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Context: Artificial Intelligence (AI) has rapidly developed over the past several decades. Several related AI approaches, such as Machine Learning (ML), have been applied to research on landscape patterns and ecological processes. Objectives: Our goal was to review the methods of AI, particularly ML, used in studies related to landscape ecology and the main topics addressed. We aimed to assess the trend in the number of ML papers and the methods used therein, and provide a synopsis and prospectus of current use and future applications of ML in landscape ecology. Methods: We conducted a systematic literature search and selected 125 papers for review. These were examined and scored according to multiple criteria regarding methods and topic. We applied quantitative statistical methods, including cluster analysis based on titles, abstracts, and keywords and a non-metric multidimensional scaling based on attributes assigned during the review. We used Random Forests machine learning to describe the differences between identified clusters in terms of the topics and methods they included. Results: The most frequent method found was Random Forests, but it is noteworthy to mention the increasing popularity of tools related to Deep Learning. The topics cover both ecologically oriented issues and the landscape-human interface. There has been a rapid increase in ML and AI methods in landscape ecology research, with Deep Learning and complex multi-step pipeline AI methods emerging in the last several years. Conclusions: The rapid increase in the number of ML papers in landscape ecology research, and the range of methods employed in them, suggest explosive growth in application of these methods in landscape ecology. The increase of Deep Learning approaches in the most recent years suggest a major change in analytical paradigms and methodologies that we feel may transform the field and enable analyses of more complex pattern process relationships across vaster data sets than has been possible previously. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The amount of digital data in the universe is growing at an exponential rate with the rapid development of digital information, and this reveals new machine learning methods. Learning algorithms using hyperboxes are a subsection of machine learning methods. Fuzzy min–max neural network (FMNN) are one of the most common and advanced methods using hyperboxes. FMNN is a special type of NeuroFuzzy system that combines the artificial neural network and fuzzy set into a common framework. This paper conducts an extensive bibliometric and network analysis of FMNN literature. Two hundred and sixty-two publications are analysed from the period of 1992–2022. Several analyses are realized in order to identify trends, challenges and key points in a more scientific and objective way that affect the development of knowledge in the FMNN domain. It can be seen from bibliometric analysis that there is rapid development in the last 10 years. Social network analysis results show that Chee Peng Lim is the most active author in the network. Besides, the modifications of FMNN are generally developed for classification. However, there are still potential future research opportunities for clustering. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Extreme learning machine (ELM) is a training algorithm for single hidden layer feedforward neural network (SLFN), which converges much faster than traditional methods and yields promising performance. In this paper, we hope to present a comprehensive review on ELM. Firstly, we will focus on the theoretical analysis including universal approximation theory and generalization. Then, the various improvements are listed, which help ELM works better in terms of stability, efficiency, and accuracy. Because of its outstanding performance, ELM has been successfully applied in many real-time learning tasks for classification, clustering, and regression. Besides, we report the applications of ELM in medical imaging: MRI, CT, and mammogram. The controversies of ELM were also discussed in this paper. We aim to report these advances and find some future perspectives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Notably, real problems are increasingly complex and require sophisticated models and algorithms capable of quickly dealing with large data sets and finding optimal solutions. However, there is no perfect method or algorithm; all of them have some limitations that can be mitigated or eliminated by combining the skills of different methodologies. In this way, it is expected to develop hybrid algorithms that can take advantage of the potential and particularities of each method (optimization and machine learning) to integrate methodologies and make them more efficient. This paper presents an extensive systematic and bibliometric literature review on hybrid methods involving optimization and machine learning techniques for clustering and classification. It aims to identify the potential of methods and algorithms to overcome the difficulties of one or both methodologies when combined. After the description of optimization and machine learning methods, a numerical overview of the works published since 1970 is presented. Moreover, an in-depth state-of-art review over the last three years is presented. Furthermore, a SWOT analysis of the ten most cited algorithms of the collected database is performed, investigating the strengths and weaknesses of the pure algorithms and detaching the opportunities and threats that have been explored with hybrid methods. Thus, with this investigation, it was possible to highlight the most notable works and discoveries involving hybrid methods in terms of clustering and classification and also point out the difficulties of the pure methods and algorithms that can be strengthened through the inspirations of other methodologies; they are hybrid methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Machine