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Traditionally, innovation system literature favors studies of well-functioning economies and innovation in high-technology sectors. In emerging economies, such as Latin America, a significant number of gaps is still found, especially in terms of understanding behaviors towards innovation and how these attitudes might impact the innovation outputs. Based on this scenario, the present study aims to measure how entrepreneurial innovation - a multidimensional construct formed by innovativeness, proactiveness and risk taking - impacts on innovation performance. This study adapts the model of Sheppard (2023), originally applied to a Canadian multi-sectoral sample, to an also multi-sector group located in the Caribbean region of Colombia. A translated questionnaire was applied to 154 companies. A total of 123 micro, small and medium-sized enterprises (MSMEs) valid cases was considered for analysis. Results show significant impact of entrepreneurial orientation on innovation performance, confirming initial hypothesis. The impact of environmental dynamism presents diverse data that needs to be further analyzed and 'slack resources' were found as a statistically significant antecedent to innovation performance. The limitation to measure growth due to restrictions in data access is an important future opportunity to expand the analysis, allowing full comparison to the original model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Advances in Information and Communication Technology (ICT) bear the promise of multiple benefits, including individual and entrepreneurial empowerment. The prospect of harnessing ICT as a means of creating growth and development opportunities is particularly appealing in developing countries. Still, several factors, including digital illiteracy and gender inequality, hamper the possibility of effective and universal utilization of these opportunities, in extreme cases leading to digital divide, gender-based exclusion, poverty, and precarity. Using this observation as a springboard, the objective of this paper is to conceptualize and quantify the digital divide-gender-entrepreneurial orientation nexus as it emerges in the perception of Pakistan higher education students. Using a quantitative approach, this study identifies the impact of digital skills (and thus the knowledge inequalities that can determine the potential digital gap) on entrepreneurship-related technology adoption (as measured through Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology, UTAUT), whereby gender is treated as a moderator. The empirical findings, based on Structure Equation Modelling (SEM) and Multiple Group Analysis (MGA), show that digital skills and perceptions of technology capabilities have a substantial impact on the desire to use ICT in entrepreneurial activities. The influence of technology adoption intent on the development of entrepreneurial orientation is also confirmed. This paper adds to the broader debate on gender, digital divide and entrepreneurship. Importantly, by identifying some of the drivers behind students' technology adoption in a developing nation such as Pakistan, filled with technological and economic unbalances, the conclusions of this study will have conceptual, managerial, and policymaking applications, notably in terms of technological access, digital literary, and gender-based exclusion. • This paper examines the digital divide-entrepreneurial orientation-gender nexus among Pakistani higher education students. • Digital skills and perceptions of technology capabilities significatly impact the desire to use ICT for entrepreneurship. • The influence of technology adoption intent on the development of entrepreneurial orientation is also confirmed. • Results have managerial and policymaking applications about technological access, digital literary and gender exclusion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In today's rapidly evolving digital landscape, knowledge digitization, facilitated by advanced tools such as artificial intelligence, big data, blockchain, and cloud computing, has captured significant scholarly attention. To comprehensively explore the implications and outcomes of this knowledge digitization trend, our study delves into its impact on the performance of high-tech firms. Based on the knowledge-based view, we develop a moderated mediation model to examine the mediating role of business model innovation and the moderating effect of entrepreneurial orientation in the relationship between knowledge digitization and firm performance. To test our hypotheses, we employ the PLS-SEM method, analyzing data from a sample of 291 Chinese high-tech firms. Our findings indicate that knowledge digitization has a positive effect on firm performance, and both types of business model innovation—novel and efficient—partially mediate the positive relationship. Additionally, entrepreneurial orientation is found to strengthen the relationship between knowledge digitization and business model innovation. However, it does not significantly moderate the connection between knowledge digitization and firm performance. Our research offers actionable insights for strategic development in the digital era and makes a substantial contribution to the existing body of knowledge in this field. • The effects of knowledge digitization on firm performance. • The mediating role of business model innovation and the moderating role of entrepreneurship orientation. • Data from 291 high-tech firms in China was examined. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Information and communication technologies (ICTs) usage is a key strategy to stimulate innovation and firm performance. There is a gap in the literature in terms of the full understanding of the simultaneous relationship among ICT usage, entrepreneurial orientation and frugal innovation. For this reason, empirical research with quantitative approach and cross-sectional design was applied through Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM), to analyse how ICT usage affect frugal innovation and entrepreneurial orientation of small- and medium-sized firms where mediating effects were assessed. Using a simple random sampling technique and a self-administered questionnaire to gather data from a sample of 200 business owners in the state of Guanajuato, Mexico. The results indicate that ICT usage has a significant influence on both entrepreneurial orientation and frugal innovation. Moreover, entrepreneurial orientation plays a significant partial mediating role in the relationship between ICT usage and frugal innovation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Entrepreneurial orientation, causation, and effectuation are the main strategies that firms use to address businesses under high uncertainty conditions. This study investigates the influence of internal (entrepreneurial orientation) and external contingency factors (the COVID-19 crisis) on both decision-making logics effectuation and causation in response to disruption. The study also investigates how and when the combination of effectual, causal, and entrepreneurial approaches positively affects bank outcomes. Using a qualitative method and data collected from five large French banks, the results revealed that under, high levels of uncertainty (i.e., the COVID-19 crisis), high entrepreneurial-oriented banks benefitted from the combination of effectuation and causation to produce favorable outcomes. In contrast, moderate or weak entrepreneurial-oriented banks, which tended to exploit the logic of effectuation driven by new resources or the resources at hand, showed inferior or even negative financial results compared to those with a strong entrepreneurial orientation. • The degree of uncertainty influences the company's strategic decisions and requires a high degree of flexibility and adaptation to change. • The connection between entrepreneurial orientation, causation and effectuation has a vital significance on firm's survival and prosperity in crisis situation. • During the covid-19 crisis, banks with a high level of entrepreneurial orientation benefited more from the combination and synergies between causality and effectuation than those banks with a low level of entrepreneurial orientation and solely exploiting the logic of effectuation. • The iterative relationship resulting from effectual-causal approach and entrepreneurial orientation combination promotes favorable results through agile methodologies (effectuation) and rigorous methodologies (causation). • Under high-level uncertainty, the combination of causation and effectuation fosters the potential of strong entrepreneurial-oriented firms and positively influences a firm's outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Scholars stressed over the importance of entrepreneurial orientation and knowledge management for promoting innovation in the enterprises. SMEs, especially in the developing countries are afraid of innovating new products. This research focused particularly on SMEs operating in Jordan which is considered as a heaven for SMEs. The data has been collected with the help of an adopted questionnaires through simple random sampling. The framework has been developed using theoretical lenses of resource-based view, knowledge based view, and contingency theory. A structural equation modelling approach has been applied to test direct and indirect effects. The findings supported all the established relationships except the direct relationship between entrepreneurial orientation and product innovation performance. However, indirect effect of entrepreneurial orientation through open innovation is significant. The findings are highly relevant for the practitioners as they guide that product innovation performance is dependent on open innovation, only entrepreneurial orientation is insufficient. