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Medicinal plants are now widely used for various purposes, such as preventing and treating diseases. One of the medicinal plants widely used as traditional medicines and already commercialized is Sonchus arvensis, known as show thistle and S. arvensis in Indonesia. This review will highlight information about the traditional uses, phytochemical compounds, and biological activities of S. arvensis to increase our knowledge and understanding of this plant. We prepared this mini-review by finding sources of information in several scientific paper databases. As a traditional medicine, S. arvensis could be consumed to cure or prevent diseases. Secondary metabolites present in S. arvensis such as alkaloids, phenolics, flavonoids, and terpenoids are responsible for some biological activities of S. arvensis, such as antioxidant, antibacterial, antiinflammatory, antihypertensive, antihyperuricemic, and antidiabetic activities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Turmeric (Curcuma longa L.), javanese ginger (Curcuma zanthorrhiza Roxb.), and pale turmeric (Curcuma heyneana Val. & v. Zijp) are medicinal plants that belongs to the family Zingiberaceae whose rhizomes contain essential oils and often consumed as traditional medicines based on empirical experiences and hereditary beliefs. This study aimed to determine the chemical components and antibacterial and antioxidative activities of the essential oils of turmeric, javanese ginger, and pale turmeric cultivated in Karanganyar, Central Java, Indonesia. α-Chamigrene (24.92%), zingiberene (29.53%), and 2-pinene-4-one (12.08%) were the largest components found in turmeric, javanese ginger, and pale turmeric, respectively. All the curcumas contain 1,8-cineol with concentrations of 3.32, 1.33, and 7.34% and α-pinene with concentrations of 0.48, 0.61, and 1.31% for turmeric, javanese ginger, and pale turmeric essential oils, respectively. The inhibition zones of turmeric, javanese ginger, and pale turmeric essential oils against Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923 were 10.16 (strong), 7.98 (moderate), and 11.59 mm (strong), respectively. Only the essential oil from pale turmeric showed antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli ATCC 25922 with an inhibition zone of 6.74 mm (moderate). The antioxidative activities (IC50) of turmeric, javanese ginger, and pale turmeric essential oils were 66.08 ppm (strong), 82.76 ppm (strong), and 50.23 ppm (strong), respectively. In the fields of medicines, cosmetics, and foods, turmeric, javanese ginger, and pale turmeric rhizomes essential oils can be used as natural antioxidants and antibacterials against S. aureus ATCC 25923. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Black turmeric (Curcuma aeruginosa) is Indonesian medicinal plant belonging to the Zingeberaceae family, mostly found on Java. This study aimed to determine the new molecular structures of the compounds isolated from black turmeric originating from Indonesia. Isolation of the secondary metabolite compounds was initiated by solid-liquid extraction using the maceration method with ethanol solvent, followed by liquid-liquid extraction using the partition method with n-hexane and dichloromethane as solvents. Separation and purification were carried out using vacuum liquid chromatography (VLC) and gravity column chromatography (GCC). The isolated compounds were characterized using spectroscopic methods, including UV-Vis, IR, and NMR spectroscopy. The isolation resulted in three sesquiterpenoid compounds, (E)-7-isopropyl-4,10-dimethylcyclodec-10- ene-5,8-dione (curdione), (1R,10R)-Epoxy-(-)-1,10-dihydrocurdione, and zedoalactone B, together with two common terpenes, ethyl tetradecanoate and 1-hexadecene. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Syzygium polyanthum is a herb widely used in Malaysia and Indonesia in cuisines. Traditionally, the herbal decoction of S. polyanthum (daun salam) leaves is often used by diabetic patients in Indonesia. Therefore, our objective is to evaluate the scientific evidence available for S. polyanthum in lowering blood glucose levels (BGL). We systematically searched Pubmed, Google Scholar, Scopus, CENTRAL. LILAC and clinicaltrials.gov databases up to 23rd October 2020 using the keywords “Syzygium polyanthum” and “antidiabetic”. From the selected 413 articles, eight studies involving rodents were included. All results showed a significant effect in lowering BGL without any adverse effects. The possible underlying mechanism of action is attributed to inhibiting intestinal glucose absorption and enhancing glucose uptake by the muscles. Chemical families responsible for the effect were determined as flavonoids, alkaloids and terpenoids. Thus, S. polyanthum leaves showed potential antidiabetic properties, but further research is required to identify the active compounds followed by the safety evaluation of this compound. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Stingless bee honey has different characteristics from other types of bee honey in terms of colors, tastes, water content, and sugar. Trigona honey is one of the local products in South Sulawesi produced by stingless bees from Tetragonula species widely known to the public. This study determined the phenol content of trigona honey and its antioxidant activity. Method: The compounds of trigona honey ethanol extract were identified using gas chromatography. The antioxidant activity of the extract was examined with the DPPH method. Result Content test shows that trigona honey has bioactive compounds, flavonoids, alkaloids, and triterpenoids. DPPH show to trigona honey 104,25. Conclusion: Trigona honey contains mild antioxidant activity and metabolite compounds such as polyphenols, flavonoids, alkaloids, and triterpenoids. The nutrient activity can reduce blood glucose and increase insulin plasma. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research was conducted to assess various bioactive compounds in the meat of mudskippers found in the Sungsang 2 Village, Banyuasin regency, South Sumatra. The research had been synthesized using n-hexane from February to May 2018 at Agricultural Technology Production Laboratory, Sriwijaya University. Subsequently, the mudskippers (Periopthalmus chrysospilos, Boleopthalmus boddarti, and Periophthalmodon schlosseri) extract was synthesized and further investigate by conducting the GC-MS analysis. The study of bioactive compounds in mudskippers was carried out by evaporating in vacuum evaporation at 30°C. The results showed that Periopthalmus chrysospilos has five classes of bioactive compounds such as steroids, terpenoids, carotenoids, canabinoids, and alkaloids and Boleopthalmus boddarti has five classes of bioactive compounds including steroids, carotenoids, terpenoids, bufadienolides, and carotatoxins. Furthermore, Boleopthalmus dussumieri has four classes of bioactive compounds such as steroids, carotenoids, terpenoids, and carotatoxins and Periophthalmodon schlosseri has three classes of bioactive compounds including steroids, carotenoids and terpenoids. This research discussed the potential benefit of all bioactive compounds in mudskippers for alleviating and treating children with enuresis through the review of literature on the most cited bioactive compounds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Coleus amboinicus Lour., Lamiaceae, is a perennial herb that is native to Indonesia and also cultivated in Africa, Asia and Australia. The major phytochemicals responsible for its bioactivity are rosmarinic acid (RA) and its analogues, flavonoids and abietane diterpenoids. The possibility of cultivation in a colder climate would extend the use of this herb and provide new opportunities to herb growers and livestock farmers. Our study to compare feed value and phytochemical composition of C. amboinicus plants cultivated in its original region, Indonesia, and in Poland. The crude protein content was significantly higher in plants cultivated in Indonesia compared to those cultivated in Poland—21% and 13% of dry matter, respectively. The higher ADF contents were detected in C. amboinicus cultivated in Indonesia, 38–41%, in comparison to 34% in plants cultivated in Poland. The phytochemical composition was also significantly influenced by the cultivation location. Polish samples were higher in polyphenols (RA and its analogues), and also had 1.5–2-fold higher antioxidant potential, as measured by DPPH scavenging, phosphomolybdenum reduction and Fenton reaction driven lipid peroxidation. The Indonesian samples contained more diterpenoid compounds, such as dihydroxyroyleanone, and the sum of terpenoids was ca. 10 times higher than in samples from Poland (15.59–23.64 vs. 1.87 µg/g of extracts). In conclusion, C. amboinicus is suitable for cultivation in non-optimal climatic conditions but some nutritional properties and bioactivity are significantly affected. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]