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Recent decades have seen a changing temporal profile of ground-level ozone (O 3 ) in Europe. While peaks in O 3 concentrations during summer months have been declining in amplitude, the background concentration has gradually increased as a result of the hemispheric transport of O 3 precursors from other world regions. Ground-level O 3 is known to adversely affect O 3 -sensitive vegetation, including reducing the yield of O 3 -sensitive crops such as common wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.). The reduction in wheat yield has been shown to be linearly related to the phytotoxic O 3 dose above a flux threshold of Y (POD Y ) accumulated over a specific period. In the current study, we tested whether the flux-effect relationships for wheat yield and 1,000-grain weight were affected by the temporal profile of O 3 exposure. A modern wheat cultivar (Skyfall) was exposed to eight different realistic O 3 profiles repeated weekly: four profiles with increasing background O 3 concentrations (ca. 30–60 ppb) including small peaks and four profiles with increasing O 3 peak concentrations (ca. 35–110 ppb). Both wheat yield and 1,000-grain weight declined linearly with increasingPOD Y . The slope of the flux-effect relationships was not affected significantly by the profile of O 3 exposure. Hence, flux-effect relationships developed for wheat based on exposure to enhanced peak O 3 concentrations are also valid for the changing European O 3 profile with higher background and lower peak concentrations. The current study also shows that the modern wheat cultivar Skyfall is more sensitive to O 3 than European wheat varieties tested for O 3 sensitivity in the 1980s and 1990s. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]