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Corporate social responsibility is a developing approach that any organization can implement for sustainability. Higher education institutions (HEIs) are implementing this strategy in the current climate to improve their quality of education and sustainability, which aligns with the UN Sustainable Development Agenda for 2023. The current research examines the critical role of university social responsibility (USR) in sustainable knowledge sharing via the mediation effects of collaborative climate and entrepreneurial orientation. We obtained our dataset from 456 Saudi public and 605 private university students. SmartPLS4 findings showed that USR significantly affects collaborative climate, entrepreneurial orientation, and sustainable knowledge sharing. The multi-group analysis results show that collaborative climate and entrepreneurial orientation partially mediated the USR-knowledge-sharing linkage in favor of private university students. This paper provides useful information for policymakers within HEIs. • Social exchange theory was employed in the proposed model. • Nexus between university social responsibility and knowledge sharing has been investigated. • Collaborative climate and entrepreneurial orientation partially mediated. • Findings provide emerging trends to develop knowledge sharing strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Protein crops are important in enhancing sustainable and self-contained agriculture and food security in Europe. Individual farmers are key players in protein crop production. The aim of this research is to understand how an entrepreneurial identity affects strategic cultivation decisions in the context of protein-rich crop farming. In this study, entrepreneurial identity consists of a farmer's personal and entrepreneurial orientations. Data on 308 Finnish farmers were gathered and statistically tested. Our findings clarify that entrepreneurial identity increases the probability of beginning protein-rich crop cultivation, especially if the farmer in question is innovative, a risk-taker and highly educated. This article contributes to the understanding of agricultural entrepreneurship and strategic cultivation decisions made by different kinds of farmers. We further claim that profitable but risky and demanding crops have tempted farmers with a high entrepreneurial identity for the most part, which would not suffice for protein crops to become mainstream. • Insights into the relationships between the entrepreneurial identity and cultivation decisions. • Entrepreneurial identity increases the probability of protein crop cultivation. • Large farm size and high education strengthen entrepreneurial identity. • Entrepreneurial farmers create new markets and implement competitive strategies. • Institutional support and structures are still needed for boosting protein crop cultivation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tourism firms' financial performance is determined by a complex interplay of factors, both internal and external to the firm. Predominant internal factors are their entrepreneurial behavior and financial resources. External factors refer to the network of actors contributing to the tourism product as well as market and competitive uncertainties. Employing fuzzy-set qualitative comparative analysis (fsQCA) on quantitative data from a survey of 113 owner-managers of small and medium-sized tourism firms from Austria, this study investigates configurations of factors that lead to high firm performance. Results reveal six different configurations, which can be grouped into high or low environmental uncertainty settings and highlight the relevance of multidimensional Entrepreneurial Orientation (EO), financial endowment, and personal and professional networks. Using a sequential mixed-methods approach, 13 qualitative follow-up interviews with owner-managers from the sample help to gain deeper insights into the identified configurations and to formulate successful paths to higher tourism firm performance. • Tourism firm performance is driven by factor configurations, with no one factor being sufficient on its own • Fuzzy-set Qualitative Comparative Analysis enables the derivation of factor configurations leading to high performance • The degree of environmental uncertainty affects the solutions to achieve higher firm performance • Multidimensional entrepreneurial orientation, financial resources and networks promise higher firm performance • Qualitative follow-up interviews help to interpret findings, label configurations and develop implications [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Studies analyzing the entrepreneurial orientation of family businesses compared to their nonfamily counterparts have contributed to spreading the myth that family firms are less entrepreneurially oriented. However, the distinctive aspects characterizing the entrepreneurial orientation of family firms have received less scholarly attention. Aiming to advance this literature stream, this study postulates that family businesses are neither more nor less entrepreneurially oriented than nonfamily firms but express their entrepreneurial orientation differently, even when manifesting a similar level of entrepreneurial orientation. Building on entrepreneurial orientation studies and adopting a family embeddedness perspective, our multi-case study of 10 small artisan family firms with a high entrepreneurial orientation shows that family firms express their entrepreneurial orientation according to a set of interplaying firm- and family-level factors. The relationship among these factors leads to three different entrepreneurial orientation configurations: generational clash, family mirroring, and evolutionary adaptation. Our study of these configurations and the underlying nuances provide novel contributions to the literature and several implications for practice. • Entrepreneurial orientation in small family firms assumes different configurations. • Conflict management, decision-making styles and feelings of psychological ownership are firm-level factors of EO. • Family Embeddedness is a family-level factor of EO. • Family Embeddedness acts as a mirror, as an ambivalent force, and as a means to manage external impression. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Innovation boosts economic growth, and one of the most critical factors when considering innovation-driven growth is the role of disruptive innovation, which is hailed as a lodestar by leaders of both small and large firms. However, little is known about the role of entrepreneurial orientation (EO) and digitalization strategy in enhancing or hindering firms' disruptive innovation. Our study thus addresses the relationships between EO and firms' ability to develop disruptive innovation under consideration of the firm's digital strategy. Our empirical analysis is based on quantitative survey data from a sample of 242 firms across a variety of industries, geographic locations, and sizes. Our results demonstrate that EO has a significant positive effect on disruptive innovation and that deployment of a digitalization strategy is perceived as a metaphorical cage for disruptive innovation among highly entrepreneurially oriented firms. However, a digitalization strategy supports disruptive innovation when firms are less entrepreneurially oriented. The insight of this work is that firms should focus on EO to allow disruptive innovation and increase or decrease digitalization strategy deployment and planning depending on the level of EO. • This study examines the interplay between entrepreneurial orientation, digitalization and disruptive innovation. • An empirical study was conducted with 242 companies from Italy. • Entrepreneurial orientation has a significant impact on disruptive innovation. • When a firm is less entrepreneurially oriented, a digitalization strategy helps to innovate disruptively anyway. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the 21st century, the most important intellectual capital that makes organizations successful is the employee. The critical point for fierce competition and survival of the organizations is the ability of management of employees' attitude and directing their behaviors towards organizational purposes. Organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) could be defined as the performance that supports the social and psychological environment in which task performance takes place. Apart from the roles and responsibilities given, employees who engage in behaviors outside of their tasks and roles and those who serve these behaviors for organizational purposes play a crucial role on the benefits of the organizations. Entrepreneurship is the most important factor that enables organizations to gain competitive advantage in the industry that they operate. Supporting innovative and entrepreneurial behaviors and attitudes is expected to create an advantage in the competitive environment. Entrepreneurial orientation (EO) could be defined as a construct of two dimensions including entrepreneurial behaviors and managerial attitude towards risks. Entrepreneurial behaviors could be defined as innovativeness and proactiveness; whereas managerial attitude towards risk could be defined as an inherent managerial tendency existing at the level of the senior managers tasked with developing and implementing strategies—favoring strategic actions that have uncertain outcomes. The aim of this study is to explore the relationship between organizational citizenship behavior and entrepreneurial orientation by conducting a quantitative research in the hospitality industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Like other developing countries, Pakistan is under severe economic pressure and striving to boost entrepreneurial orientation for achieving growth through minimal depletion of natural resources. In order to facilitate widespread and successful adoption of green entrepreneurial farming, it is crucial to address barriers inhibiting the uptake of green entrepreneurial activities in farming for the sustainability of natural resources as well as food provision. To this end, the present study aimed to investigate barriers in the adoption of green entrepreneurial farming in Pakistan. To fulfill the study objectives, after a comprehensive literature review and field visit, 34 barriers were identified. The results based on ranking analysis identified 20 out of 34 barriers as critical barriers to adoption of green entrepreneurial farming in the country. Furthermore, factor analysis was employed to group underlying 20 critical barriers into six major categories viz. 1) training and development-related barriers, 2) entrepreneurial orientation-related barriers, 3) market orientation-related barriers, 4) customer orientation-related barriers, 5) innovation orientation-related barriers, and 6) green supporting supplies-related barriers. Results showed that most dominant barrier among six groupings was training and development-related barriers and the marginal role of government in the provision of such endeavours. This implies that government needs to play a more active role in the adoption and promotion of green entrepreneurial farming in Punjab, Pakistan. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract This study explores the relationship between the entrepreneurial orientation of university departments and their entrepreneurial performance, in terms of academic entrepreneurship (spin-offs) and knowledge transfer (patents) outcomes. Moreover, we investigate how internal and external contextual variables interact in this relation. Using survey data from 294 heads of university departments in four different European countries (Italy, Spain, UK and Portugal), we found that entrepreneurial orientation is positively related to the number of spin-offs generated and that this relation is positively moderated by the departments' age and size, as well as the country GDP per capita and R&D expenditure. Surprisingly, entrepreneurial orientation is negatively associated with the number of patents. We further explore the moderating role of contextual variables, discussing our results. Highlights • Universities' entrepreneurial behaviour is more related to spin-offs than patents. • Universities' entrepreneurial performance depends on the context characteristics. • It is not possible to generalize the role of context variables. • European universities are not "really" entrepreneurial yet. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Despite evidence pointing to differences between family and nonfamily firms regarding entrepreneurial orientation (EO), market orientation (MO), and learning orientation (LO), little is known of the relationships between these variables in the family business context. Drawing on the resource-based view (RBV) and a sample of 509 Spanish small and medium enterprises (SMEs), our results suggest that the family business context promotes the LO-EO link, which helps explain why some firms are more entrepreneurially oriented than other firms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to the importance of entrepreneurship and innovation in the Pharmaceutical industry, the current study investigates the moderation role of Entrepreneurial Orientation (EO) on the influence of innovation on Pharmaceutical SMEs performance in Jordan. The current research was conducted on Jordanian pharmaceutical SMEs including manufacturers, distributors, and pharmacies with employee numbers of less than 100. The research design was quantitative, descriptive, causal, and cross-sectional held by an online questionnaire tool targeted all employees, managers, and Chief Executive Officers (CEOs) in pharmaceutical SMEs. Using the AMOS software, the Structural Equation Model (SEM) was adopted to analyze a sample of 162 surveys and examine the hypotheses. The outcome of this study indicated that the research model variables can explain 69.4 % of the variance of SMEs' performance. Additionally, it confirmed that innovation has a significant positive impact on pharmaceutical SMEs, and Entrepreneurial Orientation moderates the influence of innovation on pharmaceutical SMEs' Performance. Furthermore, current research findings contribute to extending existing relevant knowledge about the innovation impact and moderating role of Entrepreneurial Orientation on pharmaceutical SMEs' performance in Jordan and understanding the relationship between these variables to be of significant guidance to managing entrepreneurship in emerging economies. Further, the results show SMEs' methods and directions to follow during crises, such as COVID-19, to maintain business performance and sustainability. The current research paper contributes to the present literature since very limited studies investigated the innovation impact on SMEs' performance. Moreover, previous studies did not sufficiently analyze the impact of management, product, and process dimensions of innovation on SMEs' performance with the contribution of EO. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We explore the relationship between strategic orientations (market orientation and entrepreneurial orientation), organizational ambidexterity, and sustained competitive advantage under the mediation of Industry 4.0 readiness. Based on data from a sample of 144 SMEs belonging to different economic sectors, we employed partial least squares–structural equation modeling to test our hypotheses. Empirical research suggests that market orientation and entrepreneurial orientation have a favorable relationship with Industry 4.0 readiness and sustainable competitive advantage. Moreover, our findings reveal that entrepreneurial orientation has a greater effect on SCA than market orientation in emerging markets. Furthermore, Industry 4.0 readiness acts as a full intermediary between strategic orientations and sustainable competitive advantage. This study contributes to the existing literature by exploring the relationship between strategic orientation and sustainable competitive advantage through Industry 4.0 as the mediator. SMEs' managers can use these findings to rethink their technology adoption strategies and exploitative and explorative approaches. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article aims to understand the reasons why hoteliers adopt an eco-label, but also to identify the factors that may call into question this choice in a context where the environmental pressures are multiple and strong. The article analyzes the whole process of adopting an eco-label from the knowledge phase to the confirmation phase a posteriori. By integrating different diffusion, neo-institutional and entrepreneurial approaches, the model makes it possible to identify all the motives, attitudes, norms and mechanisms of adoption and factors that can reverse this choice. Using a non-parametric quantitative methodology on a sample of 182 French hotels, we can explain the probability of adopting an eco-label and reversing its decision. The choice of adoption is explained by attitude towards risk, and ability to enact eco-label, two dimensions of entrepreneurial orientation, but also by mimetic institutional pressure. For institutions that have not yet adopted the certification, the intention to change its choice depends on normative and mimetic pressures, and entrepreneurial characteristics (like risk-taking, fear of bureaucracy). For certificated hotels, the complexity of the certification system is decisive in the choice of abandoning the certification while positive attitude towards environmental logic and pressures of the reference group help maintain the previous adoption. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Enterprises from different economic sectors play a fundamental role in furthering a sustainable development in the region where it is inserted. However, it is the environmental practices of these organizations which determine the prompt impacts on environmental sustainability. In this sense, Cleaner Production is responsible for the decrease in natural and material resources’ consumption and energy, as well as for the systematic decrease in waste and pollutants emission. Thus, it is important to identify the strategical guides which came before Cleaner Production and, consequently, lead the enterprises to achieve a Sustainable Competitive Advantage before their competitors. In this context, this research aims at analysing the influence of strategic drivers (Entrepreneurial Orientation, Market Orientation and Knowledge Management Orientation) on Cleaner Production and the Sustainable Competitive Advantage. This research was about a survey applied to 1774 small and medium enterprises in Southern Brazil, in the sectors of transformation industry, commerce and services, and it was analysed by the Structural Equation Modelling, typifying it as a quantitative and descriptive research. The results show there is an intense previous influence of strategic drivers over Cleaner Production, pointing out that the correlations among the three antecedents have a high intensity, showing that the enterprises researched use the strategic drivers separately, and that, when they are combined, there is a higher chance of Cleaner Production success, with a significant increase in Sustainable Competitive Advantage for the small and medium enterprises. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A growing number of recent studies highlight an avenue of entrepreneurship in family business. Previous studies have examined the relationship between entrepreneurial orientation (EO) and firm performance, and generate inconsistent results probably due to the omission of the moderating role of family governance. To explicitly address this gap, this study investigates how entrepreneurial orientation (EO) influences firm performance in the contingencies of family and nonfamily firms by considering the influence of family governance. Built on agency theory and stewardship theory, the empirical findings of this study show that EO is positively associated with the concurrent and sustaining performance of firms, and such positive relationships are particularly strong when family ownership is combined with active family management and control; while in passive family governance, the EO-performance relationship becomes insignificant. These findings suggest that the potential advantages of EO can be better realized in family firms because active family governance alleviates agency problems and facilitates stewardship within firms when family CEOs, family top management, family chairpersons, and family directors are in presence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While considerable scholarly attention has been paid to firm performance and prosperity, the performance implications of network and entrepreneurial orientations of startups in emerging economies are admittedly under-explained. Based on the resource-based view (RBV) and strategic fit theory, this study develops a research model to examine the impact of network orientation and entrepreneurial orientation on startup performance in emerging economies. The model also examines how this relationship is mediated through exploratory and exploitative innovation and moderated by strategic flexibility. Using data from a survey of 273 startups, the findings suggest that, at the initial and growth stages, entrepreneurial orientation has a greater impact on startup performance than network orientation. Exploratory innovation has a mediating effect on network orientation and startup performance. Exploitative innovation has a mediating effect on entrepreneurial orientation, network orientation, and startup performance. In the initial stage, exploitative innovation has a greater impact on startup performance, while in the growth stage, exploratory innovation has a greater impact on startup performance. Strategic flexibility plays a positive moderating role in the relationship between entrepreneurial orientation, exploratory innovation, exploitative innovation, and startup performance. These findings provide significant contributions to understanding the growth and performance of startups in emerging economies from a strategic and innovation-oriented perspective. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Deep time horizon is relevant to family firms managers/owners in developing an adequate understanding of wild cards. • Generational involvement helps managers/owners to develop a socially constructed understanding of wild cards. • Entrepreneurial Orientation impacts response preferences when facing wild cards. • Binding social ties and Emotional attachment of family members impact response preferences when facing wild cards. • Family firms managers/owners accurately identify a variety of wild cards. The purpose of this study is to explore how family firms respond to wild cards. We aim to capture the understanding of family firm owners/managers of what wild cards are in terms of frequency, kind, and impact. We also examine how familiness and entrepreneurial orientation form the resilience and survival of family firms when facing wild cards. The scope of our attention is limited to extreme events so far overlooked in the family firm resilience literature, and the empirical context of our study involves the COVID-19 pandemic. Our findings show that the response to wild cards depends on the understanding of those extreme situations that family firms managers/owners develop. Deep time horizon is relevant in developing a useful understanding of wild cards, and generational involvement helps to socially construct it. After developing an understanding, family firm managers/owners use decision making preferences in selecting their response to wild cards. Our study offers a behavioral take on family firms resilience, and provides a fine grained view incorporating behavioral constructs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is well established in the foresight literature that strategy tools, such as scenario planning, have multiple reported outcomes. Much of the existing research focuses on direct outcomes, such as identifying uncertainties and developing strategies. While indirect outcomes, such as improving organisational learning and culture, are acknowledged, the existing literature provides limited empirical evidence. This paper focuses on an indirect outcome of scenario planning that has largely been ignored: entrepreneurial orientation. This research investigates whether the use of scenario planning affects key dimensions of entrepreneurial orientation among organisations that engage with it. Our model is tested through a series of hypotheses, taking advantage of a unique dataset of 133 companies from the health sector in France. This study uses a partial least