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This open access book constitutes the proceedings of the 23rd International Conference on Foundations of Software Science and Computational Structures, FOSSACS 2020, which took place in Dublin, Ireland, in April 2020, and was held as Part of the European Joint Conferences on Theory and Practice of Software, ETAPS 2020. The 31 regular papers presented in this volume were carefully reviewed and selected from 98 submissions. The papers cover topics such as categorical models and logics; language theory, automata, and games; modal, spatial, and temporal logics; type theory and proof theory; concurrency theory and process calculi; rewriting theory; semantics of programming languages; program analysis, correctness, transformation, and verification; logics of programming; software specification and refinement; models of concurrent, reactive, stochastic, distributed, hybrid, and mobile systems; emerging models of computation; logical aspects of computational complexity; models of software security; and logical foundations of data bases.​

Marking 94 years since its first appearance, this book provides an annotated translation of Sainte-Laguë's seminal monograph Les réseaux (ou graphes), drawing attention to its fundamental principles and ideas. Sainte-Laguë's 1926 monograph appeared only in French, but in the 1990s H. Gropp published a number of English papers describing several aspects of the book. He expressed his hope that an English translation might sometime be available to the mathematics community. In the 10 years following the appearance of Les réseaux (ou graphes), the development of graph theory continued, culminating in the publication of the first full book on the theory of finite and infinite graphs in 1936 by Dénes König. This remained the only well-known text until Claude Berge's 1958 book on the theory and applications of graphs. By 1960, graph theory had emerged as a significant mathematical discipline of its own. This book will be of interest to graph theoristsand mathematical historians.

This book features selected papers from the 5th International Conference on Mathematics and Computing (ICMC 2019), organized by the School of Computer Engineering, Kalinga Institute of Industrial Technology Bhubaneswar, India, on February 6 – 9, 2019. Covering recent advances in the field of mathematics, statistics and scientific computing, the book presents innovative work by leading academics, researchers and experts from industry.

The two-volume set LNCS 8269 and 8270 constitutes the refereed proceedings of the 19th International Conference on the Theory and Application of Cryptology and Information, Asiacrypt 2013, held in Bengaluru, India, in December 2013. The 54 revised full papers presented were carefully selected from 269 submissions. They are organized in topical sections named: zero-knowledge, algebraic cryptography, theoretical cryptography, protocols, symmetric key cryptanalysis, symmetric key cryptology: schemes and analysis, side-channel cryptanalysis, message authentication codes, signatures, cryptography based upon physical assumptions, multi-party computation, cryptographic primitives, analysis, cryptanalysis and passwords, leakage-resilient cryptography, two-party computation, hash functions.

This book constitutes the refereed proceedings of the Second International Workshop on Experimental and Efficient Algorithms, WEA 2003, held in Ascona, Switzerland in May 2003. The 19 revised full papers presented together with 3 invited contributions were carefully reviewed and selected from 40 submissions. The focus of the volume is on applications of efficient algorithms for combinatorial problems.

The papers collected in this volume reproduce contributions by leading sch- arstoaninternationalschoolandworkshopwhichwasorganizedandheldwith thegoaloftakinga snapshotofadiscipline undertumultuous growth. Indeed, the area of protein folding, docking and alignment is developing in response to needs for a mix of heterogeneous expertise spanning biology, chemistry, mathematics, computer science, and statistics, among others. Some of the problems encountered in this area are not only important for the scienti?c challenges they pose, but also for the opportunities they disclose intermsofmedicalandindustrialexploitation. Atypicalexampleiso?eredby protein-drug interaction (docking), a problem posing daunting computational problems at the crossroads of geometry, physics and chemistry, and, at the same time, a problem with unimaginable implications for the pharmacopoeia of the future. The schoolfocused on problems posed by the study of the mechanisms - hind protein folding, and explored di?erent ways of attacking these problems under objective evaluations of the methods. Together with a relatively small core of consolidated knowledge and tools, important re?ections were brought to this e?ort by studies in a multitude of directions and approaches. It is obviously impossible to predict which, if any, among these techniques will prove completely successful, but it is precisely the implicit dialectic among them that best conveys the current?avor of the?eld. Such unique diversity and richness inspired the format of the meeting, and also explains the slight departure of the present volume from the typical format in this series: the exposition of the current sediment is complemented here by a selection of quali?ed specialized contributions.

