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Archival documents and artworks stored in libraries frequently undergo degradative processes promoted by the so-called "biodeteriogens" that inhabit these places. A renewed interest in plant-derived products has arisen in those research groups focusing on cultural heritage preservation and looking for new and safe disinfection techniques. In this view, essential oils (EOs) and their volatile organic constituents are very appealing thanks to their versatility of action. A literature survey of the scientific publications involving EOs and/or their major constituents related to the conservation of paper items of cultural heritage interest is presented here, aiming to reveal benefits and limitations of such peculiar plant-derived compounds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

At a time when food safety awareness is increasing, attention is paid not only to food and additives but also to packaging materials. Most current food packaging is usually made of traditional petroleum-based polymeric materials, which are not biodegradable and have adverse effects on the environment and health. In this context, the development of new non-toxic and biodegradable materials for extending the best-before date of food is receiving increasing attention. In addition, additives in packaging materials may migrate outward, resulting in contact with food. For this reason, additives are also seen as a transition from synthetic additives to natural extracts. Active extracts from animals and plants having good antioxidant and antibacterial properties are also beneficial for human health. It is indisputable that active extracts are ideal substitutes for synthetic additives. Polymer packaging materials combined with active extracts not only maintain their original mechanical and optical properties and thermal stability but also endow polymers with new functions to extend the shelf life of food. This review paper provides an overview of this promising natural extract-containing polymer-based active packaging, with a focus on plant essential oils (containing phenolics, monoterpenes, terpene alcohols, terpene ketones, and aldehydes), pigments (procyanidins), vitamins (vitamin B), and peptides (nisin). In particular, this paper covers the research progress of such active extracts, in single or compound forms, combined with diverse polymers (mostly biopolymers) for food packaging applications with particular focus on the antioxidant and antibacterial properties of packaging materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This narrative review aims to examine the therapeutic potential and mechanism of action of plant extracts in preventing and treating alopecia (baldness). We searched and selected research papers on plant extracts related to hair loss, hair growth, or hair regrowth, and comprehensively compared the therapeutic efficacies, phytochemical components, and modulatory targets of plant extracts. These studies showed that various plant extracts increased the survival and proliferation of dermal papilla cells in vitro, enhanced cell proliferation and hair growth in hair follicles ex vivo, and promoted hair growth or regrowth in animal models in vivo. The hair growth-promoting efficacy of several plant extracts was verified in clinical trials. Some phenolic compounds, terpenes and terpenoids, sulfur-containing compounds, and fatty acids were identified as active compounds contained in plant extracts. The pharmacological effects of plant extracts and their active compounds were associated with the promotion of cell survival, cell proliferation, or cell cycle progression, and the upregulation of several growth factors, such as IGF-1, VEGF, HGF, and KGF (FGF-7), leading to the induction and extension of the anagen phase in the hair cycle. Those effects were also associated with the alleviation of oxidative stress, inflammatory response, cellular senescence, or apoptosis, and the downregulation of male hormones and their receptors, preventing the entry into the telogen phase in the hair cycle. Several active plant extracts and phytochemicals stimulated the signaling pathways mediated by protein kinase B (PKB, also called AKT), extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERK), Wingless and Int-1 (WNT), or sonic hedgehog (SHH), while suppressing other cell signaling pathways mediated by transforming growth factor (TGF)-β or bone morphogenetic protein (BMP). Thus, well-selected plant extracts and their active compounds can have beneficial effects on hair health. It is proposed that the discovery of phytochemicals targeting the aforementioned cellular events and cell signaling pathways will facilitate the development of new targeted therapies for alopecia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although complex coacervation could improve the water solubility, thermal stability, bioavailability, antioxidant activity and antibacterial activity of essential oils (EOs). However, some wall materials (such as proteins and polysaccharides) with water solubility and hydrophobic nature limited their application in complex coacervation. In order to improve the properties of EO complex coacervates, some efficient physical field technology was proposed. This paper summarizes the application and functional properties of EOs in complex coacervates, formation and controlled-release mechanism, as well as functions of EO complex coacervates. In particular, efficient physical field technology as innovative technology, such as high pressure, ultrasound, cold plasma, pulsed electric fields, electrohydrodynamic atomization and microwave technology improved efficient and quality attributes of EO complex coacervates are reviewed. The physical fields could modify the gelling, structural, textural, emulsifying, rheological properties, solubility of wall material (proteins and polysaccharides), which improve the properties of EO complex coacervates. Overall, EOs complex coacervates possess great potential to be used in the food industry, including high bioavailability, excellent antioxidant capacity and gut microbiota in vivo, masking the sensation of off-taste or flavor, favorable antimicrobial capacity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Clove oil extraction has garnered increasing attention for its diverse applications, ranging from traditional medicine to the food and cosmetic industries. This paper presents a comprehensive bibliometric review aimed at mapping the evolving landscape of clove oil extraction research. By systematically analyzing a wealth of scholarly publications, the advances, challenges, and future directions in this field. Our bibliometric analysis encompasses key dimensions, including publication trends, prolific authors and institutions, prevalent research themes, and methodological approaches are highlighted. The review identifies notable advancements in clove oil extraction methodologies, shedding light on novel techniques and innovations that have shaped the research landscape. Concurrently, challenges such as standardization, sustainability, and economic feasibility are scrutinized, providing a nuanced understanding of the current limitations in the field. Furthermore, we delve into emerging research directions and propose avenues for future exploration. The synthesis of this bibliometric review not only consolidates existing knowledge but also serves as a valuable resource for researchers, practitioners, and policymakers interested in the sustainable development of clove oil extraction. Through this mapping exercise, we aim to guide the trajectory of future research, fostering innovation and addressing the challenges associated with this vital aspect of essential oil production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plant essential oils have been used for hundreds of years as natural medicines to combat a multitude of pathogens, including bacteria, fungi, and viruses. The paper reports the chemical compositions of essential oil hydrodistilled from the leaves and rhizomes of Amomum unifolium Gagnep. from Vietnam. The main classes of compounds present in the essential oils were monoterpene hydrocarbons (10.1% and 23.9%, respectively), oxygenated monoterpenes (14.5% and 4.9%, respectively), sesquiterpene hydrocarbons (40.9% and 21.9%, respectively), and oxygenated sesquiterpenes (20.1% and 26.8%, respectively). Diterpenes (16.1%) were identified in sizeable proportion in the rhizome essential oil. The constituents occurring in higher amounts in the leaf essential oil were aromadendrene (6.9%), occidenol (6.8%), β-phellandrene (6.2%), β-elemene (5.7%), and δ-elemene (5.0%). However, the main compounds