squares (PLS) analysis; the findings show that scenario planning promotes risk-taking and proactive behaviour, but does not affect the innovativeness of organisations that use it. Based on these findings, we theorise about the impact of scenario planning on the entrepreneurial behaviour of organisations and discuss the practical implications of this research. • Scenario Planning and Entrepreneurial Orientation • Scenario Planning affects Preparadness and Risk Taking behaviour • Survey of scenario planning in French Health Sector [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In family firms, organizational culture evolves through an ongoing dynamic process of intergenerational interaction. Previous research has examined the nexus between family organizational culture and entrepreneurial orientation (EO), but has ignored the moderating role that generational involvement could play on this relationship. To address this limitation in the literature and explore the existence of its potential role, this study draws from the Competing Values Framework to examine the extent to which generational involvement shapes the effects of clan culture and hierarchical culture on EO. From a quantitative study of 106 family SMEs, the results show that there is no single cultural path for developing and maintaining long-term family firm’s entrepreneurial orientation. While clan culture fosters higher levels of EO when only one generation is involved, it is hierarchical culture that fosters higher levels of EO when multiple generations are simultaneously involved. This research pinpoints the importance for family firms that wish to ensure long-term entrepreneurial orientation to introduce changes in their cultural patterns when multiple generations are involved. It also reinforces the notions of formalization and control system in family firms, and their importance for long-term EO. This study calls for further empirical research on the potential role of hierarchical culture in setting up professionalization and family governance mechanisms, and to explore how they affect sustainable entrepreneurial family firm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Opportunity recognition is one of the most important aspects of entrepreneurship. It is particularly crucial for new enterprises, as the identification of opportunities is an indispensable initial step for entrepreneurial activities. This study investigates the internal mechanism through which network reliance affects opportunity recognition. To reveal this internal mechanism, we propose a moderated mediation model of knowledge acquisition and entrepreneurial orientation. Using survey data from 278 startup managers in South Korea, hierarchical regression analysis and bootstrapping analysis are used to investigate mediation and moderation effects. The results show that knowledge acquisition positively mediates the relationship between network reliance and opportunity recognition. Moreover, entrepreneurial orientation negatively moderates not only the relationship between knowledge acquisition and opportunity recognition, but also the overall mediation model. This demonstrates that low entrepreneurial orientation individuals recognize opportunities better when they have accumulated enough business knowledge. Based on these findings, we conclude that opportunity recognition may be achieved more effectively through the complex process of networking, knowledge acquisition, and entrepreneurial orientation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The question of how to improve green management (GM) is very important for the sustainable development of the world. While this topic has been extensively investigated at the single firm level in the developed countries, it was insufficiently examined in the context of interfirm alliances, especially in developing countries like China. The current study examines how different sources of resources (internal resource accumulation and external resource acquisition) affect the level of alliance green management (AGM). In addition, entrepreneurial orientation (EO) that represents the willingness of firms to adopt new practices has moderating effects on the above relationships. Moreover, the effect of AGM on alliance performance is also examined. We collected multisource data from 164 alliance firms in Chinese manufacturing industry. The results generally support the proposed hypotheses. This study contributes to both GM and alliance research by identifying the internal and external resource factors that influence firms from emerging economies to practice GM in their alliance operations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This empirical research investigates the mediating role of entrepreneurial orientation in the relationships between organizational ambidexterity and sustainable development engagement and firm performance. The data were collected from 339 small and medium enterprises using a time-lagged approach and further analyzed using structural equation modeling. The results confirm the mediation of entrepreneurial orientation in the relationships between organizational ambidexterity and firm performance and sustainable development engagement. Institutional support also strengthens the entrepreneurial orientation relationship with firm performance and sustainable development practices. This study provides detailed theoretical and managerial implications by effectively using institutional support to increase firm performance and sustainable development engagement. • The study explored the mediating role of EO in the relationships of OA with SDE and firm performance. • We also examined the moderation of institution support in EO linked with SDE and firm performance. • The time-lagged primary data was collected from the SME sector of the emerging economy of Pakistan. • Institutional support is crucial for the relationship between EO with firm performance and SDE. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Prior research on factors influencing the financial performance of tourism and hospitality family firms concentrated mainly on family-level traits, thus limiting our comprehension of the organizational culture mechanism by which family-level values are transformed into firm-level business processes. We bridge this void in prior literature by presenting a multi-layer organizational culture framework comprised of the organizational values and organizational climate layers. Data stemmed from eight in-depth interviews, followed by a survey with 187 tourism and hospitality family firms reveal that stewardship climate inside the firms mediates the relationship between long-term-oriented values and financial performance. Moreover, our findings show that entrepreneurial orientation moderates the organizational culture mechanism that enhance the financial performance of tourism and hospitality family firms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recently, commercialization of university research products sre getting attention from various sectors mostly from the Malaysian government to be as one of the key aspects that contribute to the economic growth. It is proven by developed countries that commercialization of university research products can generated income for the particular nation through the sale of R&D and innovations products. Therefore, this study attempts to investigate on the importance of entrepreneurial orientation (EO) towards the commercialization of university research products. It is believe that EO may help to improve the rate of commercialization of university research products in Malaysia. Comprehensive literature review discussed to argue the importance of EO towards the dependent variable. A questionnaire survey was conducted for this study and the questionnaire was distributed to the 30 respondents from five Research University in Malaysia. An early result shows that all constructs have good internal consistency reliability ready to be test in the next stage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study identifies the different classification of Malay owner managers based on the psychological and behavioral factors. The survey comprised sample of 162 small scale SMEs’ owners in manufacturing industry, in Malaysia. Rasch Measurement Model was employed for that purpose. The findings indicated that psychological (personal values and self efficacy motivation) and behavioral (entrepreneurial orientations) factors were able to differentiate owner managers into five classification; Exemplar, Competence, Mediocre, Survivor and Poor. The interesting findings serve as a reminder to the Malaysian government to focus on both the psychological and behavioral aspects of owner managers in an effort to improve Malay SMEs businesses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

