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This article seeks to provide insight into the history and acceptance of paper money within British North America by examining the state money issued by Lower Canada's civil government and the British Army during the War of 1812. Prior to the war, British North America was suffering from a specie shortage that was further exacerbated by the need for significant expenditure increases to provision the state with the resources it needed for its war effort. In response, colonial authorities issued the Army Bills, a paper money that was backed by acceptance in paying public debts and duties while also possessing qualities that adhered to metalist principles. To many observers surprise, the money successfully circulated and was accepted by Lower Canada's colonists, who beforehand had largely been perceived by colonial officials as distrusting of paper money. This research argues that the state's acceptance of Army Bills for discharging public debts, particularly merchant duties, ensured that the money would provide the colonial government with the fiscal flexibility it needed to conduct its war effort. This provision, in addition to measures like legal tender laws protecting its use in private transactions, also supported its successful circulation within the colonial economy during the war. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions of the Quebec pulp and paper industry fell by more than 30 percent from 1990 to 2006. We use an energy demand model to analyze the contributions to this decrease of energy prices, product mix, technological change, and biomass use. The product mix is made of pulp, and cardboard, and paper. Pulp is an intermediate product for the industry, but not necessarily so for mills; vertical integration varies across mills and presents different opportunities to transfer heat between stages of production. Chemical and mechanical pulping processes are used to form two groups of pulp and paper mills. We find that changes of product mixes contributed the most to reduce GHG emissions, followed to a lesser extent by increases of fuel prices relative to electricity. The estimated electricity and fuel price elasticities are low. However it is still possible to significantly reduce GHG emissions by substituting natural gas for heavy fuel oil; such a substitution could be brought about by a small change of their relative price. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Red heartwood, a dark nonhomogenous discolouration in paper birch trees ( Marsh.), limits the applications and uses of sawn boards to nonvisible low-value products, thus resulting in substantial value loss. The occurrence and distribution of red heartwood were investigated in 12 paper birch trees grown in the province of Quebec, Canada. The youngest tree was 62 years old at breast height and the oldest 86 years old for an average of 75 years old. In this study, 225 occurrences of external traits, relating to branch scars and forks, previously proposed as initiation points for red heartwood were identified and measured. The distribution of red heartwood was digitally mapped and the effect of these external traits on the red heartwood surface and shape inside each tree was examined. Results show that red heartwood initiates from an external trait and that multiple external traits can contribute to the development of a red heartwood column following the longitudinal axis of the stem. Red heartwood appeared to initiate mainly from external traits at the base of the tree. A modelling exercise indicated that the width of the red heartwood column inside a standing tree can be estimated from branch scar width and height from the ground. Tree vigour could not be linked to the proportion of red heartwood inside standing trees. A three-dimensional analysis of log shape could potentially be used to detect red heartwood presence in a log before processing to optimize the log sawing pattern. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Efforts to prevent work-related injuries have met with tangible success in industrialized countries. In Quebec, workplace accidents and occupational illness have declined sharply since the end of the 1990s. However, there is still considerable room for improvement in small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs). Expert specialists in accident prevention in SMEs are overloaded. Their interventions are repetitive and not personalised. Few tools are available for accelerating the process of evaluating occupational health and safety (OHS) performance. The aim of this research project was to address this deficiency by proposing a novel OHS performance evaluation tool better adapted to SMEs. For this purpose, research was carried out in two distinct phases. The first phase led to the theoretical model on which the tool is based. The second phase was carried out using an action research approach. The proposed tool was designed and improved during this phase, through field-testing and the involvement of a Quebec industrial partner. In spite of the limitations of this research, we have succeeded in developing a new tool with software support adapted specifically for the evaluation of OHS performance in SMEs. Upon completion of the project, a tested and improved version of the tool was delivered to the industrial partner. Experts in accident prevention have found the tool to be reliable and helpful. It has accelerated the identification of deficiencies in OHS management in several SMEs and has helped specialists to develop personalized and better-focused plans of action. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To verify in situ laboratory test results for the control of acid mine drainage using alkaline paper mill waste, five demonstration cells were built on the Ascot mine site in Sherbrooke (Québec, Canada). A monitoring program was set up to record temperature, leached water quality, oxygen concentration and electrical conductivity. Monitoring results showed that mixing mine residues with alkaline paper mill waste and covering mine residues with paper mill waste allows an efficient control of acid mine drainage. The paper mill waste cover generates an alkaline front which results in metal precipitation as hydroxides. Also, an increase in pH results in an inhibition of bacterial catalytic activity. Chemical analyses conducted on the collecting water shows a high reduction of leaching metals to under ground water. Moreover, a significant reduction of diffusion of oxygen to the mine residue is observed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Normal paper birch (Betula papyrifera Marsh.) wood has a clear and uniform color. However, some paper birch trees contain reddish-brown-, discolored wood known as red heartwood. Its occurrence, proportion, and vertical distribution were investigated. One hundred and fifty trees were randomly sampled from three stands located at the Montmorency Forest, 75 km north of Quebec City, Quebec, Canada. A subsample of 18 trees showing occurrence of red heartwood at stump height were felled, and 5 cm thick disks were cut at every 0.5 m of height. Red heartwood volume, proportion, and vertical distribution were determined from the disks. Trees with larger diameter at breast height and lower tree height had a higher probability of red heartwood occurrence. Red heartwood starts occurring in 40-year-old trees on average in the stands studied. The volume of red heartwood was positively correlated with tree age, and the proportion of red heartwood was positively related to tree age, and negatively related to the amount of sunlight on the live crown. Red heartwood proportion was 13.3% of the tree merchantable volume, mostly located under the live crown. Le bois de bouleau à papier (Betula papyrifera Marsh.) est normalement clair et uniforme. Toutefois, le bois de couleur brun-rougeâtre présent chez certains bouleaux est appelé cœur rouge. Sa présence, sa proportion et sa distribution verticale dans l’arbre ont été étudiées. Cent cinquante arbres furent sélectionnés aléatoirement dans trois peuplements de la Forêt Montmorency à 75 km au nord de la ville de Québec, Québec, Canada. Un sous-échantillon de 18 arbres présentant du cœur rouge à hauteur de souche ont été abattus et découpés en disques de 5 cm d’épaisseur à tous les 5 m afin de mesurer le volume, la proportion et la distribution verticale du cœur rouge. La probabilité de présence de cœur rouge était plus élevée chez les arbres petits et de fort diamètre. Le cœur rouge était présent dans les arbres de 40 ans et plus en moyenne dans les peuplements étudiés. Le volume de cœur rouge était corrélé positivement avec l’âge de l’arbre. Sa proportion était corrélée positivement avec l’âge de l’arbre et négativement avec la quantité de lumière atteignant la cime vivante. La proportion moyenne de cœur rouge était 13,3 % du volume marchand de l’arbre et il était principalement situé sous la cime vivante. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The editor reflects on the special issue of the periodical which is based on the 2012 International Microwave Symposium held on June 17-22, 2012 in Montreal, Quebec. He mentions that due to increased number of submissions to the special issue, it has been divided into two issues the first one was published in December 2012, and the next one in January 2013. He adds that the aim behind including conference papers in the issue is to present results that might help improve engineering designs.

