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Social acceptance is a key issue for the continued expansion of onshore wind energy. Wind energy development targets increasingly rely on the assumption that residents' concerns related to new wind farms dissipate over time. The persistence of resistance to new wind farms has motivated efforts to investigate this effect. The 'U-curve' hypothesis proposes that acceptance is likely to decrease when residents are confronted with the planning of a wind farm in their neighbourhood, but that acceptance may later recover during construction and operation. In this study, relevant research is reviewed, discussed, and applied using a largescale experimental survey focused on residents living within 10 km of an existing wind farm in Ireland (n = 1109). It uses two indicators of how people experience wind farms to investigate willingness to accept further developments. The indicators include the proximity of existing wind farms and their development phase (i.e., planning, construction or operation). The findings show that experience is an important determinant of acceptance, as are an awareness of low-carbon energy initiatives and sense of community spirit. The study examines residents' expectations for participatory fairness and local benefits. Expected adverse impacts on local tourism or potential for discord within the community influence the acceptance for further development. Acceptance is also determined by trust in sources of information, including a designated community liaison officer. The concerns of residents living within the nearest 2 km radius of a wind farm and at the earliest and most uncertain phases of project planning can be crucial issues for acceptance. • Experiences of existing wind farms affect residents' acceptance for new projects. • Acceptance is reinforced by perceived local socioeconomic/environmental benefits. • Support for new projects is strongest for operating wind farms between 2 and 10 km away. • Crucial points for concern are at the planning phase and for homes within 2 km. • Trust in information from liaison officers has lasting ramifications for support. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Citizen investment into wind energy is conducive to public acceptance and can contribute to closing the renewable energy investment gap, while promoting corporate social responsibility. This study addresses this topic and conducts a novel choice experiment to determine the investment preferences of a representative sample of 1,009 Irish households. First, the paper investigates the attributes determining willingness to invest into wind farms. Second, it considers to what extent public attitudes and proximity to wind farms affect investment. Third, it assesses the suitability of five specific investment mechanisms. Through these activities the findings enhance current understanding of the opportunities and challenges concerning the design of citizen investments within a centralised system which is predominantly reliant on incumbent wind energy developers. The findings show that the risk of loss and the expected annual return on investment are the main attributes determining investment decisions, but secondary criteria, such as the project location and ownership characteristics, also affect willingness to invest. Respondents living within 10 km of a wind farm or expressing support for wind energy are significantly more likely to consider investing. Recommendations include interventions to encourage joint ventures between community organisations and specialised developers as a mechanism to promote investment in wind farms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]