of the rhizome essential oil were β-phellandrene (18.5%), torulosol (16.1%), germacrene D (5.7%), α-cadinol (5.5%) and (6S, 7R)-bisabolene (5.1%). The leaf essential oil of A. unifolium displayed higher antibacterial activity than the rhizome oil. The leaf oil showed activity towards S. aureus ATCC 6538, and B. pumilus ATCC 14884, with MIC values of 75.0 μg/mL and 37.5 μg/mL, respectively. On the other hand, the rhizome essential oil displayed activity against the organisms at MIC value of 150.0 μg/mL. Both essential oils exhibited antibacterial activity to E. coli ATCC 8739, with MIC value of 150.0 μg/mL. The antimicrobial activity of A. unifolium essential oils are being reported for the first time as a confirmation of the ethnomedical uses of A. unifolium in the treatment of diseases especially antimicrobial infections. Furthermore, the paper discusses the chemotaxonomy of Amomum oil samples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to search for bio-rational and eco-friendly pest control agents to protect crops from insect infestation, while avoiding the toxic hazards of chemical pesticides, essential oils (EOs) were hydrodistilled from Juniperus procera and Thymus vulgaris and analyzed using gas chromatography–flame ionization detection (GC–FID), and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS). Eugenol (71.3%), β-caryophyllene (11.8%), and α-pinene (6.1%) were isolated as the major components of J. procera EO, whereas thymol (58.1%), p-cymen (10.3%), and carvacrol (8.3%) were the main terpenes in T. vulgaris EO. The EOs and terpenes exhibited considerable bioactivity against the khapra beetle using the contact and fumigation bioassays, where T. vulgaris EO was superior in bioactivity. Among the terpenes tested, carvacrol and eugenol were superior. Regarding contact toxicity using impregnated filter paper and after 24 h of exposure, the LC50 values ranged between 21.4 and 77.0 µL/cm2 against larvae and between 16.1 and 69.6 µL/cm2 against adults. After 48 h, these values decreased remarkably. Upon fumigation and after 48 h of exposure, the LC50 values ranged between 23.0 and 65.3 µL/L against larvae, and from 14.2 to 56.4 µL/L against adults. The botanicals effectively inhibited the acetylcholinesterase activity of the larvae; however, they were safe for the earthworm E. fetida and did not alter the viability of wheat grains. There is a potential for using these botanicals to control T. granarium. However, further investigations are needed to confirm the safety of these phytochemicals before use as grain protectants on a commercial scale. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We postulated that disinfection of viable Trichophyton species in shoes would help reduce the number of patients with tinea pedis in Japan and that this might be accomplished safely using volatile components of essential oils. As vapor of lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus) oil and citral have strong antimicrobial activities against Trichophyton, we examined the conditions under which lemongrass oil or citral show optimal antimicrobial activity in shoes. First, we investigated whether or not a strong antimicrobial effect could be obtained by combining with terpene aldehydes or aromatic aldehydes. When combined with citral, perillaldehyde showed superior antimicrobial activity to citronellal, cinnamaldehyde, cuminaldehyde, hydroxycitronellal, and vanillin. The combined effects of citral and perillaldehyde against Trichophyton mentagrophytes, Bacillus subtilis, and Candida albicans as volatile components dotted on filter paper placed away from the petri dish inoculated with fungi or bacteria were examined. Citral (2.5 mg/mL) and perillaldehyde (2.5 mg/mL) showed a greater inhibitory effect on growth of C. albicans than either solution alone in the aromatogram (disc diffusion) descent method (fractional inhibitory concentration [FIC] index of 0.58). Citral (2.5 mg/mL) and perillaldehyde (1.25 mg/mL) vapors in a closed box synergistically inhibited growth of B. subtilis and T. mentagrophytes (FIC indexes of 0.5 and 0.38, respectively). These results suggested that this combination would be safe and useful for disinfection of shoes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: Although previous study has demonstrated that brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) is involved in the antidepressant-like effect of oleanolic acid, there is little information regarding the details of the molecular mechanism involved in this effect. METHODS: We used a chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS) model to test the antidepressant-like effect of oleanolic acid on depressant-like behaviour, miR-132 expression and synaptic protein expression in the male mouse hippocampus. Furthermore, we explored the possible signalling pathways associated with miR-132 expression that mediate the effect of oleanolic acid on neuronal proliferation. RESULTS: The results demonstrated that a 3-week treatment with oleanolic acid ameliorated CUMS-induced anhedonic and anxiogenic behaviours. Furthermore, we found that oleanolic acid led to the BDNF-related phosphorylation and activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERK) and cyclic adenosine monophosphate response element binding protein (CREB), which was associated with the upregulation of miR-132 and hippocampal neuronal proliferation. Moreover, experiments with an miR-132 antagomir revealed that targeting miR-132 led to inhibition of neuronal proliferation and the postsynaptic density protein 95, but did not affect presynaptic protein synapsin I. LIMITATIONS: Several other stimuli can also induce CREB phosphorylation in the hippocampus. Thus, regulation of miR-132 may not be restricted to neurotrophic signalling. CONCLUSION: Our results show that oleanolic acid induces the upregulation of miR-132, which serves as an important regulator of neurotrophic actions, mainly through the activation of the hippocampal BDNF-ERK-CREB signalling pathways. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Orychophragmus violaceus (L.) O. E. Schulz (Brassicaceae) is widely distributed and plentiful in China and has been widely used for its application in ornamental, oil, ecology, foraging, and food. Recent studies have revealed that the main components of Orychophragmus violaceus include flavonoids, alkaloids, phenylpropanoids, phenolic acids, terpenoids, etc., which have pharmacological activities such as antioxidation, antiradiation, antitumor, hepatic protection, antiferroptosis, anti-inflammatory, and antibacterial. In this paper, the nutritional value, chemical compositions, pharmacological activity, and application value of Orychophragmus violaceus are summarized by referring to the relevant domestic and international literature to provide a reference for further research, development, and utilization of Orychophragmus violaceus in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Seaweed is a kind of high‐quality resource with wide distribution, short growth period and variety. They contain a variety of bioactive substances, including vitamins, proteins, polysaccharides, minerals, phenols and terpenes. Seaweed is also a source of a new class of high‐quality protein, and it also contains some active ingredients not found in land plants. These bioactive substances give seaweed powerful physiological functions so that it is used in medical, food, cosmetics and other industries. At present, the development of seaweed is still relatively simple, and its application potential is far more than that. With the support of rich active substances, seaweed is considered to be a healthy food for sustainable applications in the future. On this basis, future applications such as the development of plant‐based meat, plant‐based protein and space food using seaweed are proposed in this paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Terpenes and their derivatives comprise a diverse group of natural compounds with versatile medicinal properties. This article elucidates the general characteristics of fungal terpenes and terpenoids, encompassing their structure and biogenesis. The focal point of this work involves a comprehensive overview of these compounds, highlighting their therapeutic properties, mechanisms of action, and potential applications in treating specific skin conditions. Numerous isolated terpenes and terpenoids have demonstrated noteworthy anti-inflammatory and anti-microbial effects, rivalling or surpassing the efficacy of currently employed treatments for inflammation or skin infections. Due to their well-documented antioxidant and anti-cancer attributes, these compounds exhibit promise in both preventing and treating skin cancer. Terpenes and terpenoids sourced from fungi display the capability to inhibit tyrosinase, suggesting potential applications in addressing skin pigmentation disorders and cancers linked to melanogenesis dysfunctions. This paper further disseminates the findings of clinical and in vivo research on fungal terpenes and terpenoids conducted thus far. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Microbial cell factories, renowned for their economic and environmental benefits, have emerged as a key trend in academic and industrial areas, particularly in the fermentation of natural compounds. Among these, plant-derived terpenes stand out as a significant class of bioactive natural products. The large-scale production of such terpenes, exemplified by artemisinic acid—a crucial precursor to artemisinin—is now feasible through microbial cell factories. In the fermentation of terpenes, two-phase fermentation technology has been widely applied due to its unique advantages. It facilitates in situ product extraction or adsorption, effectively mitigating the detrimental impact of product accumulation on microbial cells, thereby significantly bolstering the efficiency of microbial production of plant-derived terpenes. This paper reviews the latest developments in two-phase fermentation system applications, focusing on microbial fermentation of plant-derived terpenes. It also discusses the mechanisms influencing microbial biosynthesis of terpenes. Moreover, we introduce some new two-phase fermentation techniques, currently unexplored in terpene fermentation, with the aim of providing more thoughts and explorations on the future applications of two-phase fermentation technology. Lastly, we discuss several challenges in the industrial application of two-phase fermentation systems, especially in downstream processing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: The old-world sand fly, Phlebotomus papatasi (Scopoli 1786), is a major vector of Leishmania major, the predominant pathogen responsible for zoonotic cutaneous leishmaniasis in the Middle East, North Africa, Southern Europe, and Central Asia. DEET and other synthetic insect repellents have been used for personal protection against sand fly bites. However, the frequent use of DEET repellent raised concerns in regards to skin sensitivity, toxicity, and unpleasant odor. There are increasing efforts to evaluate natural products for use in developing more effective organic sand fly repellents. This paper reports the results of a laboratory study on several plant essential oils and saturated fatty acids concerning their repellency against female sand flies. A static air repellency assay was used to measure the responses of sand flies to test materials. The sand fly repellency of each test material was compared with those achieved by commercial repellent DEET and IR35353 at the same test concentration. The study identified two of the tested essential oils as effective spatial repellents at reduced concentrations compared to those of DEET, and two saturated fatty acids were found to produce significant sand fly mortality. The results from this study establish the foundation for developing more effective natural sand fly repellent products. The sand fly, Phlebotomus papatasi (Scopoli, 1786), is a major vector for Leishmania major in the Middle East, which has impacted human health and US military operations in the area, demonstrating the need to develop effective sand fly control and repellent options. Here, we report the results of spatial repellency and avoidance experiments in a static air olfactometer using the female P. papatasi testing essential oils of Lippia graveolens (Mexican oregano), Pimenta dioica (allspice), Amyris balsamifera (amyris), Nepeta cataria (catnip), Mentha piperita (peppermint), and Melaleuca alternifolia (tea tree); the 9–12 carbon saturated fatty acids (nonanoic acid, decanoic acid, undecanoic acid, and dodecanoic acid); and the synthetic repellents DEET and IR3535. The materials applied at 1% exhibited varying activity levels but were not significantly different in mean repellency and avoidance from DEET and IR3535, except in regards to nonanoic acid. Some materials, particularly nonanoic and undecanoic acids, produced sand fly mortality. The observed trends in mean repellency over exposure time included the following: (1) P. dioica oil, M. alternifolia oil, decanoic acid, undecanoic acid, DEET, and IR3535 exhibited increasing mean repellency over time; (2) oils of N. cataria, A. balsamifera, M. piperita, and dodecanoic acid exhibited relatively constant mean repellency over time; and (3) L. graveolens oil and nonanoic acid exhibited a general decrease in mean repellent activity over time. These studies identified the essential oils of N. cataria and A. balsamifera as effective spatial repellents at reduced concentrations compared to those of DEET. Additional research is required to elucidate the modes of action and potential synergism of repellents and essential oil components for enhanced repellency activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: TP is a widely utilized anticancer medication, particularly effective in treating HCC. Thorough investigation into TP's molecular mechanism in HCC treatment is crucial for precise and combination therapy. In this paper, we have unveiled a novel mechanism of TP in HCC treatment, where it inhibits tumor growth by reducing lipid accumulation. While the inhibition of P53 gene activity is commonly thought to be the reason for TP's effectiveness in treating HCC, this new mechanism serves as a significant complement to the current understanding, paving the way for innovative approaches to HCC treatment. Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), which is the third leading cause of cancer-related mortality in the world, presents a significant medical challenge. Triptolide (TP) has been identified as an effective therapeutic drug for HCC. However, its precise therapeutic mechanism is still unknown. Understanding the mechanism of action of TP against HCC is crucial for its implementation in the field of HCC treatment. We hypothesize that the anti-HCC actions of TP might be related to its modulation of HCC lipid metabolism given the crucial role that lipid metabolism plays in promoting the progression of HCC. In this work, we first demonstrate that, both in vitro and in vivo, TP significantly reduces lipid accumulation in HCC cells. Additionally, we notice that lipoprotein lipase (LPL) expression is markedly upregulated in HCC, and that its levels are positively connected with the disease's progression. It is interesting to note that TP dramatically reduces LPL activity, which in turn prevents HCC growth and reduces lipid accumulation. Additionally, the effect of TP on LPL is a direct correlation. These results definitely demonstrate that TP protects hepatocytes against abnormal accumulation of lipids by transcriptionally suppressing LPL, which reduces the development of HCC. This newly identified pathway provides insight into the process through which TP exerts its anti-HCC actions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In 2021, global plastics production was 390.7 Mt; in 2022, it was 400.3 Mt, showing an increase of 2.4%, and this rising tendency will increase yearly. Of this data, less than 2% correspond to bio-based plastics. Currently, polymers, including elastomers, are non-recyclable and come from non-renewable sources. Additionally, most elastomers are thermosets, making them complex to recycle and reuse. It takes hundreds to thousands of years to decompose or biodegrade, contributing to plastic waste accumulation, nano and microplastic formation, and environmental pollution. Due to this, the synthesis of elastomers from natural and renewable resources has attracted the attention of researchers and industries. In this review paper, new methods and strategies are proposed for the preparation of bio-based elastomers. The main goals are the advances and improvements in the synthesis, properties, and applications of bio-based elastomers from natural and industrial rubbers, polyurethanes, polyesters, and polyethers, and an approach to their circular economy and sustainability. Olefin metathesis is proposed as a novel and sustainable method for the synthesis of bio-based elastomers, which allows for the depolymerization or degradation of rubbers with the use of essential oils, terpenes, fatty acids, and fatty alcohols from natural resources such as chain transfer agents (CTA) or donors of the terminal groups in the main chain, which allow for control of the molecular weights and functional groups, obtaining new compounds, oligomers, and bio-based elastomers with an added value for the application of new polymers and materials. This tendency contributes to the development of bio-based elastomers that can reduce carbon emissions, avoid cross-contamination from fossil fuels, and obtain a greener material with biodegradable and/or compostable behavior. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Intensification of poultry production has been associated with an increase in parasite prevalence and adaptation of an invasive external parasitic species, such as the poultry red mite (Dermanyssus gallinae). The studies of biological efficacy (contact and fumigant) and level of toxicity to mites indicated that the external application of essential oils (EOs) can be an alternative to acaricides. In this study, the results of acaricidal efficacy of eight selected EOs - Lavandula angustifolia Mill., Laurus nobilus L., Mentha x piperita L., Mentha spicata L., Ocimum basilicum L., Salvia officinalis L., Satureja montana L. and Thymus vulgaris L. are presented. Their chemical profiles were analyzed by gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The acaricidal efficacy of EOs (6% concentration) was tested on adult mites over 10 days in laboratory conditions using the Petri-dish method, through direct exposure for 1 min (contact toxicity) and subsequent exposure for 1 h (residual toxicity). The most effective EO in direct exposure-contact, after 48 h of observation, was S. montana (100% toxicity), while the greatest residual effect was observed in T. vulgaris (11% toxicity). The obtained results showed high efficacy of the EOs against the mites through direct contact and thus their great acaricidal potential. However, the activity was lost with subsequent exposure, indicating the absence of prolonged effect. Possible ways to overcome this problem are discussed further in this paper. In any case, the present study confirmed the acaricidal potential of herbal medicines that can be used in the integrated control of poultry red mite. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chronic respiratory diseases are long-term conditions affecting the airways and other lung components that are characterized by a high prevalence, disability rate, and mortality rate. Further optimization of their treatment is required. Natural products, primarily extracted from organisms, possess specific molecular and structural formulas as well as distinct chemical and physical properties. These characteristics grant them the advantages of safety, gentleness, accessibility, and minimal side effects. The numerous advances in the use of natural products for treating chronic respiratory diseases have provided a steady source of motivation for new drug research and development. In this paper, we introduced the pathogenesis of chronic respiratory diseases and natural products. Furthermore, we classified natural products according to their mechanism for treating chronic respiratory diseases and describe the ways in which these products can alleviate the pathological symptoms. Simultaneously, we elaborate on the signal transduction pathways and biological impacts of natural products' targeting. Additionally, we present future prospects for natural products, considering their combination treatment approaches and administration methods. The significance of this review extends to both the research on preventing and treating chronic respiratory diseases, as well as the advancement of novel drug development in this field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: Ludwigia hyssopifolia (G. Don) Exell, one of the problem weeds in some rice‐producing countries, was studied to determine its allelopathic potential based on the effects of aqueous extracts of its tissues (leaves, roots and stem) on seedling growth of selected weeds and rice. The major phenolic compound of its leaves was also isolated and characterized. RESULTS: L. hyssopifolia aqueous leaf extract showed significant inhibition of shoot growth and biomass accumulation of weeds (Amaranthus spinosus L., Dactyloctenium aegyptium L., Cyperus iria L.) while maintaining less adverse effects on rice (crop) compared to other aqueous extracts of roots and stem. Phytochemical screening showed that phenols, tannins, flavonoids, terpenoids, saponins and coumarins are found in its leaf aqueous extract. The Folin–Ciocalteu method revealed that its leaves contain 26.66 ± 0.30 mg GAE g−1 leaf. The extract was then acid‐hydrolyzed to liberate the phenolics (25 mg phenolics g−1 leaf). The major compound was isolated via preparative thin‐layer chromatography using formic acid–ethyl acetate–n‐hexane (0.05:4:6) solvent system. It had maximum UV absorption at 272 nm while its Fourier transform infrared spectrum revealed phenol, carboxylic acid and ether functionalities. This also had similar chromatographic mobility when run together with syringic acid in two‐dimensional paper chromatography and thin‐layer chromatography. CONCLUSIONS: L. hyssopifolia has potential allelopathic activity and its leaf aqueous extract showed the highest phytotoxic activity (P ≤ 0.05) indicating its potential as a bioherbicide. The most probable identity of the major phenolic compound is syringic acid. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The pharmacological effects of natural product therapy have received sigificant attention, among which terpenoids such as sesquiterpene lactones stand out due to their biological activity and pharmacological potential as anti-tumor drugs. Inula sesquiterpene lactones are a kind of sesquiterpene lactones extracted from Inula species. They have many pharmacological activities such as anti-inflammation, anti-asthma, anti-tumor, neuroprotective and anti-allergic. In recent years, more and more studies have proved that they are important candidate drugs for the treatment of a variety of cancers because of its good anti-tumor activity. In this paper, the structure, structure–activity relationship, antitumor activities, mechanisms and targets of Inula sesquiterpene lactones reported in recent years were reviewed in order to provide clues for the development of novel anticancer drugs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ganoderma is the dried fruiting bodiy of Ganoderma lucidum (Leyss.ex Fr.) Karst. or Ganoderma sinense Zhao, Xu et Zhang, belonging to the family Polyporaceae, which grows mainly in tropical, subtropical, and temperate regions. As a traditional Chinese medicine, Ganoderma has been used in China for more than 2000 years because of its medicinal properties, such as relieving cough and asthma, providing nourishment, and strengthening. Currently, more than 470 natural compounds have been obtained from the fungus, mainly including terpenoids, steroids, alkaloids, phenols, and other types of compounds. Modern pharmacological studies have shown that Ganoderma has antitumor, anti-inflammatory, hypoglycemic, hypolipidemic, and immunomodulatory effects. It is mainly used in clinical practice for the treatment of Diabetic Nephropathy and malignant tumors, with few side effects and high safety. This paper reviews the progress of research on its chemical composition, pharmacological effects, and clinical applications, with the goal of providing a basis for the better development and utilization of Ganoderma. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The edible fungi have both edible and medicinal functions, in which terpenoids are one of the most important active ingredients. Terpenoids possess a wide range of biological activities and show great potential in the pharmaceutical and healthcare industries. In this review, the diverse biological activities of edible fungi terpenoids were summarized with emphasis on the mechanism of anti-cancer and anti-inflammation. Subsequently, this review focuses on advances in knowledge and understanding of the biosynthesis of terpenoids in edible fungi, especially in the generation of sesquiterpenes, diterpenes, and triterpenes. This paper is aim to provide an overview of biological functions and biosynthesis developed for utilizing the terpenoids in edible fungi. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Assessing scientific research advancement is indispensable for structuring future goals and rationalizations. We carried out a literature review in the Scopus database using vos-viewer (version 1.6.16.) and Biblioshiny 2.0. The purpose was to analyse data on the use of essential oils with Drosophila species, and observe research trends on this topic. Between 2001 and 2022, 110 articles were published, with the Industrial Crops and Products as the most outstanding journal. The country with the greatest number of publications on the topic in the analysed period was Brazil (n=22), followed by United States (n=15) and the China (n=11). Keywords that stood out the most were essential oil, animals, Drosophila melanogaster, non-human, controlled study, unclassified drug, insecticidal activity and chemical composition. The current paper delineates the scientific information regarding essential oils and Drosophila species all over the world. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first bibliometric survey which aimed to visualize the scientific progress, spatial distribution of the researches, key word analysis and addresses research gaps associated with the work on essential oils and Drosophila. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, there has been a growing scientific interest in essential oils due to their therapeutic and aromatic properties and as potential alternative natural additives for use as preservatives or antibiotics. However, the literature lacks a comprehensive understanding of their stability and how their composition and properties change over time under various conditions. Through this paper, we aim to enhance the existing literature by providing deeper insights into the stability of essential oils and the sustainability of chemical composition in a time-based approach under various conditions. Therefore, four essential oils of the Lamiaceae family (Origanum vulgare, Thymus vulgaris, Mentha spicata, and M. x piperita) were evaluated with respect to their chemical variation influenced by several factors, such as thermal and storage conditions. Three types of containers were utilized to store the essential oils, i.e., glass ampoules, glass tubes, and metallic containers with plastic caps, for up to six months in −20 °C, 4 °C, 23 °C (with or without light exposure), 35 °C, and 45 °C. Samples were routinely analyzed by GC-MS and components were subjected to principal component analysis to ascertain whether the identified constituents may be useful in reflecting the stability of the analyzed samples. The main compounds appeared to be more stable, while the degradation of minor constituents (<1.0%) occurred in all four essential oils despite the storage conditions. Overall, apart from a slight variation in the chemical load, essential oils can be considered stable for various applications, especially those stored under low oxygen availability conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Kumquat essential oil (KEO) extracted from ripe kumquats has considerable potential value in the cosmetic, phytopharmaceutical, and food industries due to its desirable fragrance and diverse biological activities. However, compared to other plant essential oils, there are relatively few studies on the biological activity of KEO and limited data have been reported on its health benefits. This paper summarizes the composition of KEO and discusses the aromatic properties and pharmacological activities of some key components in KEO. We also discuss the impacts of a variety of processing conditions on these parameters. In particular, we focused on the application of KEO for therapeutic purposes, such as oxidative stress mitigation and organ protection benefits. Furthermore, relevant technologies for enhancing the performance of KEO, the related biomedical research, and future perspectives are discussed. Terpenoids, such as limonene and myrcene, are rich in double-bonded structures and are the most abundant components of KEO. In addition to terpenoids, there are also small amounts of oxygen-containing derivatives. These bioactive substances contribute to the unique flavor of KEO and exert various pharmacological effects, including antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anti-proliferative, anti-hypertensive, and protective effects on the heart, kidneys, lungs, and other organs. Overall, KEO and its bioactive substances are safe, and effective, and KEO is relatively easy to obtain. These substances represent alternative functional substances that can be used in a variety of applications in the food, nutraceutical, pharmaceutical, and cosmetic industries. • Kumquat essential oil (KEO) contains several active ingredients. • (KEO) can be used in various applications in the food, nutraceutical, pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries. • The technology and processing methods for extraction, preservation, production, and application of (KEO) need to be optimized. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper reports that the main constituent of essential oil from the leaves of Macclurodendron oligophlebia (Merr.) Hartl. growing in Vietnam was α-pinene (81.7%), while α-pinene (67.4%) and limonene (11.2%) were the major compounds in fruit essential oil. The composition of essential oils from the leaves and fruits of Melicope ptelefolia (Champ. ex Benth.) T.G. Hartley was characterized as germacrene D (34.0% and 31.1%, respectively), bicyclogermacrene (5.5% and 7.6%, respectively), d-elemene (9.9% and 9.0%, respectively) and α-pinene (6.5% and 9.8%, respectively). The fruit essential oil contains limonene (4.9%) and (E)-β-ocimene (8.1%). The fruit essential oils of M. oligophlebia and M. ptelefolia exhibited anti-candial activity towards Candida albicans ATCC 10231, with minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) value of 8.0 μg/mL and 32.0 μg/mL, respectively. M. oligophlebia fruit oil also showed action against Enterococcus faecalis ATCC 29212, Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923, and Bacillus cereus ATCC 14579, each with MIC value of 32.0 μg/mL. Also, M. oligophlebia leaf showed higher activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853 (MIC, 32.0 μg/mL). The other oil samples exhibited varying degrees of antimicrobial activity with MIC values of either 64.0 μg/mL or 128. 0 μg/mL. The leaf essential oil of M. oligophlebia displayed larvicidal activity against Aedes aegypti larvae with minimum lethal concentration (LC50) values of 16.71 μg/mL and 11.40 μg/mL, respectively at 24 h and 48 h. The fruit oil did not exhibit any larvicidal action. However, M. ptelefolia leaf and fruit showed activity at 24 h with LC50 values of 33.18 μg/mL and 35.06 μg/mL, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The chemical constituents of essential oils from Zingiber plants are known to exhibit chemical variability. The objective of this work was to analyze for the first time the contents and the chemical diversity of the essential oils from the leaves, stems and roots of Zingiber pellitum Gagnep, belonging to Zingiberaceae family collected in Binh Chau-Phuoc Buu Nature Reserve, Ba Ria-Vung Tau, Vietnam. The essential oils were isolated by hydrodistillation and their constituents were investigated by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC/MS-FID). The essential oils from Z. pellitum were obtained in yield of 0.20% (leaves), 0.12% (stems) and 0.27% (roots). The essential oils from the leaves of Z. pellitum consist mainly of β-caryophyllene (51.7%), β-pinene (12.0%), α-pinene (10.0%), while β-caryophyllene (24.9%), β-pinene (19.8%) and α-humulene (18.8%) were the main constituents of the stems essential oil. On the other hand, 9-epi-(E)-caryophyllene (7.5%), humulene epoxide II (7.4%), α-humulene (6.4%), caryophyllene oxide (5.9%), β-caryophyllene (4.9%), camphene (4.3%), epi-α-cadinol (4.0%) and cyperotundone (4.0%) were the significant compounds of essential oil from the roots of Z. pellitum. Since the composition of the studied leaves, stems and roots of Z. pellitum essential oils differed considerably from each other and previous reports on the other parts of the plant, the paper discusses further the chemotaxonomic implications of the obtained data with respect to Zingiber pellitum and other Zingiber essential oils from Vietnam. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Secondary metabolism plays an important role in the adaptation of plants to their environments, particularly by mediating bio-interactions and protecting plants from herbivores, insects, and pathogens. Terpenoids form the largest group of plant secondary metabolites, and their biosynthesis and regulation are extremely complicated. Terpenoids are key players in the interactions and defense reactions between plants, microorganisms, and animals. Terpene compounds are of great significance both to plants themselves and the ecological environment. On the one hand, while protecting plants themselves, they can also have an impact on the environment, thereby affecting the evolution of plant communities and even ecosystems. On the other hand, their economic value is gradually becoming clear in various aspects of human life; their potential is enormous, and they have broad application prospects. Therefore, research on terpenoids is crucial for plants, especially crops. This review paper is mainly focused on the following six aspects: plant terpenes (especially terpene volatiles and plant defense); their ecological functions; their biosynthesis and transport; related synthesis genes and their regulation; terpene homologues; and research and application prospects. We will provide readers with a systematic introduction to terpenoids covering the above aspects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The fennel fruits (Foeniculum vulgare Mill. var. dulce Mill.) belong to the Apiaceae family and are processed by distillation in order to obtain an essential oil. The main component of the fennel is anethole, and for that reason the oil is used for flavouring medicinal, food and cosmetic products. The aim of the present paper is to calculate certain kinetic and thermodynamic parameters of essential oil from sweet fennel fruits, as well as to determine its antioxidant activity. Essential oils obtained from two harvest years -- 2020 and 2021, are studied. Kinetic parameters are determined at two temperatures -- 6 and 25°C. Spectrophotometer investigations were applied for 53 days at these temperatures for determining the speed constant of the oxidation process. Kinetic and thermodynamic properties of oxidation in the oil were provided using the Arhenius equation. Antioxidant potential of the essential oils was analysed as radical scavenging activity using DPPH method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, the confusion of the sources of medicinal materials was briefly expounded, and the differences among the varieties were pointed out. At the same time, the chemical components and pharmacological properties of Elsholtzia ciliata (Thunb.) Hyland (E. ciliata) were reviewed. The structures of 352 compounds that have been identified are listed. These mainly include flavonoids, terpenoids, phenylpropanoids, alkaloids, and other chemical components. They have antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, insecticidal, antiviral, hypolipidemic, hypoglycemic, analgesic, antiarrhythmic, antitumor, antiacetylcholinesterase, and immunoregulator activities. At present, there are many researches using essential oil and alcohol extract, and the researches on antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-microbial, and other pharmacological activities are relatively mature. This paper aims to summarize the existing research, update the research progress regarding the phytochemicals and pharmacology of E. ciliate, and to provide convenience for subsequent research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Medicinal plants have been treating various ailments and diseases since ancient times. Aquatic and semiaquatic medicinal plants play an essential role in human welfare to fulfill their daily needs. They have shown biological, pharmacological, nutraceutical, and commercial applications. This review aims to collect and update all recent information on ethnomedicinal, phytochemistry, pharmacological activities, and nanoparticle synthesis and their uses in aquatic and semiaquatic medicinal plants. Original research papers, review papers, short communications, and book chapters on aquatic and semiaquatic plants have been retrieved from PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, and Google Scholar. Keywords, ethnomedicinal studies, phytochemistry, pharmacological activities, and nanoparticle synthesis from aquatic and semiaquatic medicinal plants are used for the search. Different aquatic and semiaquatic medicinal plants belonging to the families Acanthaceae, Alismataceae, Amaranthaceae, Apiaceae, Araceae, Asteraceae, Boraginaceae, Ceratophyllaceae, Cyperaceae, Fabaceae, Hydrocharitaceae, Lythraceae, Marsileaceae, Menyanthaceae, Nelumbonaceae, Nymphaeaceae, Onagraceae, Plantaginaceae, Poaceae, Polygonaceae, Pontederiaceae, Primulaceae, Scrophulariaceae, and Zingiberaceae have been studied. They are rich in alkaloids, flavonoids, terpenoids, phenolics, saponins, tannins, dietary fiber, glycosidic derivatives, carbohydrates, and proteins. These phytochemicals have been used for their antimicrobial, antioxidant, hepatoprotective, sedative, anticonvulsant, cytotoxic, antiparasitic, and antidiabetic activities. Besides this, various parts of the plants are used as dietary supplements and green nanoparticle synthesis. These plants are also known for their commercial value and are used as an ingredient in some pharmaceutical industries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper aims to compare the chemical compositions of essential oils and anatomical properties of secretory structures differences between R. damascena which is cultivated in Iğdır and Isparta (EOI1, EOI2, and EOIg). GC/ MS and GC-FID were utilized for essential oils analysis. Nonadecane (31.0%), heneicosane (21.1%), citronellol (16.8%), and 1-nonadecene (6.2%) were primal constituents of EOI1. Nonadecane (29.3%), heneicosane (17.6%), citronellol (18.6%), 1- and nonadecene (5.4%) were primal constituents of EOI2. Heneicosane (15.2%), nonadecane (14.1%), γ-muurolene (13.0%), citronellol (7.8%), and tricosane (8.5%) were primal constituents of EOIg. Both Isparta and Iğdır sepal cross-section anatomies glandular and non-glandular trichomes were observed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigated the effect of Rosmarinus officinalis L. essential oil, REO (one, two and three percent) on the microbiological and oxidative stability of Sarshir during 20 days of refrigerated storage (4 °C). Initially, the chemical composition (gas chromatography/mass spectrometry, GC/MS), antimicrobial (paper disc diffusion) and antioxidant (DPPH) properties of REO were evaluated. Then, the microbial safety, oxidative stability (peroxide and anisidine values) and overall acceptability of the product after addition of REO to Sarshir and the subsequent storage period were determined. According to GC/MS analysis, the major components of REO were α-pinene (24.6%), 1,8-cineole (14.1%), camphor (13.5%), camphene (8.1%) and limonene (6.1%), respectively. Moreover, it was also found that Limosilactobacillus fermentum (inhibition zone (IZ) of 23.5 mm) and Salmonella Typhi (IZ of 16.4 mm) were the most sensitive and resistant spoilage and pathogenic bacteria against REO, respectively. In addition, the half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) of the REO was measured at 24.8 mg/mL, while the IC50 value of butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) was 16.6 mg/mL. The highest and lowest bacterial populations were detected in the control and the sample containing 3% REO, respectively. The control had the highest extent of lipid oxidation, while the lowest peroxide and anisidine values were measured in Sarshir containing 3% REO. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The WRKY gene family is one of the most significant transcription factor (TF) families in higher plants and participates in many secondary metabolic processes in plants. Litsea cubeba (Lour.) Person is an important woody oil plant that is high in terpenoids. However, no studies have been conducted to investigate the WRKY TFs that regulate the synthesis of terpene in L. cubeba. This paper provides a comprehensive genomic analysis of the LcWRKYs. In the L. cubeba genome, 64 LcWRKY genes were discovered. According to a comparative phylogenetic study with Arabidopsis thaliana, these L. cubeba WRKYs were divided into three groups. Some LcWRKY genes may have arisen from gene duplication, but the majority of LcWRKY evolution has been driven by segmental duplication events. Based on transcriptome data, a consistent expression pattern of LcWRKY17 and terpene synthase LcTPS42 was found at different stages of L. cubeba fruit development. Furthermore, the function of LcWRKY17 was verified by subcellular localization and transient overexpression, and overexpression of LcWRKY17 promotes monoterpene synthesis. Meanwhile, dual-Luciferase and yeast one-hybrid (Y1H) experiments showed that the LcWRKY17 transcription factor binds to W-box motifs of LcTPS42 and enhances its transcription. In conclusion, this research provided a fundamental framework for future functional analysis of the WRKY gene families, as well as breeding improvement and the regulation of secondary metabolism in L. cubeba. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ferula ferulaeoides (Steud.) Korov is one of the traditional ethnic medicines in Xinjiang Uygur and Kazakh of China, which mainly contains volatile oils, terpenoids, coumarins and other chemical components. Previous work has shown that F. ferulaeoides exhibited insecticide, antibacterial, antitumor properties, and so on. In this paper, the chemical composition, pharmacological activity, and quality control of F. ferulaeoides were reviewed, and the application of F. ferulaeoides in the food industry was explored, so as to provide some reference for the quality evaluation of F. ferulaeoides and its further development and utilization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: The discovery of antibiotics was a breakthrough in medicine. However, bacterial defense mechanisms driven by genetic variation resulted in resistance to these compounds relatively quickly. Moreover, new classes of antibiotics have not been developed for 30 years. Within the European Union, the EU Parliament and Council Regulation No. 2019/6, which concerns veterinary medicinal products, is currently in force. The current goal is to reduce the use of antibiotics and to stop the rise of drug resistance in bacteria because such antimicrobial resistant organisms can be transmitted to humans through the consumption of animal products or direct contact with animals (dogs, cats, etc.). For this reason, there is a growing interest in essential oils (EOs). As natural mixtures (usually of terpenes and their derivatives), they may consist of about 20–60 components with 1–3 dominant component(s). An important feature of EOs is their hydrophobicity, which allows them to react with lipids present in bacterial cell membranes and mitochondria, disrupting the functioning of cell structures and consequently making them more permeable to other components or antibiotics. In the present manuscript, the activity of two EOs (patchouli and tea tree) was assessed, and their interaction with gentamicin and enrofloxacin was studied. In this paper, we show the effect of some essential oils (EOs) on staphylococci, including multidrug-resistant strains isolated from pyoderma in dogs. A total of 13 Staphylococcus pseudintermedius and 8 Staphylococcus aureus strains were studied. To assess the sensitivity of each strain to the antimicrobial agents, two commercial EOs from patchouli (Pogostemon cablin; PcEO) and tea tree (Melaleuca alternifolia; MaEO) as well as two antibiotics (gentamicin and enrofloxacin) were used. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) followed by checkerboards in the combination of EO-antibiotic were performed. Finally, fractional inhibitory concentrations were calculated to determine possible interactions between these antimicrobial agents. PcEO MIC ranged from 0.125 to 0.5 % v/v (1.2–4.8 mg/mL), whereas MaEO MIC was tenfold higher (0.625–5% v/v or 5.6–44.8 mg/mL). Gentamicin appeared to be highly prone to interacting with EOs. Dual synergy (38.1% of cases) and PcEO additive/MaEO synergism (53.4%) were predominantly observed. On the contrary, usually, no interactions between enrofloxacin and EOs were observed (57.1%). Both commercial EOs were characterized by natural composition without artificial adulteration. Patchouli and tea tree oils can be good alternatives for treating severe cases of pyoderma in dogs, especially when dealing with multidrug-resistant strains. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A fresh perspective on the interaction of electron and nuclear motions in photon induced dynamical processes can be provided by the coupling of photoelectron angular distributions and cation vibrational states in the photoionization of chiral molecules using circularly polarized radiation. The chiral contributions, manifesting as a forward–backward asymmetry in the photoemission, can be assessed using Photoelectron Circular Dichroism (PECD), which has revealed an enhanced vibrational influence exerted on the outgoing photoelectron. In this paper, we investigate the PECD of a rigid chiral monoterpene, 3-carene, using single-photon vacuum ultraviolet ionization by polarized synchrotron radiation and selecting energies from the ionization threshold up to 19.0 eV. By judicious choice of these photon energies, two factors that influence PECD asymmetry values, electron kinetic energy and ion vibrational level, can be effectively isolated, allowing a clear demonstration of the very marked vibrational effects. A slow photoelectron spectrum is used to examine the vibrational structure of the isolated outermost valence (HOMO) photoelectron band, and peak assignments are made with the aid of a Franck–Condon simulation. Together, these provide an estimate of the adiabatic ionization energy as 8.385 eV. The reported chiral asymmetry from the randomly oriented 3-carene enantiomers reaches a maximum of over 21%. Theoretical PECD calculations, made both for the fixed equilibrium molecular geometry and also modeling selected normal mode vibration effects, are presented to provide further insight. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Mediterranean region is recognized as a global biodiversity hotspot. However, over the last decades, the cessation of traditional farming in the north part of the Mediterranean basin has given way to strong afforestation leading to occurrence of abandoned agricultural lands colonized by pioneer expansionist species like Pinus halepensis. This pine species is known to synthesize a wide range of secondary metabolites, and previous studies have demonstrated strong allelopathic potentialities of its needle and root leachates. Pinus halepensis is also recognized to release significant amounts of volatile organic compounds (VOC) with potential allelopathic effects that have never been investigated. In this context, the objectives of the present study were to improve our knowledge about the VOC released from P. halepensis needles and roots, determine if these VOC affect the seed germination and root growth of two herbaceous target species (Lactuca sativa and Linum strictum), and evaluate if soil microorganisms modulate the potential allelopathic effects of these VOC. Thirty terpenes were detected from both, needle and root emissions with β‐caryophyllene as the major volatile. Numerous terpenes, such as β‐caryophyllene, δ‐terpinene, or α‐pinene, showed higher headspace concentrations according to the gradient green needles < senescent needles < needle litter. Seed germination and root growth of the two target species were mainly reduced in presence of P. halepensis VOC. In strong contrast with the trend reported with needle leachates in literature, we observed an increasing inhibitory effect of P. halepensis VOC with the progress of needle physiological stages (i.e., green needle < senescent needle < needle litter). Surprisingly, several inhibitory effects observed on filter paper were also found or even amplified when natural soil was used as a substrate, highlighting that soil microorganisms do not necessarily limit the negative effects of VOC released by P. halepensis on herbaceous target species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Several studies have reported that bacteria produce anti-fungal volatiles. We identified the organic volatile compounds produced by six cacao endophytic bacteria (CEB) strains (Bacillus amyloliquefaciens CFFSUR-B35, Bacillus megaterium CFFSUR-B32, Bacillus muralis CFFSUR-B39, Bacillus pumilus CFFSUR-B34, Bacillus subtilis CFFSUR-B31, and Novosphingobium lindaniclasticum CFFSUR-B36). We evaluated their inhibitory effect on mycelium growth and spore germination of the phytopathogenic fungus Moniliophtora roreri. The volatiles produced by these six CEB, were collected and identified by SPME and GC–MS. Moreover, the inhibitory effect of five synthetic volatile organic compounds, individually and in mixtures (dimethyl disulfide, 2–5 dimethyl pyrazine, α-pinene, 2-heptanone and 2-ethyl hexanol) on M. roreri mycelium growth and spore germination was evaluated. All strains examined produced volatiles in different amounts; 13 to 10 compounds were identified, including sulfide, alcohol benzene derivate, pyrazine, ketone, nitrogen and terpene compounds. The B. subtilis CFFSUR-B31 strain produced the largest number of volatiles, while B. pumilus CFFSUR-B34 produced the fewest and the lowest amounts. The volatile organic compounds produced by B. pumilus CFFSUR-B34, B. muralis CFFSUR-B39 and N. lindaniclasticum CFFSUR-B36 inhibited M. roreri mycelium growth by more than 35%, sporulation by more than 81% and spore germination by more than 74%. However, when synthetic compounds were evaluated individually and in mixtures, 2-ethyl hexanol at 100,000 ppm (20 mg/filter paper disc) inhibited M. roreri mycelium growth by 100%, followed by organic volatile compound mixtures C (dimethyl disulfide, 2,5-dimethyl pyrazine, α-pinene, 