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This article aims to identify and verify the relationship between entrepreneurial orientation and innovation of internationalised firms from Poland as a former emerging market. The article assesses this relationship in terms of the internationalisation scope. We adopted a quantitative research design and conducted a CATI survey on a sample of 355 firms operating in Poland. To verify the various assumed relationships, we used statistical instruments, including descriptive statistics and simple linear regression. Entrepreneurial orientation influences the innovations of internationalized firms. The impact depends on the scope of internationalization and is U-shaped. The impact of entrepreneurial orientation on innovation is greater for firms with large and small scope of internationalization. A relatively lower impact of entrepreneurial orientation on innovation is visible for firms with a moderate scope of internationalization. The study is an original contribution to the literature. Firstly, we perceive entrepreneurial orientation as a variable that can determine corporate innovation. Secondly, most of the empirical research to date focuses on highly developed markets. Firms that go beyond the borders of emerging markets see internationalization as a way of gaining experience, learning, and an opportunity to improve their innovative capacity. Thirdly, the study contributes to the development of theories combining entrepreneurial orientation with innovation by applying a new concept of a U-shaped curve. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Government in Nigeria has of recent years raised the awareness of Entrepreneurship practices through the introduction of different entrepreneurship programmes among all forms of corporations including the Small & Medium Enterprises (SMEs) and conglomerates in the country; especially those manufacturing Corporations in the densely populated areas of the South western Nigeria. The Government has also raised entrepreneurship awareness among the citizenry by improving the accessibility to bank loans and also by including entrepreneurship courses in the curriculum of all postsecondary tertiary institutions in order to improve employability status of young graduates before they are recruited by the conglomerates. Unfortunately, mere observation of the Nigerian economy has not shown any improvement. Hence the need to assess the level of Entrepreneurial variables and Corporate Entrepreneurship (CE) in Conglomerates in South-western and Lagos industrial axes of Nigeria. Data were collected from primary and secondary sources. The variables/elements of Corporate Entrepreneurship (CE) were categorized into innovation/invention, risk-taking, and proactiveness. Corporate entrepreneurship in this paper is measured by behaviour and characteristics of the Chief Executive Officer (CEO) and the coalition group. Multi-stage sampling technique was adopted in selecting the sample population. Subsequently, the data generated were analysed with appropriate descriptive and inferential statistics. The findings showed that: Nigerian manufacturing industries were not highly entrepreneurial oriented. Though traces of innovations were observed, none for invention, Corporate Entrepreneurship (CE) practices among the top management team were dominated by men. This gender imbalance calls for further research in future; The paper discovered that poor infrastructural development repelled most industries away from industrial estates as most CEOs prefer outright purchase of private sites. This made advantages of economies of scale to elude them, especially in the areas of research resulting in poor CE activities. Also, not many of these industries were listed on Nigerian Securities Exchange (NSE), thereby limiting amount of public funds available for research activities in these companies, and lastly, the three key variables/elements/Dimensions (Invention/Innovation, Proactiveness and Risk-taking) of Corporate Entrepreneurship were identified as channels through which Corporate Entrepreneurship (CE) can be promoted in Nigeria. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article aims to understand the reasons why hoteliers adopt an eco-label, but also to identify the factors that may call into question this choice in a context where the environmental pressures are multiple and strong. The article analyzes the whole process of adopting an eco-label from the knowledge phase to the confirmation phase a posteriori. By integrating different diffusion, neo-institutional and entrepreneurial approaches, the model makes it possible to identify all the motives, attitudes, norms and mechanisms of adoption and factors that can reverse this choice. Using a non-parametric quantitative methodology on a sample of 182 French hotels, we can explain the probability of adopting an eco-label and reversing its decision. The choice of adoption is explained by attitude towards risk, and ability to enact eco-label, two dimensions of entrepreneurial orientation, but also by mimetic institutional pressure. For institutions that have not yet adopted the certification, the intention to change its choice depends on normative and mimetic pressures, and entrepreneurial characteristics (like risk-taking, fear of bureaucracy). For certificated hotels, the complexity of the certification system is decisive in the choice of abandoning the certification while positive attitude towards environmental logic and pressures of the reference group help maintain the previous adoption. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper focuses on the role of a country's culture in influencing the entrepreneurial attitudes of Principal Investigators, in shaping their ability to combine knowledge theory and business practice, in determining their capacity to strengthen the cooperation between the two domains of research and business, and in supporting research spin-off creation in entrepreneurial universities. To make Principal Investigators' orientation match Entrepreneurial Universities' goals of the marketing of innovation and entrepreneurship is not an easy task. A research-oriented approach, rather than an explorative entrepreneurial orientation, is still predominant in Principal Investigators. Among the factors influencing the strategic orientation towards entrepreneurship of Principal Investigators, the paper argues that the country's culture could be key. Evaluating the influence of the entrepreneurial culture on a Principal Investigator's activity is critical in predicting his performance and comparing it with that of Principal Investigators in other countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Over the last two decades, the phenomenon of technology entrepreneurship has attracted the interest of researchers and policy makers due to its significant impact upon economic progress. Several authors define technology entrepreneurship as the interface of two well-established, but related fields-entrepreneurship and technological innovation. In this vein, technological opportunities can be recognized and exploited by individuals through new venture creation yet equally can be pursued by individuals or groups within existing public or private organizations. This special section provides a more fine grained understanding of technology entrepreneurship by considering interactions across these individual and organizational levels. We present three studies, empirically grounded within the specific and distinct policy contexts of Spain, Italy and the UK, that reveal new insights on the determinants of technology entrepreneurship. In this introductory paper, we consider the themes and contributions of these papers and provide an agenda for further research outlining a greater use of multi-level approaches to further our understanding of technology entrepreneurship. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Public and third sector employees are facing increasing pressure to behave more entrepreneurially in their day-to-day work (Wakkee, Elfring and Monaghan, 2010). Literature on entrepreneurial orientation (EO) highlighted that EO enhances organisational performance, firms' competiveness and product innovation (Rauch et al., 2009; Lumpkin and Dess, 2001). While previous studies on EO have applied the concept in relation to the overall performance of an organisation (Wiklund and Shepherd, 2005), this research explores EO at the individual level (Jelenc, Pisapia and Ivanušić, 2015; Bolton and Lane, 2012; Okhomina, 2010). The aim of the research is to identify entrepreneurial potential of employees in public and third sector organisations through an Entrepreneurial Orientation perspective. This provides a means to explore potential entrepreneurial behaviour by determining past experience of employees and the extent to which they behave proactively in their current job roles, as opposed to identifying entrepreneurial traits of volunteers and employees. This research is based on a large European study which explored the EO of 450 employees/volunteers, representing 216 public and third sector organisations spanning across six European countries, including Ireland (South East Region), Iceland, Bulgaria, Greece, Italy (Sicily) and Portugal. This study is a preliminary investigation and the research indicates the value in pursuing this area further. The preliminary findings illustrate that potentially employees in public and third sector organisations in Iceland and Ireland are more "entrepreneurial" in comparison to the other countries surveyed. Furthermore, the research indicates that there is a relationship between employees/volunteers that display entrepreneurial experience, their educational attainment, and the degree to which they feel empowered in the decision-making processes or are encouraged to seek new opportunities within their work environments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper sheds light on the importance of entrepreneurial marketing (EM) in the context of new technology ventures (NTVs) first product commercialisation. This study explores the role of EM expressed as the degree of complementarity between entrepreneurial orientation (EO) and market orientation (MO) in driving firms’ innovation activities including competence exploration and exploitation in achieving first product performance (FPP). The results of a survey drawn from Indian NTVs identify a significant effect for the complementarity of EO–MO on exploratory and exploitative innovation activities. Furthermore, the findings indicate a positive effect of both exploratory and exploitative activities in enhancing FPP and the contingency role of marketing capabilities (MCs) in enhancing the impact of competence exploration and exploitation in first product commercialisation. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The objective of this paper is to present evidence that there are different types of supportive faculty members. We conducted a case study on a sample of Croatian and Spanish universities by using an already tested ENTRE-U scale for measuring the faculty members' attitudes. These two scenarios are quite different in terms of their innovation systems, economic context and university system. We tested and found no evidence of any statistically significant difference due to the country. These two facts suggest the possible existence of an isomorphic trajectory when implementing entrepreneurial universities regardless the context. University managers should be aware of the existence of three different types of supportive individuals. Each of these groups requires a certain program of human resource development. This shifts the debate to how entrepreneurial universities should manage the tensions arising from the need of some degree of specialization in any of the three roles of the faculty members, namely teaching, researching and transfer of the knowledge stemming from research results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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