Learning (ML) techniques have been used in an extensive range of applications in the field of structural and multidisciplinary optimization over the last few years. This paper presents a survey of this wide but disjointed literature on ML techniques in the structural and multidisciplinary optimization field. First, we discuss the challenges associated with conventional optimization and how Machine learning can address them. Then, we review the literature in the context of how ML can accelerate design synthesis and optimization. Some real-life engineering applications in structural design, material design, fluid mechanics, aerodynamics, heat transfer, and multidisciplinary design are summarized, and a brief list of widely used open-source codes as well as commercial packages are provided. Finally, the survey culminates with some concluding remarks and future research suggestions. For the sake of completeness, categories of ML problems, algorithms, and paradigms are presented in the Appendix. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For scholarly organizations, students' academic performance (AP) computes student achievements in different academic subjects. Therefore, a systematic literature review based on machine learning approaches to improve student performance is proposed. This field creates a way to discover hidden examples from instructive information. Machine learning (ML) techniques are used for performance prediction. It is become a challenge due to its imbalanced dataset. This review aims to identify the best proposals that focus on various ML methods used for the performance analysis of students. This review will become helpful to the teachers in identifying the weak students, and it helps to improve their performance through proper guidance. Thus, it reflects in the student's background and boosts their growth. It also brings benefits to students, teachers, and institutions. This study focused on applying machine learning techniques to predict students' performance in recent times. With a systematic approach, the research identified the existing prediction methods and tools used to predict students' performance and observed the researchers' type of variables in this research area. In this study, almost more than 100 papers were analyzed to reveal various modern techniques that are commonly used to predict student performance and the goals they need to achieve in this field. The results from the various research will help improve students' academics and monitor the student's performance, which would also improve their literacy rate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Machine learning-based predictive modeling is to develop machine learning-based or data-driven models to predict failures before they occur and estimate the remaining useful life or time to failure (TTF) accurately. Accurate TTF estimation plays a vital role in predictive maintenance or PHM (Prognostic and Health Management). Despite the availability of large amounts of data and a variety of powerful data analysis methods, predictive models developed for PHM still fail to provide accurate and precise TTF estimations. This paper addresses this problem by integrating machine learning algorithms such as classification, regression and clustering. A classification system is used to determine the likelihood of component failures such that rough indications of TTF are provided. Clustering and SVM-based local regression are then introduced to refine the time to failure estimations provided by the classification system. The paper illustrates the applicability of the proposed approach through a real world aerospace application with details on data pre-processing requirements. The results demonstrate that the proposed method can reduce uncertainty in estimating time to failure, which in turn helps augment the usefulness of predictive maintenance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While Vehicular Ad-hoc Network (VANET) is developed to enable effective vehicle communication and traffic information exchange, VANET is also vulnerable to different security attacks, such as DOS attacks. The usage of an intrusion detection system (IDS) is one possible solution for preventing attacks in VANET. However, dealing with a large amount of vehicular data that keep growing in the urban environment is still an critical challenge for IDSs. This paper, therefore, proposes a new machine learning model to improve the performance of IDSs by using Random Forest and a posterior detection based on coresets to improve the detection accuracy and increase detection efficiency. The experimental results show that the proposed machine learning model can significantly enhance the detection accuracy compared to classical application of machine learning models. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Speech enhancement has substantial interest in the utilization of speaker identification, video-conference, speech transmission through communication channels, speech-based biometric system, mobile phones, hearing aids, microphones, voice conversion etc. Pattern mining methods have a vital step in the growth of speech enhancement schemes. To design a successful speech enhancement system consideration to the background noise processing is needed. A substantial number of methods from traditional techniques and machine learning have been utilized to process and remove the additive noise from a speech signal. With the advancement of machine learning and deep learning, classification of speech has become more significant. Methods of speech enhancement consist of different stages, such as feature extraction of the input speech signal, feature selection, feature selection followed by classification. Deep learning techniques are also an emerging field in the classification domain, which is discussed in this review. The intention of this paper is to provide a state-of-the-art summary and present approaches for using