate to learn, learn to communicate: a study of engineering students' communication strategies in a mobile-based learning environment (Li Cheng and Zhihong Lu); (18) Using a dialogue system based on dialogue maps for computer assisted second language learning (Sung-Kwon Choi, Oh-Woog Kwon, Young-Kil Kim, and Yunkeun Lee); (19) Students' attitudes and motivation towards technology in a Turkish language classroom (Pelekani Chryso); (20) Vlogging: a new channel for language learning and intercultural exchanges (Christelle Combe and Tatiana Codreanu); (21) Japanese university students' self-assessment and digital literacy test results (Travis Cote and Brett Milliner); (22) Digital story (re)telling using graded readers and smartphones (Kazumichi Enokida); (23) HR4EU--a web portal for e-learning of Croatian (Matea Filko, Daša Farkaš, and Diana Hriberski); (24) Synchronous tandem language learning in a MOOC context: a study on task design and learner performance (Marta Fondo Garcia and Christine Appel); (25) What students think and what they actually do in a mobile assisted language learning context: new insights for self-directed language learning in higher education (Gustavo Garcia Botero and Frederik Questier); (26) An Audio-Lexicon Spanish-Nahuatl: using technology to promote and disseminate a native Mexican language (Rafael García-Mencía, Aurelio López-López, and Angélica Muñoz Meléndez; (27) The use of interactive whiteboards: enhancing the nature of teaching young language learners (Christina Nicole Giannikas); (28) A pre-mobility eTandem project for incoming international students at the University of Padua (Lisa Griggio and Edit Rózsavölgyi); (29) Can a "shouting" digital game help learners develop oral fluency in a second language? (Jennica Grimshaw, Walcir Cardoso, and David Waddington); (30) Feedback visualization in a grammar-based e-learning system for German: a preliminary user evaluation with the COMPASS system (Karin Harbusch and Annette Hausdörfer); (31) The multimodality of lexical explanation sequences during videoconferenced pedagogical interaction (Benjamin Holt); (32) Automatic dialogue scoring for a second language learning system (Jin-Xia Huang, Kyung-Soon Lee, Oh-Woog Kwon, and Young-Kil Kim); (33) Effects of task-based videoconferencing on speaking performance and overall proficiency (Atsushi Iino, Yukiko Yabuta, and Yoichi Nakamura); (34) Tellecollaborative games for youngsters: impact on motivation (Kristi Jauregi); (35) The Exercise: an Exercise generator tool for the SOURCe project (Kryni Kakoyianni-Doa, Eleni Tziafa, and Athanasios Naskos); (36) Students' perceptions of online apprenticeship projects at a university (Hisayo Kikuchi); (37) The effects of multimodality through storytelling using various movie clips (SoHee Kim); (38) Collaboration through blogging: the development of writing and speaking skills in ESP courses (Angela Kleanthous and Walcir Cardoso); (39) Cultivating a community of learners in a distance learning postgraduate course for language professionals (Angelos Konstantinidis and Cecilia Goria); (40) Task-oriented spoken dialog system for second-language learning (Oh-Woog Kwon, Young-Kil Kim, and Yunkeun Lee); (41) Promoting multilingual communicative competence through multimodal academic learning situations (Anna Kyppö and Teija Natri); (42) Teacher professional learning: developing with the aid of technology (Marianna Kyprianou and Eleni Nikiforou); (43) Quizlet: what the students think--a qualitative data analysis (Bruce Lander); (44) "Just facebook me": a study on the integration of Facebook into a German language curriculum (Vera Leier and Una Cunningham); (45) A survey on Chinese students' online English language learning experience through synchronous web conferencing classrooms (Chenxi Li); (46) Identifying and activating receptive vocabulary by an online vocabulary survey and an online writing task (Ivy Chuhui Lin and Goh Kawai); (47) Exploring learners' perceptions of the use of digital letter games for language learning: the case of Magic Word (Mathieu Loiseau, Cristiana Cervini, Andrea Ceccherelli, Monica Masperi, Paola Salomoni, Marco Roccetti, Antonella Valva, and Francesca Bianco); (48) Game of Words: prototype of a digital game focusing on oral production (and comprehension) through asynchronous interaction (Mathieu Loiseau, Racha Hallal, Pauline Ballot, and Ada Gazidedja); (49) PETALL in action: latest developments and future directions of the EU-funded Pan-European Task Activities for Language Learning (António Lopes); (50) Exploring EFL learners' lexical application in AWE-based writing (Zhihong