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In this article, we investigate the effect of different energy variables on economic growth of several oil-importing EU member states. Three periods from 2000 to 2020 were investigated. Three different types of regression models were constructed via the gretl software. Namely, the OLS, FE, and SE approaches to panel data analysis were investigated. The FE approach was chosen as the final one. The results suggest the importance of the consumption of both oil and renewable energy on economic growth. Crises of certain periods also had a noteworthy effect as well. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examines the relationships between information and communication technology (ICT) usage and CO2 emissions considering economic growth, trade openness, and renewable electricity in the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development countries for the period 1990–2018. It adopts pooled mean group (PMG) estimation based on the autoregressive distributed lag model. The PMG estimates indicate that although the coefficient value is small, ICT progress acts as a factor in increasing CO2 emissions in the long run. However, there is no significant short-run relationship between these two variables. Furthermore, economic growth increases CO2 emissions in the short and long run. The expansion of renewable electricity and trade openness reduces CO2 emissions in the long run. To mitigate the CO2 emissions originating from ICT, energy-saving technologies that use ICT as an energy management system should be further enhanced. The expansion of renewable electricity and the promotion of trade openness will also contribute to the mitigation of CO2 emissions in this region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]