the widely used machine learning and deep learning methods to detect the challenges along with future research directions of speech enhancement systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Developing effective and efficient data stream classifiers is challenging for the machine learning community because of the dynamic nature of data streams. As a result, many data stream learning algorithms have been proposed during the past decades and achieve great success in various fields. This paper aims to explore a specific type of challenge in learning evolving data streams, called concept evolution (emergence of novel classes). Concept evolution indicates that the underlying patterns evolve over time, and new patterns (classes) may emerge at any time in streaming data. Therefore, data stream classifiers with emerging class detection have received increasing attention in recent years due to the practical values in many real-world applications. In this article, we provide a comprehensive overview of the existing works in this line of research. We discuss and analyze various aspects of the proposed algorithms for data stream classification with concept evolution detection and adaptation. Additionally, we discuss the potential application areas in which these techniques can be used. We also provide a detailed overview of evaluation measures and datasets used in these studies. Finally, we describe the current research challenges and future directions for data stream classification with novel class detection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recognizing malware before its installation plays a crucial role in keeping an android device safe. In this paper we describe a supervised method that is able to analyse multiple information (e.g. permissions, api calls and network addresses) that can be retrieved through a broad static analysis of android applications. In particular, we propose a novel multi-view machine learning approach to malware detection, which couples knowledge extracted via both clustering and classification. In an assessment, we evaluate the effectiveness of the proposed method using benchmark Android applications and established machine learning metrics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Machine Learning is currently an important research field that attracts interest due to its importance for discovering hidden knowledge or patterns from big datasets. In this paper, we propose a heuristic algorithm which can solve problems related to only classification, only clustering, or classification with clustering by creating models with the ability to evolve to another class/cluster configuration without a retraining process for new incoming data. This algorithm combines supervised and unsupervised learning principles for the incremental construction of both classes and clusters, by using the main guidelines from two classical methods of classification based on distance and clustering based on prototypes, such as KNN and K-means. The algorithm is able to deal with labeled and unlabeled samples as inputs in order to create new groups (classes or clusters), merge or reconfigure existing ones. Basically, the creation of new groups follows three sequential steps: (i) locate the provisional group for an input sample using K-means, (ii) using 1NN, locate the nearest sample to the input sample, only considering the samples in the provisional group, and (iii) merge or reconfigure existing groups following specific guidelines. Several benchmarks, related to classification and clustering problems, were evaluated by our proposal; the results were compared with classical algorithms. On the other hand, artificial datasets with labeled and unlabeled samples have been created to show the ability of our algorithm in the hybrid context to solve classification and clustering combined. As a result, the algorithm is able to create clusters and classes, simultaneously, when required. Finally, a real case study of fault diagnosis in rotating machinery is presented for discovering new groups that might represent patterns from unknown data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Twin support vector machine (TWSVM) and twin support vector regression (TSVR) are newly emerging efficient machine learning techniques which offer promising solutions for classification and regression challenges respectively. TWSVM is based upon the idea to identify two nonparallel hyperplanes which classify the data points to their respective classes. It requires to solve two small sized quadratic programming problems (QPPs) in lieu of solving single large size QPP in support vector machine (SVM) while TSVR is formulated on the lines of TWSVM and requires to solve two SVM kind problems. Although there has been good research progress on these techniques; there is limited literature on the comparison of different variants of TSVR. Thus, this review presents a rigorous analysis of recent research in TWSVM and TSVR simultaneously mentioning their limitations and advantages. To begin with, we first introduce the basic theory of support vector machine, TWSVM and then focus on the various improvements and applications of TWSVM, and then we introduce TSVR and its various enhancements. Finally, we suggest future research and development prospects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Machine Learning techniques have been useful in almost every field of concern. Data Mining, a branch of Machine Learning is one of the most extensively used techniques. The ever-increasing demands in the field of medicine are being addressed by computational approaches in which Big Data analysis, image processing and data mining are on top priority. These techniques have been exploited in the domain of ophthalmology for better retinal fundus image analysis. Blood vessels, one of the most significant retinal anatomical structures are analysed for diagnosis of many diseases like retinopathy, occlusion and many other vision