Lu and Zhenxiao Li); (51) Mobile-assisted language learning and language learner autonomy (Paul A. Lyddon); (52) YELL/TELL: online community platform for teacher professional development (Ivana Marenzi, Maria Bortoluzzi, and Rishita Kalyani); (53) Leveraging automatic speech recognition errors to detect challenging speech segments in TED talks (Maryam Sadat Mirzaei, Kourosh Meshgi, and Tatsuya Kawahara); (54) Investigating the affective learning in a 3D virtual learning environment: the case study of the Chatterdale mystery (Judith Molka-Danielsen, Stella Hadjistassou, and Gerhilde Messl-Egghart); (55) Are commercial "personal robots" ready for language learning? Focus on second language speech (Souheila Moussalli and Walcir Cardoso); (56) The Digichaint interactive game as a virtual learning environment for Irish (Neasa Ni Chiaráin and Ailbhe Ní Chasaide); (57) Mingling students' cognitive abilities and learning strategies to transform CALL (Efi Nisiforou and Antigoni Parmaxi); (58) Taking English outside of the classroom through social networking: reflections on a two-year project (Louise Ohashi); (59) Does the usage of an online EFL workbook conform to Benford's law? (Mikolaj Olszewski, Kacper Lodzikowski, Jan Zwolinski, Rasil Warnakulasooriya, and Adam Black); (60) Implications on pedagogy as a result of adopted CALL practices (James W. Pagel and Stephen G. Lambacher); (61) Exploring the benefits and disadvantages of introducing synchronous to asynchronous online technologies to facilitate flexibility in learning (Salomi Papadima-Sophocleous and Fernando Loizides); (62) A CALL for evolving teacher education through 3D microteaching (Giouli Pappa and Salomi Papadima-Sophocleous); (63) Physicality and language learning (Jaeuk Park, Paul Seedhouse, Rob Comber, and Jieun Kiaer); (64) Designing strategies for an efficient language MOOC (Maria Perifanou); (65) Worldwide state of language MOOCs (Maria Perifanou); (66) A Spanish-Finnish telecollaboration: extending intercultural competence via videoconferencing (Pasi Puranen and Ruby Vurdien); (67) Developing oral interaction skills with a digital information gap activity game (Avery Rueb, Walcir Cardoso, and Jennica Grimshaw); (68) Using WebQuests as idea banks for fostering autonomy in online language courses (Shirin Sadaghian and S. Susan Marandi); (69) Integrating mobile technologies into very young second language learners' curriculum (Gulnara Sadykova, Gulnara Gimaletdinova, Liliia Khalitova, and Albina Kayumova); (70) Investigating commercially available technology for language learners in higher education within the high functioning disability spectrum (Georgia Savvidou and Fernando Loizides); (71) Learning languages in 3D worlds with Machinima (Christel Schneider); (72) What are more effective in English classrooms: textbooks or podcasts? (Jaime Selwood, Joe Lauer, and Kazumichi Enokida); (73) Mind the gap: task design and technology in novice language teachers' practice (Tom F. H. Smits, Margret Oberhofer, and Jozef Colpaert); (74) Language immersion in the self-study mode e-course (Olga Sobolev); (75) Aligning out-of-class material with curriculum: tagging grammar in a mobile music application (Ross Sundberg and Walcir Cardoso); (76) Meeting the technology standards for language teachers (Cornelia Tschichold); (77) Mobile-assisted language learning community and culture in French-speaking Belgium: the teachers' perspective (Julie Van de Vyver); (78) Classification of Swedish learner essays by CEFR levels (Elena Volodina, Ildikó Pilán, and David Alfter); (79) Mobile assisted language learning and mnemonic mapping--the loci method revisited (Ikumi Waragai, Marco Raindl, Tatsuya Ohta, and Kosuke Miyasaka); (80) CALL and less commonly taught languages--still a way to go (Monica Ward); (81) Demystifying pronunciation with animation (Monica Ward); (82) The effects of utilizing corpus resources to correct collocation errors in L2 writing--Students' performance, corpus use and perceptions (Yi-ju Wu); (83) A social constructionist approach to teaching and learning vocabulary for Italian for academic purposes (Eftychia Xerou, Salomi Papadima-Sophocleous, and Antigoni Parmaxi); (84) Flip-J: development of the system for flipped jigsaw supported language learning (Masanori Yamada, Yoshiko Goda, Kojiro Hata, Hideya Matsukawa, and Seisuke Yasunami); and (85) "Check your Smile", prototype of a collaborative LSP website for technical vocabulary (Nadia Yassine-Diab, Charlotte Alazard-Guiu, Mathieu Loiseau, Laurent Sorin, and Charlotte Orliac). An author index is included. (Individual papers contain references.)