This book is written in a style that uncovers the mathematical theories hidden in our daily lives, using examples of patterns that appear in nature, arts, traditional crafts, as well as mathematical mechanics in architectural techniques. The authors believe that through conversations between students and mathematicians, readers may learn about the methods used by the originators of these theories―their trials, errors, and triumphs―in reaching their various conclusions. The goal is to help readers refine their mathematical sense in terms of formulating valuable questions and pursuing them. In addition, the book aims to provide enjoyment in the application of mathematical principles to beautiful art and design by using examples that highlight the wonders and mysteries of these works found in our daily lives. To achieve these goals, the book tackles the latest exquisite results on polygons and polyhedra and the dynamic history of geometric research found around us. The term'intuitive geometry'was coined by Lászlo Fejes Tóth and refers to the kind of geometry which, in Hilbert's words, can be explained to and appeal to the'man on the street.'This book enables readers to enjoy intuitive geometry informally and instinctively. It does not require more than a high school level of knowledge but calls for a sense of wonder, intuition, and mathematical maturity. In this second edition, many new results, and elegant proofs on a variety of topics have been added, enhancing the book's rich content even further.

This book is devoted to the study of multivariate discrete q-distributions, which is greatly facilitated by existing multivariate q-sequences and q-functions. Classical multivariate discrete distributions are defined on a sequence of independent and identically distributed Bernoulli trials, with either being a success of a certain rank (level) or a failure. The author relaxes the assumption that the probability of success of a trial is constant by assuming that it varies geometrically with the number of trials and/or the number of successes. The latter is advantageous in the sense that it permits incorporating the experience gained from the previous trials and/or successes, which leads to multivariate discrete q-distributions. Furthermore, q-multinomial and negative q-multinomial formulae are obtained. Next, the book addresses q-multinomial and negative q-multinomial distributions of the first and second kind. The author also examines multiple q-Polya urn model, multivariate q-Polya and inverse q-Polya distributions. Presents definitions and theorems that highlight key concepts and worked examples to illustrate the various applicationsContains numerous exercises at varying levels of difficulty that consolidate the presented concepts and resultsIncludes hints and answers to all exercises via the appendix and is supplemented with an Instructor's Solution Manual

This book systematically establishes the almost periodic theory of dynamic equations and presents applications on time scales in fuzzy mathematics and uncertainty theory. The authors introduce a new division of fuzzy vectors depending on a determinant algorithm and develop a theory of almost periodic fuzzy multidimensional dynamic systems on time scales. Several applications are studied; in particular, a new type of fuzzy dynamic systems called fuzzy q-dynamic systems (i.e. fuzzy quantum dynamic systems) is presented. The results are not only effective on classical fuzzy dynamic systems, including their continuous and discrete situations, but are also valid for other fuzzy multidimensional dynamic systems on various hybrid domains. In an effort to achieve more accurate analysis in real world applications, the authors propose a number of uncertain factors in the theory. As such, fuzzy dynamical models, interval-valued functions, differential equations, fuzzy-valued differential equations, and their applications to dynamic equations on time scales are considered.

The book presents the proceedings of the 23rd International Conference on Difference Equations and Applications, ICDEA 2017, held at the West University of Timișoara, Romania, under the auspices of the International Society of Difference Equations (ISDE), July 24 - 28, 2017. It includes new and significant contributions in the field of difference equations, discrete dynamical systems and their applications in various sciences. Disseminating recent studies and related results and promoting advances, the book appeals to PhD students, researchers, educators and practitioners in the field.