New tourism trend and products are fast emerging within travel industry. Nevertheless, small and medium travel agencies are unable to exploit these new business opportunities and venture into new travel product. The purpose of this conceptual paper is to propose a study that brings out an exploratory research which intends to evaluate and assess the entrepreneurs’ new product development capabilities as well as market responsiveness, paying attention on through the implementation of cooperation. The establishment of different intangible resources gained through cooperation could boost entrepreneurial capabilities (new product development and market responsiveness) that will lead to the provision of competitiveness and growth in performance. This information is regarded as valuable resource that could be used by travel agency entrepreneurs as well as related agencies to understand the enhanced resources and capabilities needed to direct them towards business growth and positive development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a comparative study of Emotional Intelligence (EI) and Entrepreneurial Orientation (EO) between students of two universities from Malaysia and Indonesia. The study investigates the extent to which EI and EO test scores vary among the students. EI showed different scores between students of the two universities. The importance of EI also differs between two universities. EI and EO collectively have an impact on Entrepreneurial Inclination of Indonesian students, but only EO was significant for Malaysian students. Recommendation is provided for future research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Our knowledge of determinants of effectiveness and efficiency of firms continues to expand. However, this knowledge remains quite fragmented and non-cumulative in the service industry. Herein, this study explores the effect of entrepreneurial and financial orientations as two key contributors to performance in the service industry. Data for this study were collected from 182 hotels in Switzerland to examine the effect of a financial strategic orientation and an entrepreneurial strategic orientation on two widely-used standards of business performance—effectiveness and efficiency. We hypothesized that these effects would be more pronounced under certain dynamic environment conditions. Findings provide new insights about the merits of building bridges between the entrepreneurial orientation and financial orientation. Within the context of existing research on strategic management, we discuss the implications of our findings for hotel managers and address the study's limitations and future research directions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this paper is to present evidence that there are different types of supportive faculty members. We conducted a case study on a sample of Croatian and Spanish universities by using an already tested ENTRE-U scale for measuring the faculty members' attitudes. These two scenarios are quite different in terms of their innovation systems, economic context and university system. We tested and found no evidence of any statistically significant difference due to the country. These two facts suggest the possible existence of an isomorphic trajectory when implementing entrepreneurial universities regardless the context. University managers should be aware of the existence of three different types of supportive individuals. Each of these groups requires a certain program of human resource development. This shifts the debate to how entrepreneurial universities should manage the tensions arising from the need of some degree of specialization in any of the three roles of the faculty members, namely teaching, researching and transfer of the knowledge stemming from research results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Small businesses are more susceptible to cash flow problems created by the COVID-19 pandemic putting them in jeopardy of survival. This research utilized a case study methodology that focused on small businesses in the trucking industry to assess the impact of this pandemic on the supply chain. Power imbalances can occur in the supply chain when certain parties act opportunistically. These imbalances are analyzed through theories of Resource Dependence, Resource Orchestration, and Entrepreneurial Orientation and embellished through the business failure and crisis management literature. Using actual data, the study shows the power shifts in the supply chain. Using qualitative data, the responses taken by these small businesses to survive the crisis were reviewed. The sales data of these small businesses were then compared to a national transportation index. The results of the comparison show more volatility among these businesses than the index. Both small businesses utilized their entrepreneurial orientation (EO) by taking forward-looking actions to reduce their risk exposure and avoid failure. They also utilized resource orchestration theory by restructuring their resource portfolio to lower their cost structures via selected layoffs. Finally, they took advantage of market opportunities by obtaining PPP loans and pursuing new customer opportunities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on a sample of 300 small and medium enterprises (SMEs) located in the Province of Udine (north East of Italy) and the Kärtner Region (South of Austria) we perform an analysis of the impact of Entrepreneurial Orientation (EO) on SMEs’ subjective performances. We develop a model in which EO dimensions are moderated by the role of financial leverage The present work is part of a research project on an interregional co-operation programme Italy-Austria (INTERREG IV) financed by the European Regional Development Fund whose program areas include the Province of Udine and the Kärtner Region. Subjective performances has been widely investigated in academic literature where various streams of research have been developed. A prominent field of research focuses on the constructs of EO orientation and their ability to prompt performances through innovative attitude, risk taking behaviour, aggressiveness, autonomy and competitive energy. Another established field of research focuses on the impact of financial structure (i.e. leverage) on performances, although with ambiguous results.. We find support to the hypothesis that competitive energy might have a significant and positive impact in driving performance, which has obvious implications for managers and theoreticians. We also find that leverage might have a significant moderating role through interactions with EO dimensions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Management scholars and tourism practitioners emphasize the importance of knowledge management to and social capital of medium and small vendors’ entrepreneurial orientation. Constraints on medium and small vendors’ time and energy suggest that accumulating social capital is helpful to enhance knowledge management. Furthermore, how and why medium and small networks contribute to entrepreneurial orientation deserves further investigation. In this study, we offer hypotheses to shed insight on the interrelationships among critical attributes of social capital and further test the mediation role of knowledge management that may contribute to entrepreneurial orientation between medium and small vendors. We tested our hypotheses using data collected from 286 medium and small vendors in night markets located in different regions of Taiwan. Study findings identified different relationships among social capital, confirming our hypothesis that social capital affects knowledge management and its application. We further demonstrate that social capital and entrepreneurial orientation are fully mediated by knowledge management. Implications for future research on tourism industry management and medium and small firms’ managers are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Agroindustry is one of the sectors which provides a big support to national economy. However, the added value given by this sector is still low, particularly for processed products, most of the products exported by this sector are raw materials. Agroindustry sector in Indonesia is generally dominated by Small Medium Industries (SMIs) that still have to face various limitations in order to give value added of the product both of manufacturing side and management aspect. Tendency of market globalization and trade liberalization has opened the business opportunities for entrepreneurs