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Using steel slag (SS) as cementitious material and fine aggregate in concrete is an effective and environmental method for SS consumption and cost reduction. In this paper, SS was recycled in large volumes in concrete as partial cementitious material and fine aggregate. The compressive strength and reaction mechanism of cementitious material with different SS powder contents including 20%, 25%, 30%, and 35% were presented. The results indicated that 20% of SS powder improved the compressive strength by 34.57% and the hydration products were ettringite (AFt) and calcium silica hydrate(C-(A)-S–H). Furthermore, the mechanical and durability performance of concrete with SS as fine aggregate were investigated. When the SS substitution rate was 75%, the compressive strength was increased by 37.83%. The volume shrinkage rate and 28d-carbonation depth were reduced nearly by 64% for 90 days and 2.33 mm, respectively. The chloride ion penetration resistance reached the optimal grade Q–V and abrasion resistance was improved by nearly 24%. Along with the reduced CO2 by 210–294 kg/m3 and the decreased cost by 12.61 USD/m3, it is regarded as an effective method to consume steel slag. As such, this research provided a scientific and systematic basis for the large-scale disposal and utilization of industrial waste residues as well as recycled materials preparation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The disposal of tailings has always been a focal point in the mining industry. Semi-dry tailings stockpiling, specifically high-concentration tailings stockpiling, has emerged as a potential solution. To enhance the stability of tailings stockpiling and minimize its costs, the incorporation of a low-cost curing agent into high-concentration tailings is essential. Therefore, this study focuses on the development of a curing agent for high-concentration unclassified tailings stockpiling. The composition of a low-cost curing agent system is determined based on theoretical analysis, and the curing reaction mechanisms of each composition are researched. Subsequently, an orthogonal experiment is designed, and the strength of the modified unclassified tailings solidified samples at different curing ages is measured. Furthermore, the rheological properties of the modified unclassified tailings slurries are tested, and the feasibility of industrial transportation of the unclassified tailings slurries modified with the optimized curing agent is analyzed. Lastly, the microscopic morphologies of each material and the modified unclassified tailings solidified samples are characterized, their chemical compositions are tested, and the action mechanism of the curing agent in the curing system is further investigated. The results show that the optimal proportions of each material in the curing agent are as follows: slag, 58%; quicklime, 15%; cement, 8%; gypsum, 9%; and bentonite, 10%. The dominance of industrial waste slag exceeding 50% reflects the low-cost nature of the curing agent. Under this condition, the modified unclassified tailings slurry with a mass concentration of 75% exhibited a yield stress of 43.62 Pa and a viscosity coefficient of 0.67 Pa·s, which is suitable for pipeline transportation. These findings lay a foundation for subsequent decisions regarding stockpiling processes and equipment selection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Urban construction generates significant amounts of construction residue soil. This paper introduces a novel soil stabilizer based on industrial waste to improve its utilization. This stabilizer is primarily composed of blast furnace slag (BFS), steel slag (SS), phosphogypsum (PG), and other additives, which enhance soil strength through physical and chemical processes. This study investigated the mechanical properties of construction residue soil cured with this stabilizer, focusing on the effects of organic matter content (Oo), stabilizer dosage (Oc), and curing age (T) on unconfined compressive strength (UCS). Additionally, water stability and wet–dry cycle tests of the stabilized soil were conducted to assess long-term performance. According to the findings, the UCS increased with the higher stabilizer dosage and longer curing periods but reduced with the higher organic matter content. A stabilizer content of 15–20% is recommended for optimal stabilization efficacy and cost-efficiency in engineering applications. The samples lost their strength when immersed in water. However, adding more stabilizers to the soil can effectively enhance its water stability. Under wet–dry cycle conditions, the UCS initially increased and then decreased, remaining lower than that of samples cured under standard conditions. The findings can provide valuable data for the practical application in construction residual soil stabilization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In construction projects in Khuzestan province in Iran, electric-arc steel slag (EASS) materials are used as fill materials. In this research study, bio-cementation practice on EASS materials is examined and compared with that on natural sand. For this purpose, direct shear, unconfined compressive strength (UCS) and constant head permeability tests, together with scanning electron microscopy images obtained using an instrument equipped with an energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscope, were used to analyse and compare untreated and treated materials. The results showed that despite higher urease activity and higher calcite production of EASS materials compared with natural sand, the latter showed slightly higher UCS, higher cohesion intercept enhancement and higher permeability decrease after bio-cementation treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Building and industrialization-related environmental harm is becoming an increasingly serious concern. In an effort to create an eco-friendly high-performance concrete (HPC), this paper addresses the idea of partially replacing cement with recyclable industrial waste. The current study will experimentally examine the slump, the strengths of compressive (SC) and porosity (P) of fifteen HPC mixtures manufactured from locally available resources. Hence, the effects of utilizing marble powder (MP) as a mineral additive in binary mixes and ternary with cement (PC) and granulated ground blast furnace slag (GGBFS) on the HPCs properties were studied in order to develop statistical models based on mixture design. Highly accurate prediction graphs and models were created for HPC workability, P at 28-day, SC at 7 and 28-day. All responses have satisfactory coefficients of correlation (R2 ≥ 0.76). Replacing cement with GGBFS causes a rise in slump in mixtures. Nevertheless, that only remains relevant when the mixtures have a small MP percentage (≤ 25%). A minor decrease in SC can be attributed by an increase of GGBFS. After 28-day, using GGBFS alone caused a little drop in SC; however, when GGBFS and PC were mixed, SC increased, in comparison with reference composition, and the porosity was reduced. Conversely, SC is superior with lower porosity when a small amount of MP is utilized. The best combination is HPC14, containing 5% GGBFS; it offers an optimal equilibrium among the three qualities; with HPC4's (15%GGBFS+5%MP) qualities, being almost identical to those of reference HPC15, a lower amount of cement may also be utilized. Findings encourage the use of MP and GGBFS to partially replace cement to produce eco-friendly and cost-effective HPC. An extremely high correlation coefficient indicated a strong relationship between P and SC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Construction industry intends to promote effective utilization of waste materials obtained from various sources to develop an eco‐friendly building material