The primary purpose of this textbook is to introduce the reader to a wide variety of elementary permutation statistical methods. Permutation methods are optimal for small data sets and non-random samples, and are free of distributional assumptions. The book follows the conventional structure of most introductory books on statistical methods, and features chapters on central tendency and variability, one-sample tests, two-sample tests, matched-pairs tests, one-way fully-randomized analysis of variance, one-way randomized-blocks analysis of variance, simple regression and correlation, and the analysis of contingency tables. In addition, it introduces and describes a comparatively new permutation-based, chance-corrected measure of effect size. Because permutation tests and measures are distribution-free, do not assume normality, and do not rely on squared deviations among sample values, they are currently being applied in a wide variety of disciplines. This book presents permutation alternatives to existing classical statistics, and is intended as a textbook for undergraduate statistics courses or graduate courses in the natural, social, and physical sciences, while assuming only an elementary grasp of statistics.

This text is an introduction to harmonic analysis on symmetric spaces, focusing on advanced topics such as higher rank spaces, positive definite matrix space and generalizations. It is intended for beginning graduate students in mathematics or researchers in physics or engineering. As with the introductory book entitled'Harmonic Analysis on Symmetric Spaces - Euclidean Space, the Sphere, and the Poincaré Upper Half Plane, the style is informal with an emphasis on motivation, concrete examples, history, and applications. The symmetric spaces considered here are quotients X=G/K, where G is a non-compact real Lie group, such as the general linear group GL(n,P) of all n x n non-singular real matrices, and K=O(n), the maximal compact subgroup of orthogonal matrices. Other examples are Siegel's upper half'plane'and the quaternionic upper half'plane'. In the case of the general linear group, one can identify X with the space Pn of n x n positive definite symmetric matrices.Manycorrections and updates have been incorporated in this new edition. Updates include discussions of random matrix theory and quantum chaos, as well as recent research on modular forms and their corresponding L-functions in higher rank. Many applications have been added, such as the solution of the heat equation on Pn, the central limit theorem of Donald St. P. Richards for Pn, results on densest lattice packing of spheres in Euclidean space, and GL(n)-analogs of the Weyl law for eigenvalues of the Laplacian in plane domains. Topics featured throughout the text include inversion formulas for Fourier transforms, central limit theorems, fundamental domains in X for discrete groups Γ (such as the modular group GL(n,Z) of n x n matrices with integer entries and determinant ±1), connections with the problem of finding densest lattice packings of spheres in Euclidean space, automorphic forms, Hecke operators, L-functions, and the Selberg trace formula and its applications in spectral theory as well as number theory.

This is the first work on Discrepancy Theory to show the present variety of points of view and applications covering the areas Classical and Geometric Discrepancy Theory, Combinatorial Discrepancy Theory and Applications and Constructions. It consists of several chapters, written by experts in their respective fields and focusing on the different aspects of the theory.Discrepancy theory concerns the problem of replacing a continuous object with a discrete sampling and is currently located at the crossroads of number theory, combinatorics, Fourier analysis, algorithms and complexity, probability theory and numerical analysis. This book presents an invitation to researchers and students to explore the different methods and is meant to motivate interdisciplinary research.

This revised and enlarged fifth edition features four new chapters, which contain highly original and delightful proofs for classics such as the spectral theorem from linear algebra, some more recent jewels like the non-existence of the Borromean rings and other surprises.From the Reviews'... Inside PFTB (Proofs from The Book) is indeed a glimpse of mathematical heaven, where clever insights and beautiful ideas combine in astonishing and glorious ways. There is vast wealth within its pages, one gem after another.... Aigner and Ziegler... write:'... all we offer is the examples that we have selected, hoping that our readers will share our enthusiasm about brilliant ideas, clever insights and wonderful observations.'I do....'Notices of the AMS, August 1999'... This book is a pleasure to hold and to look at: ample margins, nice photos, instructive pictures and beautifuldrawings... It is a pleasure to read as well: the style is clear and entertaining, the level is close to elementary, the necessary background is given separately and the proofs are brilliant....'LMS Newsletter, January 1999'Martin Aigner and Günter Ziegler succeeded admirably in putting together a broad collection of theorems and their proofs that would undoubtedly be in the Book of Erdös. The theorems are so fundamental, their proofs so elegant and the remaining open questions so intriguing that every mathematician, regardless of speciality, can benefit from reading this book....'SIGACT News, December 2011.