The aim of the International Society for Technology, Education, and Science (iHSES) conference is to offer opportunities to share ideas, discuss theoretical and practical issues, and connect with the leaders in the fields of "humanities," "education" and "social sciences." It is organized for: (1) faculty members in all disciplines of humanities, education and social sciences; (2) graduate students; (3) K-12 administrators; (4) teachers; (5) principals; and (6) all interested in education and social sciences. [Individual papers are indexed in ERIC.]

The purpose of this paper is to present an exploration on the response of parents of two rural multigrade schools facing the homeschooling activities in the context of pandemics. To frame a comparative perspective some conceptual work was done about new rurality and family structure before interviewing parents of both schools about distribution of tasks among family members, distribution of time and technological support. The study concluded that the traditional structure of rural families made easy to carry on with the tasks of home, labor and education. [For the complete Volume 21 proceedings, see ED629259.]

The topics of correlation and linear regression constitute a complex and subtle system of statistical and mathematical ideas whose teaching-learning raises numerous practical and theoretical problems. In this research paper, the patterns of reasoning that students exhibit, under the approach of informal inferences when they face problems of correlation and regression line are identified. To achieve this, activities were implemented in two stages: in the first stage, two problems (one of estimation and other of best-fit line) were applied to be solved using pencil and paper; the second stage incorporates the use of the Fathom software. [For the complete proceedings, see ED629884.]

In this paper, we present the development of an investigation on the promotion of covariational reasoning in high school students (14-15 years old) in Mexico. The study consists of designing and applying a sequence of didactic activities that simulate a real situation virtually. The activities are organized through a Hypothetical Learning Trajectory supported by digital technology and elements of Cuevas-Pluvinage didactics. The activities were evaluated according to the levels of covariation proposed by Carlson and colleagues, categorizing students' achievements and difficulties for each level of understanding. The results show that the activities favor students' progress by moving from the context situation to the different representations, establishing the relationship between the variables, and identifying their functional dependence. [For the complete proceedings, see ED630210.]

This paper describes the conceptions about complex numbers that a group of university students has, these were built from the application of an activity sequence centered on these numbers. This sequence is based on the APOS theory, some aspects of semiotic representation theory, and the use of digital technology. Particularly, both the general results of a pretest and a posttest are shown and compared. Additionally, the example of a student is analyzed to show evidence of how the mental structures and mechanisms that define the students' conceptions are built through the implementation of the sequence. The results show how the activity sequence allowed students to coordinate algebraic and geometric processes on complex numbers to improve their conceptions. [For the complete proceedings, see ED630210.]

Emotions come into play as teachers make decisions, act, and reflect on the different purposes, methods, and meanings of math teaching. In order to learn more about the emotions of mathematics teachers, this paper shows the emotions experienced by 81 Mexican teachers who teach mathematics in middle school and high school. Emotions are contextualized by the theory of the cognitive structure of emotions, narrative and drawings were used to express their emotions. According to the results, three frequent and common emotions were identified in the teachers, happy-for, satisfaction, and disappointment. Fear was the only frequent emotion in high school teachers; it occurred at the beginning of their teaching, due to the lack of pedagogical content knowledge. [For the complete proceedings, see ED630210.]

Mexico is a country where seismic events occur in a daily basis. Since 1990, the national seismological service has reported various earthquakes, in some cases they usually imperceptible, it doesn't ensure that the population cannot be injured, there for, it is important to keep the entire population informed and prepared in the event of an earthquake. This project will present a proposal for a serious videogame with the intention of bringing the young public, between nine and twelve years old, closer to earthquake prevention in a playful way through a narrative based on children studies and official civil protection guidelines. This videogame is developed with de Godot game engine platform, using as the main source of information the research project developed by the students of the master's degree in Information Design and Communication about strategies focused on children to promote informed behavior for safety in the case of seismic related situations (Gros, 2009). The videogame poses scenarios of elementary school, where a series of challenges are presented to the gamer as simulating real situations with the intention that the player learn how to avoid getting hurt and manage to reach to meeting point safely. This paper shows the related work in the domain of games focused to promote the information about safety during earthquakes, the design and the advances in the development the proposal. [For the full proceedings, see ED638044.]