for high performance, life cycle sustainability, and reduction of carbon footprints globally. The current study focusses to produce concrete mix by using industrial wastes such as ground granulated blast furnace slag (BOF) and glass powder (GP). Samples are prepared by utilizing industrial wastes partially for M35 grade concrete. The ground granulated BOF and GP are used with 10%–40% and 0.1%–0.4%, respectively, as the partial replacement of cement. Under different curing periods, the specimens were characterized for their physical and mechanical properties. Test results were analyzed to check the workability, compressive strength, flexural strength, and water absorption of the sample mixes prepared. The highest compressive and flexural strength of the samples are found to be 46.23 MPa and 5.13 MPa, at the optimal replacement of BOF and GP in the proportion of 30% and 0.2%, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This Study is focused on suitability of industrial wastes in cement stabilized soil. The investigation is based on Unconfined compressive strength (UCS) tests. Experimental work is carried out to compare the UCS of cement stabilized soil specimens with different proportion of industrial wastes like Iron ore tailing, Quarry dust, Fly ash and Bagasse ash. The mix proportion is designed such that clay content is maintained at 10.5% for fine grained soil and density of 17.5 kN/m³. It is observed that the mix comprising industrial wastes and fiber have improved the mechanical properties compared to cement stabilized soil. Fiber addition has improved post peak behavior of soil specimen. The Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) microstructure images depict soil particle flocculation, leading to an increase in compressive strength and Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDS) studies suggest the use of industrial wastes with natural soil helps in strengthening of soil cement stabilization, as well as to minimize the environmental pollution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There are many environmental problems caused by factory waste. Sugar factory waste, in the form of bagasse ash, and PLTU factory waste, in the form of fly ash, are currently in the spotlight of science studies. This study used waste bagasse and fly ash to substitute Portland cement as the main ingredients for mortar. Baggash and fly ash waste were collected, processed, and then used to replace cement by up to 40% to determine to what extent they could be used in brick masonry work, wall plastering, and masonry paste. Experimental tests were carried out on mortar cube samples measuring 5×5×5 cm, comparing four types of samples consisting of Portland cement, bagasse ash, and fly ash. The compressive strength results were obtained after 28 days. Normal Mortar (MN=11.75 MPa) had higher compressive strength than the substitute mortar types MA (3.23 MPa), MB (3.09 MPa), and MC (2.98) MPa. According to SNI 6882- 2014, MA, MB, and MC mortars can be used as O-type mortar (2.4 MPa). Therefore, they can be applied to wall plastering or walls not bearing loads. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article, one of the main scientific directions was the search for ways of recycling coal mining waste to produce expanded clay granules. There are a number of scientific studies devoted to the use of various industrial wastes in the production of thermal insulation and fireproof expanded clay granules. The authors consider the production of granular porous aggregates based on pulverized fractions of igneous rocks—basalt, granite, and synertite, as well as man-made materials of various origins, to be promising. According to the results of the conducted studies, it was found that the optimal interval of the amount of waste in expanded clay was 4.0–6.0%, and the optimal firing temperature was 1150 °C with the production of samples with a bulk density of 0.337–0.348 t/m3 and with a compressive strength of 1.37–1.51 MPa under these conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractThis study addresses the environmental challenge posed by coal mine overburden (CMOB) disposal by exploring its viability as a fine aggregate substitute for concrete production, particularly in response to the escalating demand for natural river sand (NS). Physical properties of CMOB, including particle size, specific gravity, density, water absorption, and the presence of deleterious materials, were rigorously evaluated. The results show that while some physical properties differ from NS, crucial parameters such as specific gravity, density, and soundness closely align with NS, all within specified code limits. Chemical-mineralogical analyses reveal the absence of sulfur and chloride in CMOB, mitigating the risk of sulfate and chloride attack on cement mortar/concrete. The study also highlights that CMOB-incorporated mortar exhibits enhanced compressive strength, with an optimum replacement level of 60%. Exceeding this level may elevate water demand in mortar, diminishing strength. This research not only establishes CMOB as a construction-grade fine aggregate but also presents it as a sustainable solution, conserving natural river sand and addressing environmental concerns associated with overburden disposal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The pre-eminence of concrete as the constitutional material used for rigid pavement construction has emanated through the millennia thereby amplifying the concern associated with its adverse effect on the environment. In this context, geopolymer concrete not only proposes a sustainable solution but also addresses the problems associated with extensive industrial waste generation and its imprudent disposal. This study aims to highlight the relevance of fly ash (FA) and red mud (RM) as geopolymer synthesizing source materials for pavement quality concrete (PQC). Investigations were designed to study the effect of varying replacement levels of FA (10%, 20%, 30%, and 40%) with RM in conjunction with different concentrations of sodium hydroxide in terms of molarity (10 M, 12 M, 14 M). The specimens subjected to ambient curing and oven curing at 60 °C were tested for compressive strength, flexural strength, and split tensile strength. Results portray that in the case of ambient cured FA-RM specimens, the highest compressive strength and flexural strength that could be achieved were 31.5 MPa and 4.32 MPa, respectively. Thereby, indicating inadequate strength development as per the requirements of PQC, even at a higher concentration of sodium hydroxide. Moreover, replacing FA with RM is mostly not effective at replacement values greater than 20% in both compression and tension. Furthermore, a defined study for assessing durability properties was also conducted by immersing the specimens in a 5% sulfuric acid solution. 11.46% and 7.25% reduction in compressive strength of control mixes was observed for specimens corresponding to 10 M and 14 M respectively, thereby substantiating decreased strength loss at higher molarity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To improve the in situ soil stabilization, different chemical additives are used (ion exchange compounds, additives based on H2SO4 or vinyl polymers, and organic additives using lignosulfonates). One interesting alternative is the production of additives from various waste materials. The extensive testing of waste-based blends with soil was performed; the mechanical (unconfined compressive strength (UCS)) and hydraulic (capillary rise, water absorption, and frost resistance (FR)) soil properties were measured. The optimization process led to obtaining additive compositions ensuring high strength and sealing properties: by-pass ash from the ceramics industry, waste H2SO4, pyrolytic waxes/oils from waste mixed plastics, waste tires and HDPE, and emulsion from chewing gum waste. For sandy soil, the following additives were the most promising: emulsion from pyrolytic wax (EPW) from waste PE foil (WPEF) with the addition of waste H2SO4, pyrolytic-oil emulsion from waste tires, EPW from waste mixed plastics with the addition of "by-pass" waste ash and NaOH, EPW from WPEF with the addition of NaOH, and EPW from WPEF reaching up to 93% FR, a 79.6% 7-day UCS increase, and a 27.6% of 28-day UCS increase. For clay: EPW from WPEF with the addition of NaOH, EPW from WPEF with the addition of waste H2SO4, and solely EPW from WPEF reaching up to 7.5% FR, an 80.7% 7-day UCS increase, and a 119.1% 28-day UCS increase. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Electric arc furnace slag (EAF) and sandstone waste (SW) are two of the most abundantly generated industrial wastes whose utilization as precursors and supplementary cementitious materials has not been exhaustively studied. The current research study comprehensively investigates the effects of incorporating varying proportions (0–90%) of re-melted EAF as a co-additive on the engineering properties of elevated (80 °C) and ambient (30 °C) cured alkali-activated SW-based binders. Extensive laboratory tests were conducted to assess the physio-mechanical and durability performance of the resulting alkali-activated materials (AAM). Detailed mineralogical and microstructural characterization of SW, EAF, and alkali-activated samples was carried out using sophisticated analytical techniques. Results advocated that irrespective of the curing temperatures, SW-based AAM showed improved setting behavior, compressive strength, water absorption, and porosity characteristics with the increment of EAF at all substitution levels due to the concomitant development of CASH-CSH-NASH gel phases. Overall, it can be inferred that EAFs as a pozzolanic material successfully augmented the properties of SW-based alkali-activated binders, providing an efficient solution for disposal and negative environmental impacts associated with industrial wastes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Industrial by-products; have received a lot of attention as a possible precursor for cement and/or concrete production for a more environmentally and economically sound use of raw materials and energy sources. Geopolymer is a potentially useful porous material for OPC binder applications. The use of industrial wastes to produce a greener geopolymer is one area of fascinating research. In this work, geopolymer pastes were developed using alkali liquid as an activator and metakaolin (MK), alumina powder (AP), silica fume (SF), and cement kin dust (CKD) as industrial by-products. Several geopolymer samples have been developed. Research has been carried out on its processing and related physical and mechanical properties through deep microstructure investigation. The samples were cured in water by immersion with relative humidity (95 ± 5%), and at room temperature (~ 19–23 °C) prior to being tested for its workability and durability. The effect of the different composition of precursors on water absorption, density, porosity, and the compressive strength of the prepared geopolymers have been investigated. The results showed that the compressive strength of geopolymers at 28 days of curing is directly proportional to the ratio of the alkali liquid. Ultimately, the best geopolymer paste mixture (GPD1 and GPD2), was confirmed to contain (15% of CKD + 85% MK and Alumina solution (55 wt%)) and (25% of CKD + 75% MK + Alumina solution (55 wt%)) respectively, with 73% desirability for maximum water absorption (~ 44%) and compressive strength (4.9 MPa). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Developing of green construction and reducing CO2 emissions in the environment is a priority for industry in the coming years. Recycling fly ash in the concrete industry is a well-known way to reduce environmental impact. Aside from this benefit, there are numerous other positive effects of incorporating fly ash into concrete; however, in this research, the objective is to replace cement with a different percentage of non-class fly ash with high CaO, more than 42%. The analyzed variables are non-class fly ash properties, the effect of fly ash presence on the main properties of concrete and examining the optimum of non-class fly ash in ordinary concrete C-25/30 and high-performance concrete C-50/60. All investigations took place in the laboratory by producing 24 different mix designs and more than 1000 specimens to examine: consistency, setting time, shrinkage, and compressive strength in the short and long terms of curing. Recycling industrial waste in new construction, especially fly ash because of its non-uniform properties, still has some obstacles and is not a practical issue, but the future must be environmentally friendly, and this research proves that the objective of producing sustainable ordinary and high-performance concrete was achieved by replacing 40% of cement with non-class high CaO content fly ash. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to improve the high-value utilization of industrial solid waste materials, this study prepared a solid waste-based cementitious material (SWCM) using slag, fly ash, desulfurization gypsum, and gangue. The mechanical strength and hydration process of the SWCM and an ordinary Portland cement (OPC) were studied. The results showed that the compressive strength of the SWCM was lower than that of OPC at 3 d, but the compressive strength exceeded that of OPC after 7 d. The isothermal calorimetry results showed that the induction period of the SWCM was five times that of OPC, and the total 4 d exothermic amount of OPC was 1.7 times that of the SWCM. XRD and SEM showed that the hydration products of the SWCM were mainly ettringite (AFt) and hydrated calcium silicate gel (C-S-H). The unconfined compressive strength and dry shrinkage of stabilized macadam were also studied by using the SWCM to replace OPC. The results indicated that the unconfined compressive strength of the SWCM-stabilized macadam is comparable to that of the OPC-stabilized macadam. The dry shrinkage strain was only 79.7% of the OPC- stabilized macadam. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Briquettes as a product of biomass compaction is considered a renewable product for replacing fossil fuels. Briquettes can be produced from several sources using the development of technology. In this study, the effect of walnut shells as an organic binder on the properties of biofuel briquettes made of industrial and garden wastes was investigated. Cylindrical briquettes from walnut shell flour with weight ratios of 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, and 25% were prepared from industrial sawdust and ground garden residue with a weight ratio of 50/50. Briquettes were compacted under a temperature of 170 °C and pressure of 150 kg/cm2 for 30 s. Results indicated that the chemical analyses of compounds, compaction ratio, and density of the briquettes containing different proportions of walnut shells were not significantly different. The lowest fixed carbon was measured for briquettes containing 5% of walnut shell, and increasing the ratio of walnut shell significantly increased the compressive strength of the resulting briquette. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Alkali-activated slag cementitious material (AASCM) with manufactured sand can effectively utilise industrial waste slag and reduce river sand consumption. Steel fibres can effectively improve the mechanical properties of AASCM. Therefore, in this study, the influence of steel fibres and aggregate type on the compression and bending properties of AASCM after high-temperature treatment was investigated. The results show that the mass loss rate, compressive strength and flexural strength loss rate of AASCM with manufactured sand were higher than those with natural river sand at different temperatures. Steel fibres can increase the mass loss rate of AASCM; however, the influence of the steel fibre content on the mass loss of AASCM was not apparent. When the temperature was lower than 600°C, the compressive and flexural strength of AASCM was effectively increased by steel fibres, while, for temperatures higher than 800°C, the mechanical properties of AASCM did not improve, owing to the oxidation failure of steel fibres. Microstructure analysis showed that the number of microcracks in the AASCM increased, owing to the high silicon content of the manufactured sand, and the bond property between the steel fibres and cementitious materials decreased with an increase in temperature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Iron tailings constitute a significant type of industrial solid waste. The use of iron tailings to wholly or partly substitute natural gravel in a cement-stabilized base is an effective technique for high-quality and large-scale use. This study replaced natural gravel with iron tailings of 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100% to develop a cement-stabilized iron tailing base (IT-CSG). Additionally, the drying shrinkage, temperature shrinkage, fatigue properties, and unconfined compressive strength of IT-CSG were investigated. The results reveal that owing to the large porosity of iron tailings and adsorption of more water, the internal water content of the IT-CSG mixture increases with an increase in iron tailings content. Consequently, the cumulative water loss rate of IT-CSG increases, and the drying shrinkage strain increases. The average temperature shrinkage coefficient of IT-CSG gradually increases as the iron tailing content increases owing to the larger porosity and space for temperature shrinkage deformation in the IT-CSG. Therefore, the fatigue equation of IT-CSG is established, indicating that fatigue life decreases slightly with an increase in iron tailing content. Notably, the fatigue life of IT-CSG positively correlates with cement dosage. Furthermore, the unconfined compressive strength of IT-CSG gradually decreases as the iron tailing content increases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

By obtaining and studying special‐purpose building materials based on the wastes of various industrial fields it has been found that that they exhibit a complex of predefined properties, and are both hydraulic and air binding materials. Physico‐mechanical properties of such materials vary over a wide range: water‐cement ratio – 0.12 – 0.25; initial set – from 50 minutes to 1 hour 50 minutes, final set – from 2 hours 15 minutes to 3 hours 25 minutes; compressive strength after 3 days of setting – 30 – 60 MPa, compressive strength after 28 days of setting – 50 – 85 MPa. In addition, experimental materials exhibit a complex of special properties: computed mass absorption ratio 200 – 280 cm‐1, sulfate resistance ratio after 6 months of setting in aggressive medium – 1.1 – 1.2. It is possible to obtain the following materials from chemical industry wastes: sand lime bricks (silicon‐containing wastes), heavy fillers for special purpose concretes (chromium wastes), various types of ceramics (calcium‐containing wastes), and in particular ferromagnetic ceramics (barium‐containing wastes). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The recycling of waste in civil engineering is important as long as it reduces costs and protects the environment. In several countries of the world, different wastes have been used to replace cement or aggregates, such as mineral admixtures, powders and fibers. The aim of this work is to study the influence of fibers from factories and lathing workshops on concrete slump, compressive strength and 3-point flexural strength. The tests have been carried out on concretes containing different types of fibers: stretched steel fibers, fine steel fibers, looped steel fibers and looped aluminium fibers, in proportions varying from 1% to 3% by weight of aggregate. The results show that the behaviour of the concrete in the fresh and hardened state is different depending on the fiber type and content. Fiber distribution analysis was carried out to support the discussion of the results using Gwyddion software. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Zeolite Socony Mobil-5 (ZSM-5) is a commonly spent catalyst in the petrochemical industry; and phosphogypsum (PG) is a kind of industrial waste produced in the process of phosphoric acid production. The environmental issues caused by these two solid wastes are urgent and thus sustainable methodologies are required to dispose of and reutilize them. In this research, the waste ZSM-5 and waste PG were used to prepare a novel autoclaved aerated concrete. The effects of the different contents of disused ZSM-5 on the microstructures and performance of the PG-based AAC were determined. The results showed that the compressive strength and bulk density of the DZ4 sample were 2.6 MPa and 520 kg/m3, respectively. This study provides a novel and green approach to the reutilization of both waste PG and spent ZSM-5. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Foam concrete is a popular energy-efficient construction material with a fairly wide range of usage in buildings and structures. Increasing ecological efficiency and reducing construction costs by the application of different types of industrial waste in the manufacturing technology of this composite is a promising direction. The main goal of this study is to investigate the possibility of coal dust (CD) waste inclusion in the technology of energy-efficient cellular concrete produced by foam concrete technology. Test samples of foam concrete were made using coal dust by partially replacing cement in the range of 0–10% in increments of 2%. The following primary characteristics of foam concrete were studied: fluidity of mixtures; compressive strength; density; thermal conductivity of foam concrete. An X-ray diffraction analysis of foam concrete composites was performed, which showed changes in their phase composition when using coal dust as a modifier. Coal dust in rational quantities from 2% to 6% improves the physical and mechanical characteristics of foam concrete and increases the structure uniformity. The optimal values of the foam concrete characteristics were recorded at a dosage of coal dust of 6%. At the same time, the density decreased by 2.3%, the compressive strength increased by 15.6%, and the thermal conductivity coefficient decreased by 8.9% compared to the ordinary composition. The use of the resulting foam concrete is advisable in enclosing structures to create high energy efficiency of buildings and structures due to the improved structure and properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Geopolymer is an environment friendly construction material that could be synthesized using either the natural source or the industrial byproducts such as flyash and GGBS. The characteristics of the Geopolymer rely on the proportion of the flyash and GGBS and the concentration of the activator solution used. In this research work, the effect of partial replacement of flyash with GGBS in proportions such as 0, 10, 20, 30 and 40% is investigated. Also Molarity of NaOH are tested from 8 to 14 M and both the parameters are optimized. In this optimized Geopolymer concrete, the utilization of iron slag as a partial substitute for river sand in various proportions such as 10, 15, 20, 25, 30 35, 40 and 45% are investigated. The optimized Geopolymer concrete with iron slag is investigated for its performance as a paver block with incorporation of banana fiber in proportions such as 0, 0.5, 1 and 1.5 and is compared with conventional cement concrete paver block. The results show that there is a significant enhancement in the properties of Geopolymer concrete with the different levels of optimization and the utilization of natural banana fiber. The developed sustainable paver block was found to with stand medium traffic conditions as per IS 15658:2006. Further this study employed random forest (RF) algorithm for the prediction of compressive strength of geopolymer concrete specimens for the variable parameters such as molarity of alkaline solution, Flyash/GGBS ratio and partial replacement of river sand with iron slag. The performance evaluation parameters represented high accuracy of developed RF model. This research work unleashes a heft potential of Geopolymer concrete to develop economical eco-friendly sustainable paver blocks to the society through mitigation of environmental strain on the ecosystem. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To improve the added application value of an industrial waste stone powder (SP), the optimizing mechanism of SP for the structure and composition of hydrothermal synthetic hardened cement stone was investigated in this paper. Cement was partially replaced by SP, silica fume (SF), or ground-granulated blast-furnace slag (GGBS), and then the microstructure with different SP content was tested through X-ray diffraction, thermogravimetric analysis (TG-DTG), mercury intrusion porosimetry (MIP), and scanning electronic microscopy. The findings indicate that the incorporation of SP in autoclaved products significantly enhanced compressive and flexural strengths. As the proportion of SP in cement was increased, a corresponding increase in the content of tobermorite within autoclaved cement mortar was observed. This increase in tobermorite concentration results in an initial rise followed by a subsequent decline in both compressive and flexural strengths. The maximum compressive and flexural strengths were achieved at an SP content of 15%. In addition, the mechanical strength was further improved by adding SP+GGBS or SP+SF. The strengthening mechanism of SP reveals that the change in the ratio of calcium and silicon ions (C/S) caused by SP in the sample was conducive to the formation of tobermorite and strength increase. Meanwhile, an increase in the quantity and a decrease in the crystal size of tobermorite were observed with an increase in the content of stone powder, resulting in a more compact microstructure of the sample. Moreover, the mechanical strength of cement composites doping SP+GGBS or SP+SF was further improved through superposition effects of SP and GGBS or SF with high activity. Currently, it is mainly applied to pipe pile products, and the strengthening effect of SP increases its use value. Meanwhile, the study of SP strengthening mechanism has laid a theoretical foundation for its application in high-strength autoclave and improved the relevant theory. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recently, the handling of waste industrial resources has become an issue, and the importance of sustainable resources has increased. Among these waste industrial materials are glass wool and mineral wool, which are fibrous materials used as insulation materials with characteristics such as sound absorption, insulation, and non-flammability. However, after their service life, glass wool and mineral wool used for insulation are generally buried or incinerated, causing problems such as air and soil contamination. This research was conducted to examine the applicability of waste glass wool and mineral wool obtained from expired insulation as fiber reinforcement in cement concrete. The research aimed to evaluate the fresh concrete properties, strength properties, and durability properties by adding waste glass wool and waste mineral wool up to 0.5–2.0% of the cement weight. Regarding the slump and air content of fresh concrete, the results showed that the addition of waste fibers within this range did not significantly affect the air content. However, the slump decreased as the addition amount increased due to the high absorption, which is a characteristic of the fibers. In addition, the evaluation of strength revealed that the incorporation of fibers decreased the compressive strength compared to the reference concrete. However, the tensile strength increased due to the load-supporting function of the waste fibers. In the evaluation of freezing–thawing resistance and chloride ion penetration resistance, it was confirmed that the freezing–thawing resistance improved in all cases where waste glass wool was added. The chloride ion penetration resistance was found to be similar to that of the reference concrete. However, in the case of waste mineral wool, it was observed that an addition rate of more than 2.0% of fibers was required to ensure freezing–thawing resistance. As the addition rate increased, the total charge passed (permeability) increased significantly, leading to a decrease in chloride ion penetration resistance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The use of waste and industrial steel fibers as part of the materials used in concrete can increase resistance and reduce cost and air pollution. It also saves energy. One of the important measures for technical inspections and assessment of the existing condition of structures, especially bridges, which is the most important communication factor, is to check the compressive strength. Considering that the calculation of compressive strength in the laboratory is done with the intervention of human power and is undoubtedly affected by human error, we decided to use it through. Predicting the mechanical properties of concrete reinforced with steel fibers based on artificial neural network models without the need to conduct any laboratory studies will save money in construction projects. Unlike classical methods in statistical theories, neural networks do not require any specific model or function along with limiting assumptions to linearize problems. For this purpose, this research was done with the aim of compensating this problem and with the aim of building a neural network with high accuracy that can make the desired predictions with the least error. In this research, this modeling was done using artificial neural networks (ANN) and Levenberg algorithm. The data used to train the neural network was collected from 45 different mixing schemes. Then the compressive strength of the sample is determined experimentally. The parameters considered for the ANN inputs are the values of steel fiber, water, water-cement ratio, cement and superlubricant. The objective data of this study included the compressive strength of each of these mixing designs at the ages of 7, 28 and 60 days. Then, to design the neural network, 75% of the data were considered as training data, 15% as target data and 15% as validation data. The compressive strength of concrete samples made from waste steel fibers increases. One of the reasons for this result is the placement and uniform distribution of fibers in the cement matrix, or in other words, the optimal amount of desired fibers in concrete. For experimental information and data, results can be seen with the help of neural network in data analysis. It was observed that the validation is correlated with a correlation coefficient above 99% and the constructed neural network has sufficient accuracy and validity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Industrial waste usage in the technology of construction materials is currently in a relevant and promising direction. Materials made of industrial waste have a lower cost and are highly environmentally friendly. The objective of this study is to develop effective compositions of sulfur concrete based on the maximum possible number of various wastes of the local industry for this and to investigate the characteristics of this composite. Test samples of sulfur concrete were made from sulfur, fly ash, mineral aggregates and bitumen additive. The dosages of fly ash, sand and bitumen varied, while the content of sulfur and crushed stone remained constant. The following main characteristics of sulfur concrete were determined: density; compressive strength; and water absorption. Tests of sulfur concrete were carried out after 1 day and 28 days of hardening. The best values of compressive strength (24.8 MPa) and water absorption (0.9%) were recorded for the composition of sulfur concrete at the age of 28 days with the following content of components: sulfur—25%, modified with 4% bitumen of its mass; fly ash—10%; crushed stone—40%; and sand—25%. The optimal composition of modified sulfur concrete showed compressive strength up to 78% more and water absorption up to 53% less than the control composition. The characteristics of the sulfur concrete samples after 28 days of hardening differ slightly from the values after 1 day of hardening (up to 1.8%). An analysis of the structure confirmed the effectiveness of the developed composition of sulfur concrete in comparison with the control. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study provides a comparative analysis of natural nanosilica (NSn), which is an extract of natural silica sand processed into nanosilica with commercial nanosilica (NSc) derived from semiconductor industrial waste, in 80 MPa high performance concrete (HPC). The percentage of using nanosilica is (3%, 5%, 10%, 15%) by weight of cement used directly and combined with 5% silica fume. Analysis was carried out through compressive strength test, durability through permeability test, rapid chloride penetration test (RCPT), and microstructure test through scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The results of the analysis show that natural nanosilica is equivalent to commercial nanosilica, in applications it is better to use silica fume incorporation. The optimum percentage of using NSn10% and (SF) 5%, while 5% NSc and 5% SF, in these proportions shows the best compressive strength and durability. It's just that the use of natural nanosilika is 5% more than commercial nanosilika. The benefit of this research is that natural materials such as silica sand with high SiO2 content, can be processed into nanosilica as an advanced material, which can be used as an eco-friendly construction material. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Achieving a closed-loop recycling process with low CO 2 emissions remains a challenge for the concrete industry. To improve the recycling of concrete debris, a powder compaction process for concrete waste was designed to obtain recycled compacted concrete (hereinafter referred to as compact) and thermal treatment was proposed to be utilized to improve its strength. However, non-specific investigations of treatment parameters, like-treatment temperature, and duration, do still exist, and the required high production pressure (100 MPa) is impracticable. Therefore, this study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of two novel treatments on compact in improving its strength and reducing its carbon footprint. First, the heat treatment process used in a previous study [1] was expanded by varying immersion durations and treatment temperatures. Second, autoclaving was employed to obtain a stronger compact with different treatment settings. Additionally, in both treatment processes, the efficacy of low production pressure (<100 MPa) was evaluated. For this, eighteen different concrete wastes, having different industrial wastes, like-fly ash, slag, were collected, crushed, and powdered to produce compacts. The treated compacts were characterized based on both compressive strength and carbon footprint to compare the environmental performance of a compact prepared via thermal treatments in the production phase. The test results revealed that increasing water immersion duration (to 48 h) during the heat treatment process improved the compact strength to up to 48 MPa, and autoclaving at higher temperatures (at 220 °C) resulted in a compact strength of up to 98 MPa. Additionally, a strength of 30 MPa was attained even at a low production pressure (10 MPa) after autoclaving. The estimated CO 2 emissions of the compact production process developed in this study were as low as 70.6 kg/m3 of compact. At the present stage of the study, it can be deduced that the compact manufactured possesses potential for implementation in various non-structural applications, including the production of pavement blocks and bricks, with lower CO 2 emissions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Coal gangue is one of the largest industrial solid wastes, and the application of coal gangue to cement-based materials is an effective way of resourcing the use of coal gangue. The optimum activation temperature of coal gangue was determined by X-ray diffraction (XRD), thermogravimetric-differential (TG-DSC) analysis, and cement mortar strength testing, and then the optimal temperature-activated coal gangue powder (CGP) was mixed into coal gangue coarse aggregate concrete (CGC) as an admixture to form the double-admixture CGC. The compressive strength testing of CGC was carried out by selecting different CGP contents and coal gangue aggregate (CGA) replacement rates as variables. On the microscopic scale, the pore structure of the CGC could be analyzed by the physical adsorption analyzer technique and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The results indicate that: 1) the optimal activation temperature of raw coal gangue in the Xuanhua Mine, Zhangjiakou, China, is 500°C; 2) with the increased replacement rate of CGA, the compressive strength of CGC indicates a decreased tendency. With the CGP content rise, the compressive strength of CGC increases first and then declines. In the case of total substitution of CGA, selecting 10% CGP to replace cement makes the compressive strength of CGC reach the maximum value; and 3) the chloride penetration resistance property of CGC could be significantly improved by mixing CGP (within 20%) into CGC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article presents the complex processing of low-grade and substandard chromium ores, as well as sludge tailings, with the production of composite chromium-containing materials and pigments, while improving environmental performance in the Republic of Kazakhstan through the utilization and processing of technogenic raw materials. In this work, to study the physicochemical properties of the starting materials, modern analytical, thermodynamic, chemical, granulometric, as well as computational, mathematical, laboratory, and experimental methods were used. In particular, studies of a method for producing composite pellets for chromite pigments based on industrial technogenic waste of the Republic of Kazakhstan are presented. Based on the results of the experimental studies, composite pellets were obtained, having a compressive strength of 150–220 kg/pellet and containing 49.7% of chromium oxide and 0.5–1.0% of carbon in its composition. The resulting chromite pigment based on the composite pellets is a modification of chromium oxohydroxide with the formula γ-CrOOH. The density of the resulting pigment is 3.4 kg/m3. The chromite pigment based on the composite pellets is recommended for use in various coloring compositions, including using it for printing on cotton and mixed fabrics intended for sewing outerwear. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, nano-sized graphene oxide (GO) has come to the fore as a promising material for enhancing the mechanical and durability performance of cementitious composites. On the other hand, partial substitution of industrial wastes and by-products into cementitious composites attracts the attention of researchers in order to ensure long-term sustainability. In order to combine these two aspects, the main focus of this study is to examine the effect of 0.05% and 0.1% GO-reinforcement on the slump, 7 and 28-day compressive and flexural strength and 28-day rapid chloride permeability test (RCPT) properties of cementitious composites. In this context, mixtures with three different binder combinations, a control, a silica fume (SF) substitution, and a fly ash (FA) substitution, were designed. The results showed that GO-reinforcement reduced the slump values of the mixtures between 5-15 mm, while the 28-day compressive strengths increased in the range of 9.82%-13.61% with 0.05% GO-reinforcement, and in the range of 17.02%-20.68% with 0.1% GO-reinforcement. The 28-day flexural strength of the mixtures increased by about 10% on average as a result of 0.1% GO-reinforcement. According to the RCPT anaylses, it was observed that the chloride permeability of the mixtures decreased up to 18.85% with 0.1% GO-reinforcement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fly ash is a massive industrial waste. Owing to the abundance of oxides, such as SiO2 and Al2O3, fly ash is considered a high value material. In this study, we assessed its application in the industrial deoxidation of nitrogen oxides, a major environmental pollutant, using the selective catalytic reduction technology. Fly ash was used as the main raw material and bentonite was used as an auxiliary material in the catalyst. Silica sol, starch, and glycerol were added to improve the compressive strength and denitrification performance of the catalyst. The use of silica sol as a binder improved the compressive strength of the catalyst due to the production of Si–O–Si. In addition, the availability of acidic functional groups could improve the denitrification performance of the catalyst. The optimal dosages of the additives were as follows: 6% silica sol, 6% starch, and 5% glycerol. Under these conditions, the catalyst formation was the easiest, the cracks were the least, the compressive strength of the catalyst reached 1434 kPa, and the denitrification performance improved. The findings presented here are relevant for the development of an economical and practicable solution for tackling environmental pollution caused by nitrogen oxides. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, the reuse of industrial waste has become increasingly important for sustainable development. Therefore, this study investigated the application of granulated blast furnace slag (GBFS) as a cementitious replacement material in fly-ash-based geopolymer mortar containing silica fume (GMS). The performance changes in the GMS samples manufactured with different GBFS ratios (0–50 wt%) and alkaline activators were evaluated. The results indicated that GBFS replacement from 0 wt% to 50 wt% significantly affects GMS performance, including improving the bulk density from 2235 kg/m3 to 2324 kg/m3, flexural-compressive strength from 5.83 MPa to 7.29 MPa and 63.5 MPa to 80.2 MPa, respectively; a decrease in water absorption and chloride penetration, and an improvement in the corrosion resistance of GMS samples. The GMS mixture containing 50 wt% GBFS demonstrated the best performances with notable results regarding strength and durability. Owing to the increased production of C-S-H gel, the microstructure of the GMS sample containing more GBFS was denser, as obtained via the scanning electron micrograph analysis results. Incorporating the three industrial by-products into geopolymer mortars was verified when all samples were determined to be in accordance with the relevant Vietnamese standards. The results demonstrate a promising method to manufacture geopolymer mortars that aid sustainable development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Industrial waste generated is a major contributor of total waste worldwide. The proper mechanism for management of these waste needs to be established, especially in developing countries. Therefore, this paper attempts to evaluate the influence of compactive effort on the strength characteristics of lime treated laterite soil mixed with untreated textile effluent. The study was carried out on the index properties, unconfined compressive strength (UCS) and California bearing ratio (CBR) in accordance with the procedures specified by BS 1377 (2) 1990, 1924 (2) and Nigeria General Specifications. Three compactive efforts namely; British Standard light (BSL), West African Standard (WAS) and British Standard Heavy (BSH) were used for the strength characteristics. The findings of the study showed that an increase in the values of lime-TE results in general increase in the strength tests. An improvement in the UCS for 7, 14 and 28days curing period was recorded at peak values of 1531.91, 2199.29 and 2560.48kN/m2 for BSL, WAS and BSH at soil-lime-TE of 4% lime/75% TE, 8% lime/75% TE and 8% lime/50% TE respectively. For the CBR (soaked), the peak values were recorded at 49.70, 71.13 and 97.25% for BSL, WAS and BSH at soil-lime-TE of 6% lime/50% TE, 6% lime/50% TE and 8% lime/50% TE respectively. Considering the resistance to loss in strength, the values were also peaked at 71.77, 81.74 and 60.63kN/m2 at mix ratios of 8% lime/100% TE, 6% lime/75% TE and 8% lime/25% TE respectively. On the bases of these test results, it can be concluded that the utilization of untreated Textile Effluent positively increased the strength characteristics of the lime treated soil, reduced environmental pollution and save construction cost. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The recovery of metallurgical waste in the production of building materials is a highvalue axis in the global policy of sustainable development. It protects the environment from the depletion of natural aggregates and removes hazardous industrial waste. This work is an experimental study aimed at evaluating the recycling of scale in concrete development. Scale is metallurgical waste extracted by mechanical descaling hot-rolled steels in wire drawing and reinforcement forming plants. It is a hazardous pollutant, collected by dust collection systems and transferred without treatment to public landfills. By taking into account its iron-rich composition and fine particle size, recycling the scale in the manufacture of concrete is an action of great economic and environmental value. In this experimental investigation, the Scale (SC) will be reused in an industrial formulation of ordinary concrete class S4 at different percentages (10-20-30 and 40%) as a Dune Sand substitute (DS). The physical and mechanical properties of fresh concrete (fineness-maneuverability-density test) and hardened concrete (compressive strength at different ages (3-7-14 and 28 days) are studied. The experimental tests have demonstrated the possibility of producing concrete with very good mechanical and physical characteristics while substituting part of the Sand Dune (DS) with the waste generated by the metallurgy plants (Mill scale). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bayer red mud (RM) is made from aluminum ore using the Bayer process and is considered an industrial waste. The storage of unused RM can cause environmental and geological problems. Although several studies have focused on RM geopolymers, the amount of RM consumed by these synthetic geopolymers is small (usually <50%). Therefore, in this study, a hybrid geopolymer material with more than 90% RM content was developed and made it possible to apply in engineering construction. The consumption of a considerable amount of RM would reduce the massive accumulation of RM and address the shortage of natural construction materials. Experiments were conducted with ground granulated blast-furnace slag (GGBS) as the activator. Two different active GGBSs were selected to stabilize the RM by geopolymerization. The effects of dosage and type of GGBS on the mechanical properties of RM were investigated by conducting unconfined compression tests and disintegration and compression experiments. The experimental results indicated that the type and dosage of GGBS had a significant effect on the mechanical behavior of RM. Based on the unconfined compressive strength (UCS) values and the results of the disintegration and compression experiments, the optimal RM-GGBS mixed geopolymer was determined by orthogonal analysis. Microscopic analysis showed that under optimal conditions, the amorphous phase participated in the geopolymerization process, forming an amorphous geopolymer that improved the mechanical properties of RM. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Converting demolition and industrial waste into secondary raw materials is one of the priorities of the environmental policy and the circular economy strategies to date. Waste marble powder (MP) is one of these industrial wastes, characterized by high pollution and low recycling rate. This study analyzes the effect of partial MP replacement of cement on the physical and mechanical behavior of eco-efficient mortars using the general full factorial design method. Thus, the MP content of the binder and the Blaine fineness (BSS) of MP was chosen as the main variable influencing factors. Compressive strength (CS) and water absorption (WA) were taken as responses. The MP (mass%) replacement levels were set at 5%, 10%, 15%, and 20% by mass, and the BSS were kept at 472.5 m2/kg, 496.5 m2/kg, and 539.0 m2/kg. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was performed on the test results to analyze the significance of the effect factors and their interactions on the selected responses. The results of the study show that the effect variables significantly affect the responses. In addition, good interactions between the effect factors on the responses were observed, more particularly on CS. The results support recycling MP as mineral addition (with a maximum rate of 8 mass% and fineness of 480 m2/kg). It is appropriate to manufacture eco-binder or eco-cement since it significantly reduces the disposal hazards. In addition, the mathematical models developed yielded efficient prediction equations for CS and WA taking into account the MP contents and MP particle size. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An enormous amount of industrial waste is generated annually by India's manufacturing sector, and unless resources are efficiently conserved and managed, this problem will continue to worsen. This waste contains nearly a million tons of ceramic debris. India accounts for over 6% of global manufacturing, and currently ranks third in terms of consumption. Similarly, a significant amount of waste is generated after tile utilization, and its disposal poses a challenge. With extensive construction and infrastructure development, natural sand is rapidly being depleted from water sources. This research proposes a suitable replacement for fine aggregates by effectively utilizing ceramic waste powder in concrete, which can address the issues of fine aggregate replenishment and the disposal of broken ceramic tiles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Phosphogypsum (PG) is an industrial waste residue produced during the production of phosphoric acid through the wet process. With strong acidity and a large amount of toxic impurities, PG is difficult to reuse. In this study, the solidified body (PG-S) was made by mechanical compression of the mixture of PG, copper smelting slag (CSS), CaO, NaOH, and water. Results indicate that the composition of the material phases in the PG-S samples changed with hydrated calcium silicate and amorphous silicate derivatives were formed during the reaction; Fe and Ca in the material were transformed; and the prepared geopolymer material had a dense internal structure with the materials being cemented to each other. The highest compressive strength of PG-S cured for 28 days could reach 21.3 MPa with a fixation efficiency of PO43-and F-reaching 99.81 and 94.10%, respectively. The leaching concentration of heavy metals of the PG-S cured for 28 days met the requirements of the Comprehensive Wastewater Discharge Standard (GB 8978-1996). The simulation results of the geochemical model verified the feasibility of the whole immobilization process from the thermodynamic point of view. This work directly uses copper smelting slag and phosphogypsum for coupled immobilization/stabilization treatment not only to achieve the immobilization of pollutants in both solid wastes but also to obtain colloidal masses with certain compressive strength, which also provides a new option for resource utilization of phosphogypsum and copper smelting slag. This work also shows great potential in turning the actual mine backfill into cementitious material. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The long-term properties of solidified soft soil, including an immersion test, the dry–wet cycle and the freeze–thaw cycle, were systematically studied. Firstly, the immersion stability of solidified soft soil was confirmed. The appearance of soft soil solidified by a solidified agent and raw fine aggregate did not change significantly, and it was still intact without damage when the soaking time increased up to 28 d. Secondly, the mass and compressive strength loss of solidified soft soil were determined. When the number of dry–wet cycles was one, three, five and seven, the accumulated-mass loss rate was 1.4%, 3.0%, 4.5% and 6.0%, respectively, and the compressive-strength loss rate was −10.3%, 13.9%, 41.2% and 53.6%, respectively. Compared with solidified soft soil under standard curing environments, solidified soft soil after seven dry–wet cycles showed small cracks, and the structural compactness began to decline. Finally, the influence of the freeze–thaw cycle on the mass, compressive strength and microstructure of solidified soft soil was confirmed. When the number of freeze–thaw cycles was 5, 10, 15 and 20, the accumulated-mass loss rate was 12.6%, 16.7%, 17.9% and 18.8%, respectively. The microstructure of the solidified soft soil was damaged, and the increase in porosity was the main reason for its strength reduction or even failure. Nevertheless, soft soil with a solidified agent and recycled fine aggregate had no obvious damage to the microstructure, and the freeze–thaw resistance was relatively superior. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The necessity of low-cost building and mortar-free wall construction (dry stack masonry) led to the development of a newly proposed block called a fly ash-lime-slag dry stack block (FaL-S DSB) with ingredients from industrial waste materials (fly ash, lime, and ground-granulated blast-furnace slag). The perforations in the proposed DSB accommodate the connecting element between the courses of masonry and headed to mortar-free construction. The scaled FaL-S DSB was produced with five different mix proportions (L10S20, L15S20, L15S25, L20S20, L20S25) by pressing method. The experimental studies were carried out to examine the physical, mechanical, and durability properties and also analyzed the embodied energy and carbon emissions of FaL-S DSB. The compressive strengths of a prism and wall panel made of FaL-S DSB were also studied. Out of five mixes, L20S25 resulted in higher dry and wet compressive strength values of 11.50 and 7.89 MPa, respectively. The values were compared with commercially available red brick (RB). The FaL-S DSB was also observed for loss in weight and loss in strength by immersing in acid (H2SO4) for 1, 3, 7, 28, 56, and 90 days. The L20S25 mix FaL-S DSB exhibited minimum loss in weight (5.69%) and loss in strength (11.50%) compared to other proportions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]