A substantial portion of this book is a revised version of Discrete Event Systems: Modeling and Performance Analysis (1993), which was written by the first author and received the 1999 Harold Chestnut Prize, awarded by the International Federation of Automatic Control (IFAC) for best control engineering textbook. This new expanded book is a comprehensive introduction to the field of discrete event systems, emphasizing breadth of coverage and accessibility of the material to readers with different backgrounds. Its key feature is the emphasis placed on a unified modeling framework that transcends specific application areas and allows linking of the following topics in a coherent manner: language and automata theory, supervisory control, Petri net theory, (max,+) algebra, Markov chains and queueing theory, discrete-event simulation, perturbation analysis, and concurrent estimation techniques. Introduction to Discrete Event Systems will be of interest to advanced-level students in a variety of disciplines where the study of discrete event systems is relevant: control, communications, computer engineering, computer science, manufacturing engineering, operations research, and industrial engineering.

When elementary courses in discrete and combinatorial mathematics first became popular, they usually covered a broad spectrumofpure and applied topics. Most of the students were in Mathematics and Computer Science, with a handful ofbrave souls from other disciplines. Those other students usually found the courses quite difficult. However, the applications were useful in a numberofareas. The teaching of discrete topics has evolved into two streams. The more math­ ematical parts are studied in courses called Discrete Mathematics, and more ad­ vanced, more rigorous courses called Combinatorics, or named for specific areas (Graph Theory, Combinatorial Designs, Cryptography, and so on). Introductions to those areas of applicable discrete mathematics used by students in business, management and the social sciences are usually called Finite Mathematics, and e1ementary courses on this material are now standard at many colleges and uni­ versities.These courses are typically offered at the freshman level although many students take them later in their careers.

{\it Elements of Operatory Theory} is aimed at graduate students as well as a new generation of mathematicians and scientists who need to apply operator theory to their field. Written in a user-friendly, motivating style, fundamental topics are presented in a systematic fashion, i.e., set theory, algebraic structures, topological structures, Banach spaces, Hilbert spaces, culminating with the Spectral Theorem, one of the landmarks in the theory of operators on Hilbert spaces. The exposition is concept-driven and as much as possible avoids the formula-computational approach. Key features of this largely self-contained work include: • required background material to each chapter • fully rigorous proofs, over 300 of them, are specially tailored to the presentation and some are new • more than 100 examples and, in several cases, interesting counterexamples that demonstrate the frontiers of an important theorem • over 300 problems, many with hints • both problems and examples underscore further auxiliary results and extensions of the main theory; in this non-traditional framework, the reader is challenged and has a chance to prove the principal theorems anew This work is an excellent text for the classroom as well as a self-study resource for researchers. Prerequisites include an introduction to analysis and to functions of a complex variable, which most first-year graduate students in mathematics, engineering, or another formal science have already acquired. Measure theory and integration theory are required only for the last section of the final chapter.