This research contributes to the need to identify and expand learning environments that encourage undergraduate students to develop collaborative work skills and apply their classroom knowledge to solve real-world problems. Using qualitative methods, we examine the effects of the interaction between two teams of students when solving a Model-eliciting activity, based on the theoretical framework of the Models and Modeling Perspective. Our analysis shows that the students had two opportunities for interaction, within the team and between the modeling teams. Through these interactions, the students refined their models in three directions: mathematical knowledge, interpretation and modeling of the phenomenon, and mathematical representations. The findings of this study emphasize the significant value of Model-eliciting activities in enhancing students' collaboration and modeling abilities. [For the complete proceedings, see ED658295.]

We discuss the importance of bringing teaching to the forefront of instructional design. We do so by describing the process of developing an instructional sequence for early number, using design research. The instructional sequence was developed with the specific aim of supporting teaching, conceived as a complex and demanding job, not reducible to predictable routines. The sequence has caught the interest of an unexpected number of teachers in Mexico. We have followed up with some of them and have documented that the resource has benefited their practice significantly. In our account of the design process, we highlight what--from a theoretical point of view--we have come to regard as three guiding ideas that are central to designing for supporting teaching: (1) designing for a resource to be viable in teachers' classrooms, (2) designing for a resource to be regarded by teachers as relevant to their practice and (3) designing so that a teacher who has just taken an interest in a resource might fruitfully engage with it in her practice. [For the complete proceedings, see ED657822.]

This work addresses the importance of innovation in entrepreneurial and business education to ensure that students develop the ability to make complex decisions and solve complex challenges. The intention was to incorporate the complexity theory in decision-making and problem-solving in business and entrepreneurship. To achieve this, we present the results of the first phase of our project, aiming to scale the levels of complex thinking in university students, discuss the need for business and entrepreneurship students to develop complex thinking competency (including its sub-competencies of critical, systemic, scientific, and innovative thinking) in the complexity of the business environment, analyze the relevance of system elements, apply their inductive and deductive reasoning, and create appropriate and relevant solutions. Our findings suggest that an educational model focused on developing complex thinking and its four sub-competencies can enable entrepreneurs to integrate sustainable development, increase their social engagement and critical thinking, develop their imaginative intelligence and discursive and reflective skills, and thus improve their decision-making and problem-solving processes. In the future, we plan to extend this analysis to the behavior of real-life entrepreneurs. [For the full proceedings, see ED654100.]

For more than 20 years, traditional medicine of Mexico, the U.S. Southwest and other countries has been taught as a series of academic course at the University of New Mexico in Albuquerque in the United States. These courses focus on traditional uses of healing plants and rituals for students in higher education and the community. These courses discuss the incorporation of diverse Hispanic and Indigenous ancestral methods of healing based on experiential learning through a series of traditional medicine classes offered at the University of New Mexico. This pedagogy is a unique approach to the reclaiming of ancestral perspectives into the university curriculum that have an enduring impact in the students enrolled in these courses. This article provides a definition of "curanderismo" and mentions three major historical figures that have impacted traditional medicine in Mexico and the United States. The article also discusses the impact that these classes have on the diverse students at a Hispanic-Serving, Level I Research American university. Finally, we discuss the development of these courses in the university system and how a program has been created that also allows community members and staff in diverse health professions to enroll in the summer face-to-face institute through the Center for Continuing Education. [For the full proceedings, see ED656038.]

To address the challenges of sustainability in rural areas of Mexico, it must be considered that globalization opened the way to a new conception of rural development and consequently to a change of strategies aimed at achieving higher levels of productivity, often unrelated to social welfare. This widened poverty in the countryside and forced the displacement of millions of rural dwellers. Globalization was an imposition with consequences that exceeded the socioeconomic, cultural, and political capacities of the countryside. We must not lose sight of the close interrelationship of inequality and precariousness with environmental degradation caused by unsustainable development models such as globalization. This scenario leads to the search for solutions to ensure sustainability, so rural communities must design sustainable development strategies that prioritize their autonomy, self-sufficiency, productive diversification, and ecosystem management. Multifunctionality is a key tool for conservation and economic diversification, but it must be properly regulated to avoid restrictions on agricultural production and cultural values. Payment for environmental services is an option, but it must be accompanied by social development policies to ensure sustainable development in rural areas. [For the full proceedings, see ED652228.]