in agro industry sector to do many international activities, among others is through exports. Demand of the global era requires entrepreneurs who are willing to face risks, innovative, proactive and compete aggressively to be able to seek new opportunities and increase competition advantages. Innovation is needed to provide value added to agroindustry products through value creation, so that raw material exports could be reduced. Entrepreneurs can utilize open source that involves external parties by utilizing network resources. The paper proposes conceptual model which can be used to conduct empirical study in the development of agro industry sector. The modelling is developed on the basis of empirical study and concepts related to entrepreneurial orientation, network resource and open innovation/co-innovation that can be used to increase the performance of SMIs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We investigate two strategic postures, entrepreneurial orientation (EO) and small business orientation (SBO), and their relationships with firm performance, revealing significant differences between family and nonfamily firms. We examine EO and SBO in 377 small businesses, finding that EO has a greater impact on the performance of nonfamily firms, whereas SBO drives the performance of family firms. Contrary to research suggesting that family firms should behave more entrepreneurially, our results indicate that this behaviour has no significant effect on family firm performance. Rather, increased performance is found in family firms that adopt a small business strategic orientation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An innovation management investigative framework (IMIF) is built, establishing links between the drivers of technological change, which include [A] effectuation, [B] entrepreneurial orientation, [C] strategy and leadership, and [D] firm performance. These drivers are considered means of overcoming barriers to technological change and as a result, improvements in a firm's competitive position and performance are realized. This study contributes to the debate on linking internal factors (effectuation and strategy and leadership) to entrepreneurial orientation and firm performance. Structural equation modelling was used to test the IMIF. Six hypotheses were tested and all six were supported. A total of 216 firms participated in this research. Limitations of the model are indicated, and further research opportunities are proposed. • Exposing the barriers to technological changes. • Empirical proof effectuation and entrepreneurial orientation are different. • Significant differences in strategy between management and non-management roles. • Significant differences in strategy between national and multinational firms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Digitalization alone does not improve incumbents' performance. • The interaction between digitalization and entrepreneurial orientation contributes to incumbents' performance. • Digitalization does not enhance incumbents' performance when incumbents have high firm assets or strong organizational legitimacy. The performance implications of digitalization among incumbents in the financial services industry are largely under investigated. To fill this gap, this study adopts the perspective of inertia and explores how the interaction of digitalization with entrepreneurial orientation, firm assets, and organizational legitimacy influences the performance of incumbents in the financial services industry. Using panel data covering listed banks in China during 2007–2019, we find that while digitalization alone does not improve incumbents' performance, the interaction between digitalization and entrepreneurial orientation can contribute to performance as entrepreneurial orientation strengthens. When firm assets are large, digitalization does not contribute to performance, but it does contribute when firm assets are relatively small. The interaction between digitalization and organizational legitimacy undermines incumbents' performance as organizational legitimacy increases. By bridging the entrepreneurship and legitimacy literature using the perspective of inertia, this study identifies the contingency factors affecting the performance implications of the digitalization of financial services industry incumbents, suggesting that they can achieve benefits from digitalization through reductions in inertia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Drawing on network theory, this study examines how the entrepreneurship orientation (EO)-performance nexus is intermediated by networks firms establish with government agencies, suppliers, and resource acquisition. Structural equation modelling is used to test the model on a sample of 556 women tourism entrepreneurs in Ghana and Nigeria. Findings indicate that EO positively influences firms' social ties, resource acquisition, and performance. The results also indicate that establishing strong ties with government agencies leads to more resource acquisition among women owned tourism businesses than strong business ties with suppliers. Furthermore, business ties are more beneficial when they mediate the effect of EO on performance and become weak and negative when the effect is sequentially mediated by business ties and network resource acquisition. Political ties negatively influenced performance. This study provides novel insights into the EO, networks and performance nexus in resource-scarce contexts. The managerial implications for supporting women entrepreneurs are critically examined. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

By combining major tenets developed in the entrepreneurial orientation literature and institutional theory, we investigate the relationship between entrepreneurial orientation and green management in the context of emerging markets and the moderating effects of social legitimacy and ownership type. Using survey data from 239 firms in China, we find that entrepreneurial orientation is positively associated with emerging market firms' green management. This positive relationship is strengthened by social legitimacy and is stronger for state-owned enterprises than for non-state-owned enterprises. Furthermore, our empirical results partly support the idea that the configuration of high entrepreneurial orientation, high social legitimacy and state ownership is more effective in facilitating emerging market firms' green management than other configurations. This study explores a new perspective (i.e., the integration of an entrepreneurial approach and institutional theory) to explain why firms make differentiated green decisions in emerging markets. Additionally, the three-way configuration effects provide a more complete picture and thereby facilitate a deeper understanding of emerging market firms' entrepreneurial spirit with regard to environmental issues. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Entrepreneurial orientation (EO) represents a powerful predictor of firm performance, and the cooperation-competition mechanism is gaining importance in entrepreneurial development. In this study, we propose three research paths: (1) exploring how knowledge sharing influences EO; (2) exploring how knowledge sharing correlates with EO as a mediator of motivation, creativity, and human capital; and (3) exploring how cooperation, climate and competitive intensity as critical moderators affect motivation and creativity. We tested our hypotheses using data collected from 505 airline employees from airline organizations. The following findings were identified: (1) knowledge sharing is positively and directly correlated with EO; (2) knowledge sharing affects EO through motivation, creativity, and human capital but creativity does not indicate mediation effects between motivation and human capital; (3) both cooperative climate and competition intensity are positively affected by motivation and creativity; and (4) competition intensity positively affects knowledge sharing and motivation. To address the theoretical and managerial contribution of this study, a robustness examination was conducted to generalize the findings. Furthermore, this study further enriches the creativity and EO theory of uniqueness and identification. More importantly, this study provides effective and appropriate methods for airline organization management by guiding their employees to conduct entrepreneurial orientation in a cooperative circumstance successfully, and it especially emphasizes the role of knowledge sharing in facilitating motivation, creativity and human capital. Lastly, limitations and suggestions for future research are also