These are the proceedings of the conference'Symbolic Computation, Number Theory, Special Functions, Physics and Combinatorics'held at the Department of Mathematics, University of Florida, Gainesville, from November 11 to 13, 1999. The main emphasis of the conference was Com­ puter Algebra (i. e. symbolic computation) and how it related to the fields of Number Theory, Special Functions, Physics and Combinatorics. A subject that is common to all of these fields is q-series. We brought together those who do symbolic computation with q-series and those who need q-series in­ cluding workers in Physics and Combinatorics. The goal of the conference was to inform mathematicians and physicists who use q-series of the latest developments in the field of q-series and especially how symbolic computa­ tion has aided these developments. Over 60 people were invited to participate in the conference. We ended up having 45 participants at the conference, including six one hour plenary speakers and 28 half hour speakers. There were talks in all the areas we were hoping for. There were three software demonstrations.

From the Reviews:'... Inside PFTB (Proofs from The Book) is indeed a glimpse of mathematical heaven, where clever insights and beautiful ideas combine in astonishing and glorious ways. There is vast wealth within its pages, one gem after another. Some of the proofs are classics, but many are new and brilliant proofs of classical results....Aigner and Ziegler... write:'... all we offer is the examples that we have selected, hoping that our readers will share our enthusiasm about brilliant ideas, clever insights and wonderful observations.'I do....'Notices of the AMS, August 1999'... the style is clear and entertaining, the level is close to elementary... and the proofs are brilliant....'LMS Newsletter, January 1999 This third edition offers two new chapters, on partition identities, and on card shuffling. Three proofs of Euler's most famous infinite series appear in a separate chapter. There is also a number of other improvements, such as an exciting new way to'enumerate the rationals'.

The book aims at surveying results in the application of fuzzy sets and fuzzy logic to economics and engineering. New results include fuzzy non-linear regression, fully fuzzified linear programming, fuzzy multi-period control, fuzzy network analysis, each using an evolutionary algorithm; fuzzy queuing decision analysis using possibility theory; fuzzy differential equations; fuzzy difference equations; fuzzy partial differential equations; fuzzy eigenvalues based on an evolutionary algorithm; fuzzy hierarchical analysis using an evolutionary algorithm; fuzzy integral equations. Other important topics covered are fuzzy input-output analysis; fuzzy mathematics of finance; fuzzy PERT (project evaluation and review technique). No previous knowledge of fuzzy sets is needed. The mathematical background is assumed to be elementary calculus.

Matroids appear in diverse areas of mathematics, from combinatorics to algebraic topology and geometry. This largely self-contained text provides an intuitive and interdisciplinary treatment of Coxeter matroids, a new and beautiful generalization of matroids which is based on a finite Coxeter group. Key topics and features: • Systematic, clearly written exposition with ample references to current research• Matroids are examined in terms of symmetric and finite reflection groups• Finite reflection groups and Coxeter groups are developed from scratch• The Gelfand-Serganova theorem is presented, allowing for a geometric interpretation of matroids and Coxeter matroids as convex polytopes with certain symmetry properties• Matroid representations in buildings and combinatorial flag varieties are studied in the final chapter• Many exercises throughout• Excellent bibliography and index Accessible to graduate students and research mathematicians alike,'Coxeter Matroids'can be used as an introductory survey, a graduate course text, or a reference volume.

Magic labelings Magic squares are among the more popular mathematical recreations. Their origins are lost in antiquity; over the years, a number of generalizations have been proposed. In the early 1960s, Sedlacek asked whether'magic'ideas could be applied to graphs. Shortly afterward, Kotzig and Rosa formulated the study of graph label­ ings, or valuations as they were first called. A labeling is a mapping whose domain is some set of graph elements - the set of vertices, for example, or the set of all vertices and edges - whose range was a set of positive integers. Various restrictions can be placed on the mapping. The case that we shall find most interesting is where the domain is the set of all vertices and edges of the graph, and the range consists of positive integers from 1 up to the number of vertices and edges. No repetitions are allowed. In particular, one can ask whether the set of labels associated with any edge - the label on the edge itself, and those on its endpoints - always add up to the same sum. Kotzig and Rosa called such a labeling, and the graph possessing it, magic. To avoid confusion with the ideas of Sedlacek and the many possible variations, we would call it an edge-magic total labeling.

