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This paper explores the influence of spatial mobility on the risk of overeducation of French young workers. Mobilizing a survey following a cohort of young graduates entering the labour market from 2010 until 2013, our results reveal that interregional migration decreases the risk of (statistical and subjective) overeducation. We also evidence that migration to an economic centre (the Paris region) has an even stronger negative effect and that more educated workers benefit more from spatial mobility. These results are robust to controlling for self‐selection and the endogeneity of migration, as well as to various specifications of the model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyzes the influence of transportation infrastructure, and in particular of the Regional Express Rail (RER), on employment and population growth in the Paris metropolitan area between 1968 and 2010. In order to make proper causal inference, we rely on historical instruments and control for all other transportation modes that could be complement or substitute to the RER. Our results show that proximity to an RER station increases employment and population density and, in particular, employment and population growth. The latter effects are higher in municipalities located near RER stations and close to employment (sub)centers. They are also found to be particularly strong for jobs in the service sector, for factory workers, and for highly educated population. We find no impact of the RER expansion on employment growth during the first part of the period, while the effect on population growth appears earlier but declines over time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We investigate here the domestic status of goose remains from archaeological excavations of the Roman urban settlement of Paris Lutecia. Within the diet of the Parisii adult goose competes with chicken in importance, thus offering abundant material for exploring the question of the domesticity of this bird. We first use linear and geometric morphometrics on modern tarsometatarsi of wild and domestic greylag geese to investigate potential morphological differences between the two forms. Afterwards, we apply this model on a Roman sample from Lutecia. The modern domestic breed shows notable differences in length and gracility of the tarsometatarsus compared with the wild specimens. In domestic males, the tarsometatarsi appear significantly longer and more robust compared with females. In wild greylag geese, we do not observe significant differences between males and females. Geometric morphometric analysis shows a modification of the shape in the domestic form, with increased robusticity and a bend of the shaft towards the distal end. Following this analysis, we examine the metrical specificities of the archaeological sample that shows only an increase in robusticity and no modification of length relative to the wild form. Our linear and geometric morphometric models clearly indicate that the majority of the Roman geese are domestic. Nevertheless, a smaller number of wild greylag geese are also present and must be considered as being sourced from hunting activities in the surroundings of Lutecia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In May 2022, several countries reported mpox cases from patients without history of traveling to endemic areas. France was one of the most affected European countries by this outbreak. In this study, the clinical characteristics of mpox cases in France were described, and the genetic diversity of the virus was studied. Patients diagnosed with mpox infection (quantitative polymerase chain reaction ct < 28) between May 21, and July 4, 2022 and between 16th August and 10th September 2022 were included to this study. Twelve amplicons corresponding to the most polymorphic regions of the mpox genome and covering ~30 000 nucleotides were generated and sequenced using the S5 XL Ion Torrent technology to evaluate the genetic diversity of mpox sequences. One hundred and forty‐eight patients were diagnosed with mpox‐infection. 95% were men, 5% transgender (M‐to‐F), 50% were taking human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) pre‐exposure prophylaxis, and 25% were HIV seropositive. One hundred and sixty‐two samples (some patients had two samples) were sequenced and compared to GenBank sequences. Overall, low genetic diversity of mpox sequences was found compared with pre‐epidemic Western‐African sequences, with 32 distinct mutational patterns. This study provides a first glance at the mutational landscape of early mpox 2022 circulating strains in Paris (France). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Understanding the contribution of fish to the human diet is an important debate in past population studies as it implies specific organization (e.g., adapted techniques and gender‐based activities) and relationship with the local or sublocal environments (e.g., mobility and seasonal‐based exploitation). In the Paris Basin, the role of fish has been discussed mainly from rare but obvious archaeological remains such as fish bones or hooks. Previous isotopic data from Neolithic human bone bulk collagen highlighted the potential of freshwater resources in protein diet but were not able to quantify it or even confirm its role. In this study, we conducted, for the first time on early farmers from France, compound‐specific isotope analysis on bone collagen amino acids (CSIA‐AA). Results indicate a particularly high trophic level of some humans with protein intake mainly based on terrestrial animal resources (domestic cattle and pig), whereas others rather have a plant‐based diet. Freshwater resources appeared to be not significant, and several possible food combinations are discussed. Pig particularly appears more herbivorous than previously assumed and has possibly consumed manured cereals from human food waste. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Urban soils are a crucial component of urban ecosystems, especially in public green spaces, because of the ecosystem services they provide (e.g. public recreation, urban cooling or water infiltration). In this study, we describe the chemical, physical and hydrostructural characteristics of 180 forest and lawn surface soil samples, taken along an urban–rural gradient in the Paris region. This was done in order to identify how these soils have been affected by urbanization. Forests and lawns are the main vegetation types found in this region and represent 21% and 22.2% of the territory's surface area, respectively. Many of the properties of urban forest soils differed from those of other sites (e.g. texture, organic carbon content, total nitrogen and carbonate contents), possibly because the urban forests are much older than the lawns and because of the legacy of the historical management of soils in this region (Haussmann period). Urban lawn soils were more compacted than urban forests, probably due to higher foot traffic. The effects of urbanization were, at times, confounded with other factors (e.g. sandier texture of urban forests), which suggests that surface soil characteristics were influenced by past urban planning. Finally, this study constitutes a baseline analysis for the monitoring of soil quality in the region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To identify risk factors for early‐ and late‐onset postpartum depression (PPD) among a wide range of variables, including sociodemographic characteristics, childhood trauma, stressful life events during pregnancy and history of personal and family psychiatric disorders, and to assess the contribution of each risk factor. Design: Nested case–control study in a prospective longitudinal cohort study. Setting: Eight maternity departments in the Paris metropolitan area, France. Sample: A cohort of 3310 women with deliveries between November 2011 and June 2016. Methods: Cases were women with early‐ or late‐onset PPD. Controls were women without depression during pregnancy or the postpartum period. Logistic regression adjusted on sociodemographic variables was performed for each outcome and a multivariable model was proposed based on a stepwise selection procedure. Main outcome measures: Early‐ and late‐onset PPD assessed at 2 months and 1 year postpartum, respectively. Results: Stressful life events during pregnancy have a dose–response relationship with both early‐ and late‐onset PPD. Conclusions: Early‐ and late‐onset PPD presented distinct patterns of determinants. These results have important consequences in terms of prevention and specific care. Early‐ and late‐onset postpartum depression are associated with stressful life events and psychiatric history. Early‐ and late‐onset postpartum depression are associated with stressful life events and psychiatric history. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: This study determined the influence of the COVID-19 pandemic on the occurrence of multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C) and compared the main characteristics of MIS-C and Kawasaki disease (KD).Methods: We included patients aged up to 18 years of age who were diagnosed with MIS-C or KD in a paediatric university hospital in Paris from 1 January 2018 to 15 July 2020. Clinical, laboratory and imaging characteristics were compared, and new French COVID-19 cases were correlated with MIS-C cases in our hospital.Results: There were seven children with MIS-C, from 6 months to 12 years of age, who were all positive for the virus that causes COVID-19, and 40 virus-negative children with KD. Their respective characteristics were as follows: under 5 years of age (14.3% vs. 85.0%), paediatric intensive care unit admission (100% vs. 10.0%), abdominal pain (71.4% vs. 12.5%), myocardial dysfunction (85.7% vs. 5.0%), shock syndrome (85.7% vs. 2.5%) and mean and standard deviation C-reactive protein (339 ± 131 vs. 153 ± 87). There was a strong lagged correlation between the rise and fall in MIS-C patients and COVID-19 cases.Conclusion: The rise and fall of COVID-19 first wave mirrored the MIS-C cases. There were important differences between MIS-C and KD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: The aims of the study are to evaluate the impact of a 4% chlorhexidine (CHG4%) bathing on the occurrence of central-line-associated bloodstream infection (CLABSI) and to identify risk factors (RFs) for CLABSI in our population. This is a retrospective monocentric cohort study in the paediatric surgical intensive care unit at the Necker Enfants Malades Hospital, Paris, France.Methods: All hospitalised patients with central venous catheters (CVCs) in 2015 were included. CHG4% bathing was prescribed in CLABSI high-risk patients, defined by the presence of exposition factors (EFs): constitutive or acquired immunosuppression, presence of an invasive medical device (IMD) and the carriage of Staphylococcus aureus. The overall 2015 CLABSI incidence rate was compared with 2014 CLABSI incidence rate (before CHG4% bathing).Results: In all, 775 patients were analysed. Some 182 had at least one EF, and 49 received CHG4%. The incidence rates of CLABSI in 2014 and 2015 were, respectively, 6.1 and 2.3/1000 days CVC (P < 0.01). The presence of at least one EF was associated with the CLABSI's occurrence: odds ratio = 15.13 (95% confidence interval: 4.26-53.71; P < 0.0001), particularly acquired immunosuppression, IMD and S. aureus colonisation. Other RFs were age <1 year and carrying duration >16 days.Conclusions: This study showed a significant reduction in incidence of CLABSI after introduction of a targeted CHG4% bathing protocol. Presence of IMD, S. aureus colonisation, immunosuppression, age <1 year and carrying duration >16 days were CLABSI RFs. Regarding the literature, the presence of IMD seems to be underestimated in CLABSI prevention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Microtexture describes the type of particles and their arrangement in matrix samples at scanning electron microscopy scale. Although a microtexture classification exists for micritic limestone, it cannot be directly applied to chalk. This study therefore proposes a classification of chalk microtextures and discusses the origin of microtexture variability. Chalk was sampled at thirteen spatio‐temporal locations along the coastline of northern France (Cenomanian–Santonian). Four criteria are defined to describe, characterize and determine chalk matrix microtexture: (i) mineralogical content; (ii) biogenic fraction; (iii) micritic fraction; and (iv) cement fraction. From these criteria, two major groups are defined: Pure Chalk Microtexture Group, with seven classes, and Impure Chalk Microtexture Group, divided into two subgroups: Argillaceous Microtexture with four classes and Siliceous Microtexture with two classes. Microtexture variability is related both to initial sedimentation and to diagenesis. Sedimentological conditions (for example, climate and distance from shore) affect chalk composition (carbonate content and type of insoluble particles), thus influencing microtexture. Changes in Pure Chalk Microtexture are the result of increasing diagenetic intensity. This classification can also be used to characterize the microtexture of subsurface chalk reservoirs. Reservoir quality depends on the petrophysical and mechanical properties of reservoir rocks, which can be better understood by exploring their sedimentary and diagenetic history, revealed by the study of chalk microtexture variability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The conjecture that negative emotions underpin support for far‐right politics is common among pundits and scholars. The conventional account holds that authoritarian populists catalyze public anxiety about the changing social order and/or deteriorating national economic conditions, and this anxiety subsequently drives up support for the far right. We propose that while emotions do indeed play an independent causal role in support for far‐right parties and policies, that support is more likely built upon the public's anger rather than fear. This article explores the relative impact of fear and anger in reaction to the 2015 Paris terror attacks on the propensity to vote for the French far‐right party, the Front National, in the 2015 regional elections. Contrary to conventional wisdom, we find that anger is associated with voting for the Front National, while fear is associated with voting against the Front National. Moreover, anger boosts the Front National vote most powerfully among far‐right and authoritarian voters. On the other hand, fear reduces support for the far right among those same groups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Because of the scarcity of data, there are few quantitative analyses dealing with clandestine markets, despite their prime importance during wartime. This article exploits a unique database of daily prices of gold coins traded in occupied Paris in order to gain insights into the price formation on such a market. First, using data from Switzerland, we show that arbitrage took place, despite the costs and risks involved, and led to a gradual (but incomplete) convergence of gold prices. Furthermore, a study of price seasonality reveals that less strict borders controls during the weekends made the volatility of returns higher at the start of the following week. Second, on the basis of an event study, we provide evidence that laws related to black markets did not have a significant impact on the gold price, except for the most severe law passed on 8 June 1943 which greatly increased the sentences for involvement. Finally, we assess whether the so‐called coin premiums existed on this clandestine market, and show that the large price variations for one gram of fine gold contained in different coins were due to market participants' preferences for specific gold coins. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To examine the relationship between gender and a career in academic medicine. Design: Mixed‐methods study. Setting: Obstetrics–gynaecology postgraduate training programme in Paris, France. Sample: Postgraduate trainees in obstetrics–gynaecology (n = 204). Methods: Statistical analysis of quantitative survey data, thematic analysis of qualitative interview data and integrative analysis. Main outcome measures: Women's aspirations and obstacles related to their decision about a career in academic medicine. Results: A career in academic medicine was envisaged by 13% of the women residents and 27% of the men (P = 0.01). Women reported receiving advice from a mentor less often than men (38.8% versus 52.9%, P = 0.002). Overall, 40.6% of women and 2.9% of men reported experiencing gender discrimination (P < 0.001). In response to the question 'Do you have doubts about your ability to pursue or succeed at an academic career?', 62.4% of the women and only 17.7% of the men answered yes (P < 0.001). The global analysis identified the following obstacles: persistent gender stereotypes that produce everyday sexism, lack of identification with male role models, lack of mentors, perceived discrimination, an ideal of professional excellence that is difficult to attain, constraining professional organisational norms, inequality between men and women in the domestic and family spheres, and finally self‐censorship and important doubts about their ability to combine a demanding career and a fulfilling personal life. Conclusions: Women reported the desire to follow a career in academic medicine half as often as men. Improving the presence and visibility of role models for residents and combating workplace discrimination will address some of the barriers to women choosing a career in academic medicine. Women obstetric trainees in France are only half as likely as men to envisage following an academic path. Women obstetric trainees in France are only half as likely as men to envisage following an academic path. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Homophily-the tendency individuals have to associate with similar-others-is a powerful determinant of social networks. Yet research to date does not allow us to determine which dimension, e.g., ethnic, religious, gender, age, or class similarity, drives association. Tests demonstrating homophily are flawed by restricting the range of dimensions in the choice set. We introduce an experimental game in which we exogenously expose subjects to diverse partners to determine which dimension dominates. We find that in a socio-demographically diverse district of Paris, despite expectations of secularization, religious similarity significantly predicts homophily. Moreover, we provide tentative evidence that religious homophily is taste-based. ( JEL C91, D03, D72, J71, Z12) [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Protestantism was illegal in eighteenth-century France, yet many French Reformed Protestants, better known as Huguenots, managed to maintain their religion and identity until the French Revolution granted religious freedom. Several thousand of them lived in Paris, but remained a tiny minority in a very Catholic city. Given this context, and little access to pastors or collective worship, what kind of Protestantism did they observe? This article suggests that, like other minority groups, their religious practice and thinking were influenced both by the Catholic environment in which they lived and by the culture of the late eighteenth-century city. By 1789 they had moved away from certain Calvinist traditions, and some of them had adopted a surprising ecumenism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Education is one major public service in which quasi-markets and other choice-based mechanisms are now established methods of delivery. The types of school people choose, and the extent to which their choices are realized, have a fundamental impact on the outcomes of any mechanism of school choice. In this article, we provide a comparative analysis of the school choice strategies of middle-class families in London and Paris. We draw on approximately 200 in-depth interviews carried out across the two cities. This enables us to investigate the extent to which middle-class school choice strategies transcend the institutional context provided by both the local (state and private) schools market and national education policy in England and France. We discuss these findings in the context of current school choice policy and consider their implications for future policy design. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on ethnographic research at one of the largest transit hubs in the world- Paris's Gare du Nord railway station-this article examines how the practices of West African migrants transform the French urban environment. I argue that migrants create social ties outside of kin and village networks by rerouting and combining the channels of two types of infrastructures: French transportation systems and West African systems of exchange and obligation. While this infrastructural practice relies on a shared cultural repertoire, it also helps create new channels that circumvent the pathways for social becoming prescribed by either the French state or their home communities. The Gare du Nord as a social environment shapes these practices but is also reshaped by them, a process I illuminate by examining how the station becomes an African hub: not an enclave of ' Little Africa' but rather a node of communication and exchange. This process sheds light on how strategies for creating relations across difference and through infrastructure form transnational communities in urban spaces. [ West Africa, Paris, migration, railway, transnationalism] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]