In this paper we describe an educational proposal for prospective secondary school mathematics teachers in Mexico, whose aim was to contribute to the development of their didactic-mathematical knowledge about linear variation through mathematical tasks, the development of the competence of identifying primary mathematical objects and the reflection on hypothetical cases of teaching. The proposal is supported within both the Onto-semiotic Approach (EOS) and the Mathematics Teacher's Didactic-Mathematical Knowledge and Competence model. The proposal follows a design research methodology based on EOS. The results show the complexity related to the development of the competence of identifying primary mathematical objects, they also highlight the influence that competence has on the development of the epistemic and cognitive facets of prospective teachers' didactic-mathematical knowledge on linear variation. [For the complete proceedings, see ED629884.]

In this paper a didactic proposal is presented which consists of a methodology aimed at secondary level mathematics teachers, the aim of this proposal is to provide the teacher with a tool to design teaching sequences in order to take them to the classroom; These designs have the particularity of incorporating digital technology for the development of the sequence and its implementation. The methodology was developed based on the articulation of: the didactic structure of Díaz-Barriga, the teaching method ACODESA of Hitt and the curricular developments of Taba. The methodology has been tested with a group of 11 teachers in a course-workshop of 40 hours, the results obtained were three didactic sequences elaborated by three teams of teachers in a technological context (using Geogebra), where it is perceived that it is possible to design using this methodological proposal, however, teachers presented some difficulties during the process of articulation with technology. [For the complete proceedings, see ED629884.]

We present the results of a research project on arithmetic-algebraic thinking that was carried out jointly by a team in Mexico and another in Quebec. The project deals with the concepts of variable and covariation between variables in the sixth grade at the elementary level and the first, second, and third years of secondary school--namely, children from 11 to 14 years old. We target secondary students (first year or K7) in this article. Our objective relates to the development of a gradual generalization in arithmetic-algebraic thinking in a socio-cultural approach to the learning of mathematics. We experimented with investigative situations using a paper-and-pencil approach and technology. We analyze the emergence, in this context, of a visual abstraction, the production of institutional and non-institutional representations, a sensitivity to contradiction, and, finally, the concepts of variable and of covariation between variables. [For the complete proceedings, see ED629884.]

This paper presents the design and analysis of a Model-Eliciting Activity (MEA), which aims to support the refinement of the conceptual system associated with directly proportional distribution problems (example: linear function, percentage, proportion, variation, etc.). The situation explores a context that is close to the student, encouraging the construction of a generalizable mathematical model that can be transferred to diverse contexts. For the design, the principles of the Models and Modeling perspective (Lesh and Doerr, 2003) were considered. The target population were students enrolled in the first semesters of a university degree in Accounting. For the analysis, we considered the construction of models (performed in teams); the mathematical representations within the process observed (such as diagrams and tabular organizations); as well as the individual solutions of the students. [For the complete proceedings, see ED629884.]

This study examined the effectiveness of a literacy-infused science (LIS) intervention on science learning of ELs from rural schools in the U.S.-Mexico border area. The intervention consists of teacher-level virtual professional development (VPD) and virtual mentoring and coaching (VMC), as well as a student-level LIS curriculum. Results from repeated measures ANOVA revealed that participating ELs improved their science learning outcomes after one year of learning, and ELs who received the LIS intervention significantly outperformed their peers who received regular science instructions without too much emphasis on literacy. Implications for science instructions for ELs and supporting rural school districts are discussed.

In this report, we present an advance of doctoral research. We explore teaching alternatives that promote proportional reasoning in Mexican students between 14 and 15 years old with the support of digital technology. We designed a sequence of activities that pretends to signify the concepts of ratio and proportion in their diverse representations and from the perspective of linear functions. For the design of the tasks, elements of the Realistic Mathematics Education framework and Cuevas-Pluvinage Didactics were used. The learning objectives and proposed activities were organized through a hypothetical learning trajectory. Subject to presenting the group results, we randomly selected a student to present the analysis of the results achieved. We found that the tasks promoted proportional reasoning. [For the complete proceedings, see ED630210.]