Semidefinite programs constitute one of the largest classes of optimization problems that can be solved with reasonable efficiency - both in theory and practice. They play a key role in a variety of research areas, such as combinatorial optimization, approximation algorithms, computational complexity, graph theory, geometry, real algebraic geometry and quantum computing. This book is an introduction to selected aspects of semidefinite programming and its use in approximation algorithms. It covers the basics but also a significant amount of recent and more advanced material. There are many computational problems, such as MAXCUT, for which one cannot reasonably expect to obtain an exact solution efficiently, and in such case, one has to settle for approximate solutions. For MAXCUT and its relatives, exciting recent results suggest that semidefinite programming is probably the ultimate tool. Indeed, assuming the Unique Games Conjecture, a plausible but as yet unproven hypothesis, it was shown that for these problems, known algorithms based on semidefinite programming deliver the best possible approximation ratios among all polynomial-time algorithms. This book follows the “semidefinite side” of these developments, presenting some of the main ideas behind approximation algorithms based on semidefinite programming. It develops the basic theory of semidefinite programming, presents one of the known efficient algorithms in detail, and describes the principles of some others. It also includes applications, focusing on approximation algorithms.

This second edition of A Beginner's Guide to Finite Mathematics: For Business, Management, and the Social Sciences takes a distinctly applied approach to finite mathematics at the freshman and sophomore level. Topics are presented sequentially: the book opens with a brief review of sets and numbers, followed by an introduction to data sets, histograms, means and medians. Counting techniques and the Binomial Theorem are covered, which provide the foundation for elementary probability theory; this, in turn, leads to basic statistics. This new edition includes chapters on game theory and financial mathematics.Requiring little mathematical background beyond high school algebra, the text will be especially useful for business and liberal arts majors for study in the classroom or for self-study. Its straightforward treatment of the essential concepts in finite mathematics will appeal to a wide audience of students and teachers.

One of the major concerns of theoretical computer science is the classifi­ cation of problems in terms of how hard they are. The natural measure of difficulty of a function is the amount of time needed to compute it (as a function of the length of the input). Other resources, such as space, have also been considered. In recursion theory, by contrast, a function is considered to be easy to compute if there exists some algorithm that computes it. We wish to classify functions that are hard, i.e., not computable, in a quantitative way. We cannot use time or space, since the functions are not even computable. We cannot use Turing degree, since this notion is not quantitative. Hence we need a new notion of complexity-much like time or spac~that is quantitative and yet in some way captures the level of difficulty (such as the Turing degree) of a function.

This is the second volume in a series of innovative proceedings entirely devoted to the connections between mathematics and computer science. Here mathematics and computer science are directly confronted and joined to tackle intricate problems in computer science with deep and innovative mathematical approaches. The book serves as an outstanding tool and a main information source for a large public in applied mathematics, discrete mathematics and computer science, including researchers, teachers, graduate students and engineers. It provides an overview of the current questions in computer science and the related modern and powerful mathematical methods. The range of applications is very wide and reaches beyond computer science.

This IMA Volume in Mathematics and its Applications ALGORITHMS FOR PARALLEL PROCESSING is based on the proceedings of a workshop that was an integral part of the 1996-97 IMA program on'MATHEMATICS IN HIGH-PERFORMANCE COMPUTING.'The workshop brought together algorithm developers from theory, combinatorics, and scientific computing. The topics ranged over models, linear algebra, sorting, randomization, and graph algorithms and their analysis. We thank Michael T. Heath of University of lllinois at Urbana (Com­ puter Science), Abhiram Ranade of the Indian Institute of Technology (Computer Science and Engineering), and Robert S. Schreiber of Hewlett­ Packard Laboratories for their excellent work in organizing the workshop and editing the proceedings. We also take this opportunity to thank the National Science Founda­ tion (NSF) and the Army Research Office (ARO), whose financial support made the workshop possible. A vner Friedman Robert Gulliver v PREFACE The Workshop on Algorithms for Parallel Processing was held at the IMA September 16 - 20, 1996; it was the first workshop of the IMA year dedicated to the mathematics of high performance computing. The work­ shop organizers were Abhiram Ranade of The Indian Institute of Tech­ nology, Bombay, Michael Heath of the University of Illinois, and Robert Schreiber of Hewlett Packard Laboratories. Our idea was to bring together researchers who do innovative, exciting, parallel algorithms research on a wide range of topics, and by sharing insights, problems, tools, and methods to learn something of value from one another.