threatening diseases. Vessel segmentation can also be a pre-processing step for segmentation of other retinal structures like optic disc, fovea, microneurysms, etc. In this paper, blood vessel segmentation is attempted through image processing and data mining techniques. The retinal blood vessels were segmented through color space conversion and color channel extraction, image pre-processing, Gabor filtering, image postprocessing, feature construction through application of principal component analysis, k-means clustering and first level classification using Naïve-Bayes classification algorithm and second level classification using C4.5 enhanced with bagging techniques. Association of every pixel against the feature vector necessitates Big Data analysis. The proposed methodology was evaluated on a publicly available database, STARE. The results reported 95.05% accuracy on entire dataset; however the accuracy was 95.20% on normal images and 94.89% on pathological images. A comparison of these results with the existing methodologies is also reported. This methodology can help ophthalmologists in better and faster analysis and hence early treatment to the patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent years have seen an increased interest in machine learning-based predictive methods for analyzing quantitative behavioral data in experimental psychology. While these methods can achieve relatively greater sensitivity compared to conventional univariate techniques, they still lack an established and accessible implementation. The aim of current work was to build an open-source R toolbox - “PredPsych” - that could make these methods readily available to all psychologists. PredPsych is a user-friendly, R toolbox based on machine-learning predictive algorithms. In this paper, we present the framework of PredPsych via the analysis of a recently published multiple-subject motion capture dataset. In addition, we discuss examples of possible research questions that can be addressed with the machine-learning algorithms implemented in PredPsych and cannot be easily addressed with univariate statistical analysis. We anticipate that PredPsych will be of use to researchers with limited programming experience not only in the field of psychology, but also in that of clinical neuroscience, enabling computational assessment of putative bio-behavioral markers for both prognosis and diagnosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Data quality issues have attracted widespread attentions due to the negative impacts of dirty data on data mining and machine learning results. The relationship between data quality and the accuracy of results could be applied on the selection of the appropriate model with the consideration of data quality and the determination of the data share to clean. However, rare research has focused on exploring such relationship. Motivated by this, this paper conducts an experimental comparison for the effects of missing, inconsistent, and conflicting data on classification and clustering models. From the experimental results, we observe that dirty-data impacts are related to the error type, the error rate, and the data size. Based on the findings, we suggest users leverage our proposed metrics, sensibility and data quality inflection point, for model selection and data cleaning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: With the rapid accumulation of biological datasets, machine learning methods designed to automate data analysis are urgently needed. In recent years, so-called topic models that originated from the field of natural language processing have been receiving much attention in bioinformatics because of their interpretability. Our aim was to review the application and development of topic models for bioinformatics. Description: This paper starts with the description of a topic model, with a focus on the understanding of topic modeling. A general outline is provided on how to build an application in a topic model and how to develop a topic model. Meanwhile, the literature on application of topic models to biological data was searched and analyzed in depth. According to the types of models and the analogy between the concept of document-topic-word and a biological object (as well as the tasks of a topic model), we categorized the related studies and provided an outlook on the use of topic models for the development of bioinformatics applications. Conclusion: Topic modeling is a useful method (in contrast to the traditional means of data reduction in bioinformatics) and enhances researchers' ability to interpret biological information. Nevertheless, due to the lack of topic models optimized for specific biological data, the studies on topic modeling in biological data still have a long and challenging road ahead. We believe that topic models are a promising method for various applications in bioinformatics research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article is devoted to the history of development and main research areas of the scientific school in the field of pattern recognition, image processing and analysis, and artificial intelligence and machine learning, founded in the early 1990s at the Skobeltsyn Institute of Nuclear Physics, Lomonosov Moscow State University (SINP MSU) by Prof. Igor' Georgievich Persiantsev. For many years Persiantsev was the permanent leader of this scientific school; he laid down the basic principles and approaches to scientific research that still guide his disciples to this day. During this time, more than 30 people became students of Persiantsev's school, who carried out scientific work under his leadership or under the leadership of his disciples, defended their candidate's dissertations or diploma at the Faculty of Physics, Lomonosov Moscow State University. The article provides a brief historical background and an overview of the areas of research and major works published over more than 30 years (from 1992 to 2023) by Persiantsev and his disciples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The data on 178 samples of Italian red wines taken from the public machine learning repository UCI have been studied. Computer analysis of 13 physico-chemical properties of the wine samples on their distribution between three groups has been performed via different data mining methods. Classification models: factor, discriminant, canonical, and neural network (multilayer perceptron MLP, Kohonen's map SOFM) ones, predicting models (support vector machine, Bayesian classifier, and nearest neighbor method), and decision trees have been built. The neural network classifiers SOFM 13-3, MLP 13-5-3, and SOFM 16-3 have been trained. It has been found that predicting power of the models is determined by the following variables: proline, flavonoids, color intensity, proteins, and alcohol. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A huge number of cameras records scenes everywhere, generating enormous bulks of videos. Processing these huge masses of videos and detection of abnormal object activities demands adequate resources like time, manpower, and hardware storage, etc. To cope with the aforementioned challenges, our proposed model for an automatic video summarization of abnormal events plays an important role in providing the well-organized storage, quick browsing, and retrieval of the large collection of video data without losing important aspects due to its lightweight. In this research, abnormal object activity detection and summary generation are performed based on two stages i.e. 1) machine learning technique for key event detection, 2) deep learning algorithm to remove extra frames generating summarized video. Firstly, Silhouette images are formed, and two feature descriptors such as Zernike Moments and R-Transform are used to create a combined feature vector. The combined feature vector provides more informative features from images and makes our model lightweight keeping only relevant features. Furthermore, on the combined feature vector, K Nearest Neighbor (KNN) clustering is applied to extract keyframes sequentially. In the end, to improve the performance, Deep Learning Algorithm i.e. ALexNet is trained over preprocessed frames from the dataset. Moreover, the DL classifier aims to eliminate the non-Key Frames and generate surveillance video summaries demonstrating abnormal object activities. The efficiency of the proposed algorithm is analyzed performing an extensive experimentation attaining 99% accuracy approximately. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent, there has been a huge increase in the number of context-aware and latency-sensitive IoT applications. Executing these applications on traditional cloud servers is infeasible due to strict latency requirements. Emerging edge technologies such as fog/edge computing, cloudlets, edge clouds etc. have been proposed recently to fulfill latency requirements of these applications. In these edge technologies, computing infrastructure is available near to the end-user devices. Scheduling the IoT applications on heterogeneous and distributed fog/edge nodes is an important and complex research problem and has been extensively studied in these domains by applying various traditional approaches. In recent times, there has been tremendous growth in machine learning research and its applications in many domains. This work makes a detailed study of the machine learning techniques and their applicability for the fog/edge computing by reviewing various machine learning applications and opportunities in fog/edge computing. As most of the existing works in machine learning confines to resource allocation, therefore, a fog application classifier and scheduling model is proposed that would help researchers to understand how a resource allocation and scheduling problem can be solved. We present detailed algorithms that schedule the IoT applications on multiple fog layers based on applications' QoS. The performance of the proposed work has been validated through simulation study. Various challenges in the realization of machine learning in fog/edge computing along with the future possibilities are also presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Awareness and attention of drivers while driving show a vital role in decreasing the number of collisions. In the modern decades, in-car entertainment is a major cause of degradation of drivers' performance and losing consciousness. However, there are other factors such as drowsiness and tiredness that have an important part as well. Earlier detection of this degradation in behavior can be used to provide suggestions to the driver while driving. The main motive behind the work is to mitigate the effects of manually labeling the data which costs lot of time and also would result in inaccurate labels. The proposed work has 2 parts: Feature reconstruction and Stacking for classification. The Feature reconstruction phase involves clustering of data from different sensors and labeling the style of driving. Then ensemble-based Stacking classifiers which are optimized with artificial bee colony algorithm is adopted for the driving style classification. The performance analysis is done by applying the stacking classifier to data from OBD. The Stacking classifier is able to achieve an accuracy of above 98% irrespective of the classical learning algorithms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Technology and data analysis have evolved into a resource-rich tool for collecting, researching and comparing student achievement levels in the classroom. There are sufficient resources to discover student success through data analysis by routinely collecting extensive data on student behaviour and curriculum structure. Educational Data Mining (EDM), a method of data analysis in the learning environment, has emerged as an emerging trend in the development of educational data mining and analysis techniques. EDM aids in the comprehension