Soils in wild lowbush blueberry production are prone to wind erosion and have very low nutrient and water storage capacities. An experiment was initiated to assess paper mill biosolids (PB) mixed with wood ash and ground bark as a soil amendment/fertilizer for wild lowbush blueberry (Vaccium angustifolium Ait.) in the Lac St-Jean area, Quebec, Canada. A mixture of PB was applied during spring (mid-May) of the sprout year (1998) on 120 m2 plots at a rate of 15t ha−1 (wet basis) with wood ash (1 and 2t ha−1) and ground bark (0, 3, 6,9 and 15t ha−1, wet basis). Blueberry leaves were sampled in the first year and wet digestion and dry ashing were performed to determine foliar nutrient concentration. In 1999 and 2000, fruit yields tended to increase with PB with wood ash and ground bark application (31% in 1999 and 29% in 2000). Foliar N, P and K concentrations were increased whereas Ca and Mg were unaffected compared to control. Other nutrients were also determined and only Fe tended to increase with PB application whereas Ni tended to decrease. This study indicated that PB mixed with wood ash and ground bark is a potential nutrient source for blueberry on these poor sandy soils without short-term loss in crop yield. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article reports that Metso Paper Inc. has announced the settlement of a claim resulting from a project at the Papiers Gaspésia paper mill in Quebec. Metso Paper received an order for a rebuild of an extensive printing and writing paper line from the mill. The planned 2004 completion was stopped for financial reasons. In an arrangement, the mill will be transferred to the to the development company owned by the city of Chandler.

Provides an overview on the pulp and paper industry in Quebec. Percentage of productive forests in Quebec; Combined production of the pulp and paper industry in Quebec; Labor force in the industry; Percentage of electricity sold by the Hydro-Quebec acquired by the industry.