COVID-19 pandemic and post-pandemic had led to the confrontation of higher education system with enormous challenges. That necessitated the urgent transition from face-to-face teaching to online-teaching. The change was an innovation in higher education. A comparative study of digital education based on the survey in 2020-2021 in seven different countries was conducted at Shanghai University. The study was based on grey comprehensive evaluation model. In general, developed countries had high comprehensive evaluation value, while Finland, United States of America, South-Korea and Latvia had relatively low grey correlation coefficient in several certain indicators, leading to a sharp drop in the overall score. Romania ranked last while China ranked second as a developing country as well. The study launched a conclusion that research and development personnel, infrastructure funds and university financial investment in digital education had relatively more obvious effects on improving the innovations and quality of higher education system including the leadership system of universities. [For the full proceedings, see ED639633.]

In this paper we present the results derived from a project aimed to study the "learning gains" obtained by undergrad engineering students that used two mobile learning resources (in video format). We conducted our study over a 6-year time interval applying "pre-test" and "post-test" instruments to both experimental groups (which used the mobile resources) and control groups (which did not). Our sample consisted of N = 793 students and we found that the experimental group obtained learning gains about 26% higher than those of the control group. We found this difference to be meaningful, with "p"-values around 0.022. Perception questionnaires applied to the control groups showed that most of the students consider that the use of mobile resources improved their concept-comprehension and helped them to develop their problem-solving skills. [For the complete proceedings, see ED601100.]

This paper provides evidence on how elementary school students from a Mexican public school move from using an operational sense, expressed in computational strategies, to a kind of relational thinking based on structure sense ideas and expressed by number decomposition. Even though the results are somewhat preliminary, they illustrate how students can leave behind their computational strategies and develop a more sophisticated mathematical reasoning regarding equivalence of numerical expressions and equalities; however the strategies they developed tended to be based on "ad hoc decomposition of one side and comparison with the initial form of the other side," rather than on compensation [For the complete proceedings, see ED606556.]

Global citizenship education is an attempt to introduce into formal and non-formal education programs issues of global concern and elements of an emerging global civic culture. It aims at creating more fair, peaceful, tolerant and inclusive societies. The broad nature of global citizenship education has led to a range of interpretations and approaches in a continuum that goes from a conservative perspective that contributes to the reproduction of the existing social order, to more critical approaches that intend to transform the existing social dynamics. In the field of English language education, global citizenship has a natural place. Globally, intercultural citizenship and critical citizenship approaches have been predominant. In Mexico, however, global citizenship is not a common element of English language education. This study examined the views of ten Mexican university English language teachers about global citizenship education. Specifically, the study analyzed the participants' notion of global citizen and their perception of the viability of global citizenship education in their institutional settings. Data were collected by means of a questionnaire and a responsive interview, which was analyzed with the use of the constant comparative method. Three notions of global citizen emerged from the data: informed traveler, adaptable individual, and critical thinker. None of the participants considered global citizenship education as viable in their programs and universities. The paper explores the implications of the results for teacher training efforts. [For the complete Volume 17 proceedings, see ED596826.]

This paper presents one product of a research report about the promotion of resilience in the school setting in two public secondary schools, located in Mexico and Germany, and its relation with the pupils' multiculturalism. The paper focuses on the need of the results' analysis to identify the school actors' perceptions of the promotion of resilience at the secondary school, in contexts where pupils' cultural characteristics are highly diverse. The theoretical guidelines are linked to resilience research, especially research focusing on resilience in schools, as well as to studies on intercultural education. A mixed method was used; it is a dual comparison in two geographical, economic, political and cultural different national contexts, where the analysis unit was "the school". Research was conducted with secondary schools' principals, including the teaching staff, from both schools and with a first graders group on Telesecundaria 42, in Hidalgo, Mexico, and one group of the same grade from a Realschule in NRW, Germany. The results provide significant data that show a strong nexus between students' and teachers' perceptions of resilience development at the school. This article focuses on resilience promoting factors. It was concluded that positive emotional relationships between students and teachers build resilience and decrease risks of failure and dropout. [For the complete Volume 15 proceedings, see ED574185.]