of student behaviour as well as the factors that influence student behaviour and achievement. Student learning patterns, student culture, and instructional skills are all important factors in a successful study of EDM students. This study will look at how technology and data mining are used in the EDM environment and compare the results. We have used previous research to determine which method is best for observing the learning environment and what factors influence student academic performance. Two state-of-the-art models i.e. decision tree (classifier) and DBSCAN (clustering method) are used to predict the performance of an educational institute with higher accuracy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Innovation and adoption of new technologies in health care industries produce vast data every day. The diverse data in health care include clinical data, health history, and genetic data. Also, real-time monitoring in health care generates huge data, and efficiently examining these big data is a challenging task. Analysis of health care data becomes more important so that proper medications can be provided and issues can be reduced by taking proper precautions based on the history. Data analysis becomes efficient because of automation, however, due to data integrity, data diversity, and inconsistency, the performance gets lagged. Various machine learning models are introduced to handle big data management; however, researchers are still working to attain a better model with improved accuracy. So with the objective to attain maximum classification accuracy, fuzzy c means clustering and generative adversarial network are employed in this research work for health care data clustering and classification. Benchmark lung cancer dataset and Arrhythmia dataset are used in the experimentation. The proposed model exhibits the maximum accuracy of 97.8% for dataset 1 and 98.6% for dataset 2 compared to existing techniques like support vector machine, decision tree, and random forest algorithms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Combining the concept of randomization with entropic criteria allows solutions to be obtained in the conditions of maximum uncertainty, which is very effective in machine learning and data processing. The application of this approach in data-based entropy-randomized evaluation of functions, randomized hard and soft machine learning, object clustering, and data matrix dimension reduction is demonstrated. Some applications of classification problems, forecasting the electric load of a power system, and randomized clustering of biological objects are considered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Imbalance in the autonomic nervous system can lead to orthostatic intolerance manifested by dizziness, lightheadedness, and a sudden loss of consciousness (syncope); these are common conditions, but they are challenging to diagnose correctly. Uncertainties about the triggering mechanisms and the underlying pathophysiology have led to variations in their classification. This study uses machine learning to categorize patients with orthostatic intolerance. We use random forest classification trees to identify a small number of markers in blood pressure, and heart rate time-series data measured during head-up tilt to (a) distinguish patients with a single pathology and (b) examine data from patients with a mixed pathophysiology. Next, we use Kmeans to cluster the markers representing the time-series data. We apply the proposed method analyzing clinical data from 186 subjects identified as control or suffering from one of four conditions: postural orthostatic tachycardia (POTS), cardioinhibition, vasodepression, and mixed cardioinhibition and vasodepression. Classification results confirm the use of supervised machine learning. We were able to categorize more than 95% of patients with a single condition and were able to subgroup all patients with mixed cardioinhibitory and vasodepressor syncope. Clustering results confirm the disease groups and identify two distinct subgroups within the control and mixed groups. The proposed study demonstrates how to use machine learning to discover structure in blood pressure and heart rate time-series data. The methodology is used in classification of patients with orthostatic intolerance. Diagnosing orthostatic intolerance is challenging, and full characterization of the pathophysiological mechanisms remains a topic of ongoing research. This study provides a step toward leveraging machine learning to assist clinicians and researchers in addressing these challenges. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this research is to efficiently solve complicated high dimensional optimization problems by using machine learning technologies. Recently, major optimization targets have been changed to more complicated ones such as discontinuous and high dimensional optimization problems. It is necessary to solve the high-dimensional optimization problems to obtain an innovate design from topology design optimizations that have enormous numbers of design variables in order to express various topologies/shapes. In this research, therefore, an efficient global optimization method via clustering/classification methods and exploration strategy (EGOCCS) is developed to efficiently solve the high dimensional optimization problems without using probabilistic values as standard deviation, that are generally given/utilized in Gaussian process, and to reduce the construction cost of response surface models. Two optimization problems are solved to verify the usefulness of the developed method of EGOCCS. First optimization is executed to demonstrate the validity of the EGOCCS in 2, 10, 40, 80 and 160-dimensional analytic function problems that are also solved by the Bayesian optimization for comparison purposes. It is confirmed that the EGOCCS with radial basis function interpolation approach can obtain the best solutions in many analytic function