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Drug-resistant tuberculosis (DR-TB), diabetes and exposure to air pollution are thought to be important threat to human health, but no studies have explored the effects of ambient air pollutants on DR-TB when adjusting diabetes status so far. We performed a study among 3759 newly diagnosed TB cases with drug-susceptibility testing results, diabetes status, and individual air pollution data in Shandong from 2015 to 2019. Generalized linear mixed models (GLMM) including three models (Model 1: without covariates, Model 2: adjusted by diabetes status only, Model 3: with all covariates) were applied. Of 3759 TB patients enrolled, 716 (19.05%) were DR-TB, and 333 (8.86%) had diabetes. High exposure to O 3 was associated with an increased risk of RFP-resistance (Model 2 or 3: odds ratio (OR) = 1.008, 95% confidence intervals (CI): 1.002–1.014), ethambutol-resistance (Model 3: OR = 1.015, 95%CI: 1.004–1.027) and any rifampicin+streptomycin resistance (Model 1,2,3: OR = 1.01, 95%CI: 1.002–1.018) at 90 days. In contrast, NO 2 was associated with a reduced risk of DR-TB (Model 3: OR = 0.99, 95%CI: 0.981–0.999) and multidrug-resistant TB (MDR-TB) (Model 3: OR = 0.977, 95%CI: 0.96–0.994) at 360 days. Additionally, SO 2 (Model 1, 2, 3: OR = 0.987, 95%CI: 0.977–0.998) showed a protective effect on MDR-TB at 90 days. PM 2.5 (90 days, Model 2: OR = 0.991, 95%CI: 0.983–0.999), PM 10 (360 days, Model 2: OR = 0.992, 95%CI: 0.985–0.999) had protective effects on any RFP+SM resistance. O 3 contributed to an elevated risk of TB resistance but PM 2.5 , PM 10 , SO 2 , NO 2 showed an inverse effect. Air pollutants may affect the development of drug resistance among TB cases by adjusting the status of diabetes. [Display omitted] • O 3 was a risk factor for rifampicin, ethambutol, and any rifampicin+streptomycin resistance. • Protective effects were observed among PM 10 /PM 2.5 /NO 2 /SO 2 on some tuberculosis resistance. • Air pollutants may affect the development of TB resistance by adjusting the status of diabetes. • Controlling particular air pollutants and diabetes may help decrease tuberculosis resistance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Psoriasis-specific proteins dysregulated in keratinocytes and involved in the pathophysiological process of psoriasis remains elusive. We report here that epidermal galectin-3 expression is significantly downregulated in lesional skin, but not in non-lesional skin in psoriasis patients, nor in a group of diseases known as psoriasiform dermatitis clinically and histologically similar to psoriasis. The deficiency of epidermal galectin-3 is sufficient to promote development of psoriatic lesions, as evidenced by more severe skin inflammation in galectin-3 knockout (gal3 −/− ) mice, compared to wild-type mice, after imiquimod treatment, and in skin from gal3 −/− mice grafted onto wildtype mice. The development of psoriatic-like lesions is attributable to 1) the spontaneously tuning up of psoriasis signatures in keratinocytes through JNK pathway; and 2) neutrophil accumulation caused by the enhanced leukocyte-recruiting capacity associated with overexpression of S100A7-9 and CXCL-1, 8 in keratinocytes with impaired galectin-3 expression. Psoriasis-like skin inflammation is significantly improved in gal-3 −/− mice both by inhibition of neutrophils accumulation with a selective CXCR2 antagonist of SB225002, and by intracutaneous injection of recombinant galectin-3. Overall, these findings offer promising galectin-3-related diagnostic and therapeutic resolutions of psoriasis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nobiletin is a natural flavonoid found in citrus fruits with beneficial effects, including anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer and anti-oxidation effects. The aim of this study was to investigate whether nobiletin improves mitochondrial function in porcine oocytes and examine the underlying mechanism. Oocytes enclosed by cumulus cells were cultured in TCM-199 for 44 h with 0.1% dimethyl sulfoxide (control), or supplemented with 5, 10, 25, and 50 μM of nobiletin (Nob5, Nob10, Nob25, and Nob50, respectively). Oocyte maturation rate was significantly enhanced in Nob10 (70.26 ± 0.45%) compared to the other groups (control: 60.12 ± 0.47%; Nob5: 59.44 ± 1.63%; Nob25: 63.15 ± 1.38%; Nob50: 46.57 ± 1.19%). The addition of nobiletin reduced the levels of reactive oxygen species and increased glutathione levels. Moreover, Nob10 promoted mitochondrial biogenesis by upregulating the protein levels of sirtuin 1 (SIRT1) and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma coactivator 1 α (PGC-1α). This resulted in an increase in the number of active mitochondria, mitochondrial DNA copy number, mitochondrial membrane potential, and ATP production, thereby enhancing mitochondrial function. The protein level of p53 decreased, followed by the phosphorylation of B-cell lymphoma 2, suggesting a reduction in mitochondria-mediated apoptosis in the Nob10 group. Additionally, the release of cytochrome c from the mitochondria was significantly diminished along with a decrease in the protein expression of caspase 3. Thus, nobiletin has a great potential to promote the in vitro maturation of porcine oocytes by suppressing oxidative stress and promoting mitochondrial function through the upregulation of the SIRT1/PGC-1 α signaling pathway. • Nobiletin enhanced meiotic maturation in porcine oocytes. • Nobiletin reduced oxidative stress during oocyte maturation. • Nobiletin promoted mitochondrial function by regulating SIRT1/PGC-1α signaling pathway in porcine oocytes. • Nobiletin attenuated apoptosis by inhibiting p53/Bcl-2 signaling pathway in porcine oocytes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Organic pollutants in electroplating wastewater