2-ethyl-hexanol, 2-Heptanone) and D (only the top four) at 100,000 ppm (4 and 5 mg/filter paper disc) which inhibited spore germination by 97 and 89%, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper reports the chemical compositions and antimicrobial activity of essential oils from Blumea lacera (Burm. f.) DC., Tridax procumbens (L.) L., and Ageratum houstonianum Mill., of Asteraceae family grown in Vietnam. The essential oils were isolated by hydrodisitllation and analysed by GC and GC/MS. The Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and Median inhibitory concentration (IC50) values were measured by the microdilution broth susceptibility assay. The main compounds of B. lacera were germacrene D (25.5%), 2,5-dimethoxy-p-cymene (20.6%), β-caryophyllene (17.9%), thymol methyl ether (6.3%). T. procumbens afforded essential oil whose major constituent was β-pinene (13.4%), while germacrene D (21.3%), α-pinene (19.0%), and β-caryophyllene (8.9%) constitute the bulk of A. houstenianum essential oil. The leaf essential oils of A. houstenianum collected in August (MIC, 8.0 μg/mL) and B. lacera (MIC, 16.0 μg/mL) were the most active against Enterococcus faecalis ATCC 29212, with corresponding IC50 values of 4.00 μg/mL and 5.67 μg/mL, respectively. The essential oil of T. procumbens exhibited the most potent activity towards Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923 and Bacillus cereus ATCC 14579, with MIC value of 32.0 μg/mL and IC50 values of 12.45 μg/mL and 7.89 μg/mL, respectively. Also, both A. houstenianum essential oils collected in August and April displayed antibacterial action against Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853 with MIC values of of 64.0 μg/mL (IC50, 21.45 μg/mL) and 32.0 μg/mL and (IC50, 15.22 μg/mL). Both B. lacera and T. procumbens showed anti-candidal property with MIC value of 16.0 μg/mL, as well as IC50 values of 5.69 μg/mL and 8.66 μg/mL, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Medicinal plants are rich in therapeutically important secondary metabolites. In this paper, we are representing the phenolic content and the antioxidant properties of Thymus kotschyanus Boiss. & Hohen. decoction, ethanolic extract and different dilutions of essential oil. Based on the results we obtained from this study we concluded that decoction and 0.5% essential oil solution of T. kotschyanus have remarkable activity and can serve as a strong natural antioxidant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Candida albicans infections are related to biofilm formation. The increase in antifungal resistance and their adverse effects have led to the search for therapeutic options as plant derivatives. This scoping review aims to identify the current status of in vitro research on the cytotoxicity and inhibitory effects of plant derivatives on C. albicans biofilms. In this study, PRISMA items were followed. After recognition of the inclusion criteria, full texts were read and disagreements were resolved with a third party. A risk of bias assessment was performed, and information was summarized using Microsoft Office Excel. Thirty-nine papers fulfilling the selection criteria were included. The risk of bias analysis identified most of the studies as low risk. Studies evaluated plant derivatives such as extracts, essential oils, terpenes, alkaloids, flavonoids and polyphenols. Some studies evaluated the inhibition of C. albicans biofilm formation, inhibition on preformed biofilms or both. The derivatives at concentrations greater than or equal to those that have an inhibitory effect on C. albicans biofilms, without showing cytotoxicity, include magnoflorin, ellagic acid, myricetin and eucarobustol from Eucalyptus robusta and, as the works in which these derivatives were studied are of good quality, it is desirable to carry out study in other experimental phases, with methodologies that generate comparable information. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cannabis is a plant notorious for its psychoactive effect, but when used correctly, it provides a plethora of medicinal benefits. With more than 400 active compounds that have therapeutic properties, cannabis has been accepted widely as a medical treatment and for recreational purposes in several countries. The compounds exhibit various clinical benefits, which include, but are not limited to, anticancer, antimicrobial, and antioxidant properties. Among the vast range of compounds, multiple research papers have shown that cannabinoids, such as cannabidiol and delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol, have antiviral effects. Recently, scientists found that both compounds can reduce severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) viral infection by downregulating ACE2 transcript levels and by exerting anti-inflammatory properties. These compounds also act as the SARS-CoV-2 main protease inhibitors that block viral replication. Apart from cannabinoids, terpenes in cannabis plants have also been widely explored for their antiviral properties. With particular emphasis on four different viruses, SARS-CoV-2, human immunodeficiency virus, hepatitis C virus, and herpes simplex virus-1, this review discussed the role of cannabis compounds in combating viral infections and the potential of both cannabinoids and terpenes as novel antiviral therapeutics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Essential oils (EOs) are naturally occurring volatile aromatic compounds extracted from different parts of plants. They are made up of components like terpenes, phenols, etc., and are chemically unstable and susceptible to oxidative deterioration, leading to reduced shelf-life and overall degradation of the product. Encapsulation of EOs in a matrix can prevent degradation of the active ingredient and improve the shelf-life. In this paper, we report encapsulation of Dhavana oil (Artemisia pellen) in a modified starch matrix using a spray-drying technique. Physico-chemical properties of neat and encapsulated Dhavana oil were studied. We selected two powder bases: CaCO3 and TALC and, loaded neat and encapsulated Dhavana oil in it, studied their stability and interaction with the base matrices at 3 °C, 22 °C and 45 °C up to 2 months under closed conditions and one week at 22 °C and 45 °C under open condition. Thermal degradation pattern was studied for neat and encapsulated Dhavana oil and modified starch. Release of primary active component of neat and encapsulated Dhavana oil from the base matrices was evaluated with GCMS. Stability study and release mechanism were elucidated to understand the release pattern in different base powders under similar conditions. Retention of hydroxydhavanone was found to be better in TALC than CaCO3, and therefore, the former can be considered a suitable base matrix for developing a stable powder formulation with an optimum release of the oil. Dhavana oil is known for its anti-microbial activity, and hence, neat and encapsulated Dhavana oil was tested on different bacterial and fungal strains. The encapsulated oil depicted good anti-microbial efficacy against various bacterial and fungal strains, which is a step forward for developing anti-microbial formulations. Thus, the reported work will provide helpful information on cosmetic formulation and, therefore, be useful for perfumery, food, and cosmetic industries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chinese herbal medicine, as a huge and diverse population, is rich in flavonoids, volatile oils, organic acids, terpenoids, alkaloids, and polysaccharides. Polysaccharides are the most important active ingredient in Chinese herbal medicine. Many studies have confirmed that Chinese herbal medicine polysaccharides (CHMPs) have antioxidant, anti‐inflammatory, anti‐aging, anti‐tumor, hypoglycemic, hypolipidemic, regulating intestinal flora, improving immunity, and other biological activities. Obviously, CHMPs have good development potential and application prospects in the fields of biomedicine, food, and health products. However, different extraction and purification methods have a certain impact on the structure of CHMPs, and structure is closely related to its functional characteristics. Hence, a systematic review of the research progress and future prospects of CHMPs is necessary to promote their better understanding. In this paper, current knowledge on extraction, separation, and purification methods, chemical characterizations, and biological activities of CHMPs are summarized. This review provides an important theoretical reference for the further development and utilization of natural polysaccharides. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]