Videoconferences are a perfect scenario for autonomous Foreign Language (FL) and intercultural speaking practices. However, it is also a threatening context as learners communicate in an FL, often with a stranger and about personal information and experiences. That may lead to increase Foreign Language Anxiety (FLA) among participants, affecting students' learning experiences and even provoking drop-outs (Bailey, Onwuegbuzie, & Daley, 2003). This study aims to explore the relationship between FLA and Self-Disclosure (SD) as personality traits. The first indicators of the potential relationship between FLA and SD in online speaking practice were found by Fondo and Erdocia (2018) in which anxious learners showed a tendency to self-disclose as a means to manage their discomfort using the FL. Data was gathered in the first stage of a nine-week-synchronous oral Online Intercultural Exchange (OIE) project between undergraduate business students from the United States, Ireland, Mexico, and Spain. [For the complete volume of short papers, see ED590612.]

In this paper we report the results obtained when implementing Activities related to the visualization of geometric representations in paper-and-pencil and technological environments with students1 grade 11. This is a qualitative research supported by both the representation theory and the visualization of mathematical objects using technological aid. We discuss how the use of technology promotes learning mathematical concepts through the analysis of static and dynamic geometric figures. Our results show that the technological tool contributes to the visualization of geometric representations arisen from working with Activities; however, paper-and-pencil as a working tool becomes necessary to give rise to conjectures about the meaning of abstract concepts linked to these representations. [This paper is presented in both English and Spanish. For the complete proceedings, see ED583608.]

Given the importance of hydrocarbons for this area, the purpose of this paper is to explore the response of universities to cope with new demands in the south of Texas and Tamaulipas, especially in relation to gas plays of Eagle Ford (Texas side) and Burgos Basin (Mexican side). To accomplish this task, in the first section of the paper a broad review of selected Texas universities is done, distinguishing their most relevant moves during the last three years. In the second section we do the same for the higher education institutions in the State of Tamaulipas, México. In the third and last section we end up with some final comments about the response of universities to cope with energy sector new demands in both sides of the border. Although related to research, in Texas the response of universities is diverse and also disperses; whilst in Tamaulipas the response mainly consists of new education provision to train human capital. [For the complete Volume 14, Number 1 proceedings, see ED568088.]

We report the results of a study on informal covariate statistical reasoning conducted with 22 students (aged 16 and 18 years). We designed and implemented a task in a digital technology environment to introduce the line of best fit. The task design having elements that foresee misconceptions reported in the literature, and by focusing on four statistical ideas that we consider being central to the development of informal reasoning about the line of best fit. After having used the digital technology environment, students transitioned from viewing points of a scatterplot as individual points or fragmented into subsets to viewing the scatterplot as an aggregate from a mathematical mechanism that links them through the notion of distance from a point set to a right line. [For the complete proceedings, see ED630060.]

COVID-19 pandemic has led to the confrontation of higher education system with enormous challenges. This necessitated the urgent transition from face-to-face teaching to online teaching. A comparative study of digital education in seven different countries was conducted. This study established grey comprehensive evaluation model based on entropy weight method, which was successfully validated by reliability test. In general, developed countries tend to have high comprehensive evaluation value while Finland, South-Korea and Latvia have relatively low grey correlation coefficient in several certain indicators, leading to a sharp drop in the overall score. Romania ranked last while China ranked second as a developing country as well. This is followed by model optimization though input-output analysis method based on the upgrading of higher education system due to the pandemic's influence. The study launched a conclusion that research and development personnel, infrastructure funds and university financial investment in digital education have relatively more obvious effects on improving the quality of higher education system. [For the full proceedings, see ED621892.]

This work is part of an ongoing research project and literature review on the role of art in education and the interrelationships between art, creativity and online learning (focused on Business Education students from a university in Mexico). This research looks at the experiences of international students studying a business programme in the UK of the move to online teaching and learning that was suddenly imposed by the COVID-19 pandemic. The first part shares the issues and challenges of the COVID-19 pandemic on international students studying in the UK based universities that were identified in a seminar organised by FLS and QC Media Team. The second part draws on a guest lecture delivered to Business Education students from a university in Mexico using online learning, which sought to ascertain their experiences and the support needed during the current COVID-19 pandemic. The methodology used was a focus group with the students, using a set questions focused on their experience of engaging in online teaching and learning, compared to traditional classroom-based, face-to-face learning. The findings of the research confirm that the move to online teaching and learning has had both negative and positive impacts on the Mexico students, in relation to creativity, arts and painting practice. Tellingly, both groups of students -- from the first stage and second stages of the research -- said they wanted to go back to classroom based face-to-face teaching and learning. All of the students indicated that they wanted more support from their teachers and their institutions. [For the complete Volume 19 proceedings, see ED613922.]