problems with larger numbers of design variables. Second optimization is executed to examine the effect of the EGOCCS in high dimensional aerodynamic shape optimization problems for a two-dimensional biconvex airfoil that are also solved by a genetic algorithm for comparison purposes. It is confirmed that the EGOCCS can be efficiently used in the high dimensional aerodynamic shape optimization problems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Text document classification and clustering is an important learning task which fits to both data mining and machine learning areas. The learning task throws several challenges when it is required to process high dimensional text documents. Word distribution in text documents plays a very key role in learning process. Research related to high dimensional text document classification and clustering is usually limited to application of traditional distance functions and most of the research contributions in the existing literature did not consider the word distribution in documents. In this research, we propose a novel similarity function for feature pattern clustering and high dimensional text classification. The similarity function proposed is used to carry supervised learning based dimensionality reduction. The important feature of this work is that the word distribution before and after dimensionality reduction is the same. Experiment results prove the proposed approach achieves dimensionality reduction, retains the word distribution and obtained better classification accuracies compared to other measures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose Post-injury health service utilization (HSU) contributes to injury outcomes, but limited studies investigated their relationship. This study aims to group injured patients in transport accidents based on minimal historical information of their HSU so that the groups are meaningfully associated with the outcome of interest. Methods The data include 20,692 injured patients who had compensation claims over 3 years. We propose a hybrid approach, combining unsupervised and supervised machine learning methods. Based on the first week post-injury data, we identify a proper clustering of patients best associated with total cost to recovery, as well as the discovery of HSU patterns. This allows developing models to accurately predict the outcome of interest using the discovered patterns. Furthermore, we propose to use decision tree classifiers to accurately classify future patients into the discovered clusters using their first week post-injury information. Results Our hybrid approach has identified eight patient groups. The compactness of the resulted clusters, assessed by Average Silhouette Width metric, is 0.71 indicating well-defined clusters. The resulted patient groups are highly predictive of injury outcomes. They improve the cost predictability more than twice in comparison with predictors such as gender, age and injury type. These groups also have substantial association with patients' recovery. The transparency and interpretability of decision trees allow integrating the resulting classification rules conveniently in operational processes. Conclusions This study provides a framework to discover knowledge and useful insights for health service providers and policy makers to control injury outcomes, and consequently to reduce the severity of transport accidents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The use of distance metrics such as the Euclidean or Manhattan distance for nearest neighbour algorithms allows for interpretation as a geometric model, and it has been widely assumed that the metric axioms are a necessary condition for many data mining tasks. We show that this assumption can in fact be an impediment to producing effective models. We propose to use mass-based dissimilarity, which employs estimates of the probability mass to measure dissimilarity, to replace the distance metric. This substitution effectively converts nearest neighbour (NN) algorithms into lowest probability mass neighbour (LMN) algorithms. Both types of algorithms employ exactly the same algorithmic procedures, except for the substitution of the dissimilarity measure. We show that LMN algorithms overcome key shortcomings of NN algorithms in classification and clustering tasks. Unlike existing generalised data independent metrics (e.g., quasi-metric, meta-metric, semi-metric, peri-metric) and data dependent metrics, the proposed mass-based dissimilarity is unique because its self-dissimilarity is data dependent and non-constant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Smartphones are considered as one of the most essential and highly personal devices of individuals in our current world. Due to the popularity of context-aware technology and recent developments in smartphones, these devices can collect and process raw contextual data about users' surrounding environment and their corresponding behavioral activities with their phones. Thus, smartphone data analytics and building data-driven context-aware systems have gained wide attention from both academia and industry in recent days. In order to build intelligent context-aware applications on smartphones, effectively learning a set of context-aware rules from smartphone data is the key. This requires advanced data analytical techniques with high precision and intelligent decision making strategies based on contexts. In comparison to traditional approaches, machine learning based techniques provide more effective and efficient results for smartphone data analytics and corresponding context-aware rule learning. Thus, this article first makes a survey on previous work in the area of contextual smartphone data analytics and then presents a discussion of challenges and future directions for effectively learning context-aware rules from smartphone data, in order to build rule-based automated and intelligent systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]