Selected Areas in Cryptography brings together in one place important contributions and up-to-date research results in this fast moving area. Selected Areas in Cryptography serves as an excellent reference, providing insight into some of the most challenging research issues in the field.

It is commonly assumed that computers process information. But what is inf- mation? In a technical, important, but nevertheless rather narrow sense, Sh- non'sinformationtheorygivesa?rstanswertothisquestion.Thistheoryfocuses on measuring the information content of a message. Essentially this measure is the reduction of the uncertainty obtained by receiving a message. The unc- tainty of a situation of ignorance in turn is measured by entropy. This theory hashad an immense impact on the technologyof information storage,data c- pression, information transmission and coding and still is a very active domain of research. Shannon's theory has also attractedmuch interest in a more philosophic look at information, although it was readily remarked that it is only a “syntactic” theory of information and neglects “semantic” issues. Several attempts have been made in philosophy to give information theory a semantic?avor, but still mostly based on or at least linked to Shannon's theory. Approaches to semantic informationtheoryalsoveryoftenmakeuseofformallogic.Thereby,information is linked to reasoning, deduction and inference, as well as to decision making. Further, entropy and related measure were soon found to have important connotations with regard to statistical inference. Surely, statistical data and observation represent information, information about unknown, hidden para- ters. Thus a whole branch of statistics developed around concepts of Shannon's information theory or derived from them. Also some proper measurements - propriate for statistics, like Fisher's information, were proposed.

Why Olympiads? Working mathematiciansoftentell us that results in the?eld are achievedafter long experience and a deep familiarity with mathematical objects, that progress is made slowly and collectively, and that?ashes of inspiration are mere punctuation in periods of sustained effort. TheOlympiadenvironment,incontrast,demandsarelativelybriefperiodofintense concentration,asksforquickinsightsonspeci?coccasions,andrequiresaconcentrated but isolated effort. Yet we have foundthat participantsin mathematicsOlympiadshave oftengoneontobecome?rst-classmathematiciansorscientistsandhaveattachedgreat signi?cance to their early Olympiad experiences. For many of these people, the Olympiad problem is an introduction, a glimpse into the world of mathematics not afforded by the usual classroom situation. A good Olympiad problem will capture in miniature the process of creating mathematics. It's all there: the period of immersion in the situation, the quiet examination of possible approaches, the pursuit of various paths to solution. There is the fruitless dead end, as well as the path that ends abruptly but offers new perspectives, leading eventually to the discoveryof a better route. Perhapsmost obviously,grapplingwith a goodproblem provides practice in dealing with the frustration of working at material that refuses to yield. If the solver is lucky, there will be the moment of insight that heralds the start of a successful solution. Like a well-crafted work of?ction, a good Olympiad problem tells a story of mathematical creativity that captures a good part of the real experience and leaves the participant wanting still more. And this book gives us more.