can be removed by photodegradation, however the effect mechanism of heavy metal ions on photocatalytic activity still remains unknown. Herein, we firstly reported the self-assembly synthesis of titanium dioxide/reduced graphene oxide (TiO 2 /rGO) composites for phenol-4-sulfonic acid (PSA) removal, and investigated the effects of Cu2+ ions on photocatalytic efficiency. During the self-assemble process, rGO nanosheets were connected together to form network macropores, and simultaneously induced the deposition of hierarchically nanostructured TiO 2 microspheres. The synergetic effects of TiO 2 microspheres and rGO nanosheets improved the photocatalytic activity by enhancing light adsorption ability, stabilizing electron-hole separation and decreasing band gap energy. The Cu2+ ions in wastewater showed positive and negative effects on PSA photodegradation. In the photocatalytic reaction, the electron-induced reduction reaction of Cu(II) into Cu(0) or Cu(I) took place, which inhibited electron-hole recombination and thus enhanced photocatalytic activity. However, the high chemical stability of PSA-Cu(II) complex compounds held back PSA photodegradation. The appropriate concentrations of Cu2+ ions at around 25 mg/L accelerated PSA photodegradation over TiO 2 /rGO composites. The PSA degradation into CO 2 and H 2 O was performed by using hydroquinone, benzoquinone and maleic acid as degradation intermediates. Hence, TiO 2 /rGO composites are novel multifunctional photocatalysts to purify electroplating wastewater. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Influenza virus infection can cause kidney damage. However, the link between influenza infection and disease is still unclear. The purpose of this study was to analyze the relationship between heterophilic epitopes on H5N1 hemagglutinin (HA) and disease. The monoclonal antibody (mAb) against H5N1 was prepared, mAbs binding to human kidney tissue were screened, and the reactivities of mAbs with five different subtypes of influenza virus were detected. Design and synthesize the peptides according to the common amino acid sequence of these antigens, and analyze the distribution of the epitope on the crystal structure of HA. Immunological methods were used to detect whether the heterophilic epitopes could induce the production of antibodies that cross-react with kidney tissue. The results showed that H5-30 mA b binding to human kidney tissue recognized the heterophilic epitope 191-LVLWGIHHP-199 on the head of HA. The key amino acid were V192, L193, W194 and I196, which were highly conserved in human and avian influenza virus HA. The heterophilic epitope could induce mice to produce different mAbs binding to kidney tissue. Such heterophilic antibodies were also detected in the serum of the patients. It can provide materials for the mechanism of renal diseases caused by influenza virus infection. • H5-30 mA b binding to human kidney tissue recognized the heterophilic epitope 191-LVLWGIHHP-199 on the head of HA. • The key amino acid were V192, L193, W194 and I196, which were highly conserved in human and avian influenza virus HA. • The heterophilic epitope could induce mice to produce different mAbs binding to kidney tissue. • Such heterophilic antibodies were also detected in the serum of the patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a debilitating condition that is frequently accompanied by neuropathic pain, resulting in significant physical and psychological harm to a vast number of individuals globally. Despite the high prevalence of neuropathic pain following SCI, the precise underlying mechanism remains incompletely understood. Microglia are a type of innate immune cell that are present in the central nervous system (CNS). They have been observed to have a significant impact on neuropathic pain following SCI. This article presents a comprehensive overview of recent advances in understanding the role of microglia in the development of neuropathic pain following SCI. Specifically, the article delves into the detrimental and protective effects of microglia on neuropathic pain following SCI, as well as the mechanisms underlying their interconversion. Furthermore, the article provides a thorough overview of potential avenues for future research in this area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Deoxynivalenol (DON) is a widespread trichothecene mycotoxin which contaminates agricultural staples and elicits a complex spectrum of toxic effects on humans and animals. It has been shown that DON impairs oocyte maturation, reproductive function and causes abnormal fetal development in mammals; however, the mechanisms remain unclear. In the present study, we investigate the possible reasons of the toxic effects of DON on porcine oocytes. Our results showed that DON significantly inhibited porcine oocyte maturation and disrupted meiotic spindle by reducing p-MAPK protein level, which caused retardation of cell cycle progression. In addition, up-regulated LC3 protein expression and aberrant Lamp2 , LC3 and mTOR mRNA levels were observed with DON exposure, together with Annexin V-FITC staining assay analysis, these results indicated that DON treatment induced autophagy/apoptosis in porcine oocytes. We also showed that DON exposure increased DNA methylation level in porcine oocytes through altering DNMT3A mRNA levels. Histone methylation levels were also changed showing with increased H3K27me3 and H3K4me2 protein levels, and mRNA levels of their relative methyltransferase genes, indicating that epigenetic modifications were affected. Taken together, our results suggested that DON exposure reduced porcine oocytes maturation capability through affecting cytoskeletal dynamics, cell cycle, autophagy/apoptosis and epigenetic modifications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]