discussed. • This study attempts to exploring how knowledge sharing influences EO. • This study employing 505 airline employees from airline organizations. • This study has discovered mediator of motivation, creativity, and human capital. • Knowledge sharing affects EO through motivation, creativity, and human capital. • Competition intensity positively affects knowledge sharing and motivation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study straddles the entrepreneurship and sustainability literatures by analysing the existence of a U-shaped curvilinear relationship between a company's entrepreneurial orientation (EO) and sustainability orientation (SO) and the effect of cognitive proximity (CP) on this relationship in cultural tourist destinations (CTDs). The empirical analysis was carried out on a sample of 238 companies belonging to World Heritage Cities in Peru. The results show a U-shaped curvilinear relationship between EO and SO. Thus, only when companies in CTDs have consolidated their strategic commitment to economic interests do they tend to enhance their strategic commitment to social and environmental matters. Additionally, the curvilinear shape of the relationship is attenuated, approaching a linear relationship for elevated levels of CP. This is because CP can make it easier for tourism companies to detect and take advantage of entrepreneurial opportunities to configure superior service experiences linked to sustainability. Companies located in CTDs in developing countries should strengthen their proactivity, innovativeness and risk-taking so as to bolster their SO. These companies should also develop networks with agents that share their values, goals and language to boost the connection between their strategic commitments to entrepreneurship and sustainability. • Entrepreneurial orientation (EO) has a curvilinear relationship (U-shape) with sustainability orientation (SO). • This curvilinear relationship is moderated (attenuated) by cognitive proximity. • Companies in tourist destinations might strengthen their SO by developing higher levels of EO. • Managers will be able to control the effects of EO on SO with the help of cognitive proximity. • EO and sustainability are studied in cultural tourism destinations in a developing economy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Entrepreneurship is mostly studied at the individual and organisational levels. • Understanding of circular entrepreneurship is limited in current literature. • We investigate circular entrepreneurship for a 'born-circular' start-up. • We uncover the entrepreneurial process and entrepreneurial orientation. • We consider circular entrepreneurship from a business model perspective. The circular economy, which takes inspiration from the 'waste not' functioning of the ecosystem to propose more resource efficient production and consumption patterns, has attracted the interest of different stakeholders recently. Yet very little is known about the companies that put circular principles at the heart of doing business and their ecological and social sustainability outcomes. Circular entrepreneurship, conceptualised as the processes of exploration and exploitation of opportunities in the circular economy domain , is just emerging in the circular economy literature and the empirical evidence about how it is implemented through innovative business models is still limited. Our research illustrates and describes the entrepreneurial process and orientation from a business model perspective of a circular firm - Wasted Apple - in the British drinks and beverage industry. We find that entrepreneurial value proposition, value creation and delivery and value capture define our case circular business model. Entrepreneurial orientation is also characterised by embeddedness: being entrepreneurial in the circular economy means to create value for the broader system an organisation is part of. Furthermore, the pursuit of ecological and social value is central to the logic of value creation and typifies the entrepreneurial process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Grassroots innovation is rapidly gaining research attention because of its crucial role in entrepreneurship development. Although entrepreneurial orientation holds the key for entrepreneurial success, research on how entrepreneurial orientation impacts the relationship between grassroots innovation (GRI) and entrepreneurial success is critical. This research is still in its infancy and has not adequately been addressed. This study endeavors to fill this gap while examining how the three factors of grassroots innovation such as new grassroots learning practices, local solution and networking capabilities influence entrepreneurial orientation enroute to affecting economic benefits and non-economic benefits from entrepreneurial activity. The study involved data from 400 grassroots innovators and a structural equation modeling approach was used to fit the data based on the aforementioned factors and components. The study reveals that entrepreneurial orientation is observed to fully mediate the relationship between the following three linear dependencies: new grassroots learning practices and economic benefits, networking capabilities and economic benefits, and local solution and non-economic benefits. This study also found that entrepreneurial orientation partially mediates the relationship in the following cases: new grassroots learning practices and non-economic benefits, networking capabilities and non-economic benefits, and local solution and economic benefits. The results provide empirical evidence to support that entrepreneurial orientation spurred by grassroots innovation significantly influence entrepreneurial success in the Indian context. • This study examines how grassroots innovation affects entrepreneurial success. • Survey data from 400 grassroots innovators in India is collected. • Structural equation modeling is used. • This empirical research firstly explores entrepreneurial potential of grassroots innovation. • Entrepreneurial orientation mediates the grassroots innovation-entrepreneurial success relationship. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Family businesses often face significant challenges while trying to develop and increase their sustainability throughout generations. This is often due to their inability to properly manage the knowledge required to develop their resources to increase sustainability. Therefore, this study examines the relationship between processes of managing knowledge, dynamic capabilities, and innovative performance in an Indonesian family company in order to improve business performance. This is qualitative research with a single case study used to obtain data from nineparticipants in an Indonesian family company ("Ardiles") that focuses on footwear. The findings showed that a family company that mobilizes knowledge can improve its members' dynamic capabilities for proper business management and growth. Furthermore, the frequent process of mobilizing knowledge improves family members' dynamic capabilities to create new ideas. This creative process helps to improve its innovative performance, thereby creating a sustainable competitive advantage among family companies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Implications of the entrepreneurial orientation on short term financial return and long term business growth. • Association between dynamic environment and entrepreneurial orientation. • Adoption of business and social networking ties in the hospitality industry. • Prompting managers' decisions to develop entrepreneurial orientation in creating value for hospitality firms. • Gaining short term financial expansion by adopting various technological resources through possible effect on operational processes and strategy development. Utilizing a sample of 192 hospitality firms, this study investigates the moderating role of a dynamic environment, coupled with business and social networking ties and technology resources, on the relationship between entrepreneurial orientation and organizational performance in hospitality firms. This research is novel in that we adopt business network ties and social network ties as two moderating variables along with technology resources between entrepreneurial orientation and business performance, providing evidence on a topic which has received little attention to date. The results posit that in an uncertain, dynamic environment a higher level of risk and entrepreneurial orientation benefit business performance especially when coupled with strong business and social networks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]