Sequential Dynamical Systems (SDS) are a class of discrete dynamical systems which significantly generalize many aspects of systems such as cellular automata, and provide a framework for studying dynamical processes over graphs. This text is the first to provide a comprehensive introduction to SDS. Driven by numerous examples and thought-provoking problems, the presentation offers good foundational material on finite discrete dynamical systems which leads systematically to an introduction of SDS. Techniques from combinatorics, algebra and graph theory are used to study a broad range of topics, including reversibility, the structure of fixed points and periodic orbits, equivalence, morphisms and reduction. Unlike other books that concentrate on determining the structure of various networks, this book investigates the dynamics over these networks by focusing on how the underlying graph structure influences the properties of the associated dynamical system. This book is aimed at graduate students and researchers in discrete mathematics, dynamical systems theory, theoretical computer science, and systems engineering who are interested in analysis and modeling of network dynamics as well as their computer simulations. Prerequisites include knowledge of calculus and basic discrete mathematics. Some computer experience and familiarity with elementary differential equations and dynamical systems are helpful but not necessary.

The Math Problems Notebook is a collection of nontrivial, unconventional problems requiring deep insight and imagination reminiscent of those discussed at Sunday Math Circles. These circles have become a place for disseminating beautiful mathematics at an elementary level for college students who have a common passion for mathematics. The problems cover many topics, including number theory, algebra, combinatorics, geometry and analysis, of varying levels of difficulty. The presentation of each topic begins with simple exercises and follows with more difficult problems, challenging enough even for the experienced problem solver. The easier problems focus on basic methods and tools, while the more advanced problems develop problem-solving techniques, intuition and promote further research. Undergraduates and teachers of advanced mathematics, as well as the casual mathematician will mutually enjoy The Math Problems Notebook.

Putnam and Beyond takes the reader on a journey through the world of college mathematics, focusing on some of the most important concepts and results in the theories of polynomials, linear algebra, real analysis in one and several variables, differential equations, coordinate geometry, trigonometry, elementary number theory, combinatorics, and probability. Using the W.L. Putnam Mathematical Competition for undergraduates as an inspiring symbol to build an appropriate math background for graduate studies in pure or applied mathematics, the reader is eased into transitioning from problem-solving at the high school level to the university and beyond, that is, to mathematical research. Key features of Putnam and Beyond • Preliminary material provides an overview of common methods of proof: argument by contradiction, mathematical induction, pigeonhole principle, ordered sets, and invariants. • Each chapter systematically presents a single subject within which problems are clustered in every section according to the specific topic. • The exposition is driven by more than 1100 problems and examples chosen from numerous sources from around the world; many original contributions come from the authors. • Complete solutions to all problems are given at the end of the book. The source, author, and historical background are cited whenever possible. This work may be used as a study guide for the Putnam exam, as a text for many different problem-solving courses, and as a source of problems for standard courses in undergraduate mathematics. Putnam and Beyond is organized for self-study by undergraduate and graduate students, as well as teachers and researchers in the physical sciences who wish to expand their mathematical horizons.

This second volume of a comprehensive tour through mathematical core subjects for computer scientists completes the?rst volume in two - gards: Part III?rst adds topology, di?erential, and integral calculus to the t- ics of sets, graphs, algebra, formal logic, machines, and linear geometry, of volume 1. With this spectrum of fundamentals in mathematical e- cation, young professionals should be able to successfully attack more involved subjects, which may be relevant to the computational sciences. In a second regard, the end of part III and part IV add a selection of more advanced topics. In view of the overwhelming variety of mathematical approaches in the computational sciences, any selection, even the most empirical, requires a methodological justi?cation. Our primary criterion has been the search for harmonization and optimization of thematic - versity and logical coherence. This is why we have, for instance, bundled such seemingly distant subjects as recursive constructions, ordinary d- ferential equations, and fractals under the unifying perspective of c- traction theory.

At the Summer School Saint Petersburg 2001, the main lecture courses bore on recent progress in asymptotic representation theory: those written up for this volume deal with the theory of representations of infinite symmetric groups, and groups of infinite matrices over finite fields; Riemann-Hilbert problem techniques applied to the study of spectra of random matrices and asymptotics of Young diagrams with Plancherel measure; the corresponding central limit theorems; the combinatorics of modular curves and random trees with application to QFT; free probability and random matrices, and Hecke algebras.