1. In minesoil reclamation, the establishment of a sustainable plant cover requires the improvement of limiting conditions and the re-initiation of carbon (C) and nutrient cycling. 2. The approach used in this study for reclaiming an abandoned sandpit in Quebec, Canada, was based on a heavy organic amendment as an attempt to accelerate the reconstruction of a functional ecosystem. 3. The one-time intervention consisted of incorporating paper de-inking sludge into soil at two rates (0 and 105 dry t ha–1 ), supplemented with nitrogen (N) at three rates (3, 6 and 9 g kg–1 sludge) and phosphorus (P) at two rates (0·5 and 1·0 g kg–1 sludge) followed by seeding (mid-summer) of Agropyron elongatum (Host) Beauv. (tall wheatgrass). 4. Standing biomass increased in the presence of sludge after both the first and second full growing seasons. High N application rates further increased yield, more importantly in the second season. The high P rate improved grass establishment in all cases. Ground cover increased with time and doubled in the presence of sludge whereas it declined in the absence of sludge. Phosphorus and N uptake was improved consistently in the presence of sludge. 5. Sludge application resulted in improved water retention and cation exchange capacities, and an increase in pH and bulk density of sandpit minesoil, all of which may have accounted for the significant improvement in plant responses. Levels of soil C and N suggest that this reconstructed system is approaching sustainability. 6. Adequate N and P supplements will accentuate the positive influence of sludge on revegetation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Examines changes in the structure and practices of the Quebec paper industry union, Federation des travailleurs de papier et de la foret. Review of literature on union responses to economic restructuring in North America; Unions' bargaining structures in the Canadian pulp and paper industry; Changes in labor-management relations in pulp and paper mills.

The article reports that Fraser Papers Inc. hired ForEverGreen Energy Inc. to upgrade a pulp mill in Thurso, Quebec with a thermal power producing heat exchange device. The unit is expected to reduce energy costs as well as sulfur dioxide and nitrous oxide emissions. Jean-Pierre Benoit, the plant's general manager, is quoted discussing the company's commitment to environmental awareness. It is noted that the heat exchange unit is expected to reduce a quantity of emissions equivalent to that produced by 2000 cars.

Copyright of Canadian Journal of Forest Research is the property of Canadian Science Publishing and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Abstract: Here we report multiple parameters used to describe the diagenetic state of sediments, including total hydrolyzable amino acid (THAA), amino acid enantiomer, chlorin (CI) and amino acid degradation (DI, RI) indices, along a transect between the Upper St. Lawrence Estuary and the Gulf of St. Lawrence, Canada. The study area is characterized by gradients in water oxygen concentration, water depth, organic matter (OM) source, primary productivity, and sedimentation rate. Both CI and DI indicate a decline in OM reactivity, with the transition from a more terrestrial to a more marine-dominated sedimentation regime as one moves from the shallow Upper Estuary (23–95 m) to the hypoxic, mid-depth Lower Estuary and to the deep (>400 m), well-oxygenated Gulf. Whereas the CI more accurately reflected OM reactivity in surface sediments and sediments down to 5 cm, the amino acid-based degradation indices (DI and RI) better described degradation in sediments down to 35 cm. Systematic variations in the amino acid composition along the Laurentian Channel confirmed the increased diagenesis of OM with distance from the Upper St. Lawrence Estuary. The ratio of d/l-stereoisomers of alanine increased along the transect, and the co-variation between DI and the d/l-Ala suggest a close coupling between the extent of diagenesis and the accumulation and selective preservation of bacterially-derived cell wall material in the sediments. The same patterns that we observed along the estuarine transect were present down-core in two sediment cores, confirming the robustness of our reactivity indices. Oxygen exposure time of the sediments appears to strongly determine sediment OM reactivity in the St. Lawrence Estuary. The sediment oxygen regime itself is related to the interplay between water column depth, vertical OM flux, and reactivity of settling OM. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Copyright of Canadian Geographer is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Voith Paper is to convert Abitibi-Consolidated Inc’s PM 14 at Alma, Quebec from newsprint to coated groundwood.This is a short news story only. Visit www.worldpumps.com for the latest pump industry news [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The practitioner-patient interview has been the subject of several studies in the world of medicine and in the field of teaching languages for specific purposes It has been considered one of the most critical oral genres in language teaching for medical-health purposes. Every health professional has to know and understand why the patient has come for a consultation; they must have the necessary skills to obtain as much information about the patient's health problem as possible, and if necessary, they have to perform a physical examination. The practitioner-patient interview is divided into several steps. Each step consists of a specific task with its specific objectives for the practitioner. For about fifteen years, the French Language Centre of McGill University, an English-speaking university in Montreal, Canada, has been offering French courses to students specializing in different areas of the Faculty of Health Sciences and Social Work who wish to do their clinical placements and pursue their professional career in the province of Quebec. Most of McGill’s students are native English speakers from different parts of Canada and the United States or international students whose first language is not necessarily English. One of the most important oral genres which must be taught to these students is the practitioner-patient interview in French, since one of their principal tasks as healthcare professionals will to interact with patients. Furthermore, students who have obtained a degree in any healthcare profession from an English-speaking university in the French-speaking province of Quebec must take a French language exam offered by the Office québécois de la langue française (OQLF). In one of the activities of this exam, the candidates must interview a patient or a caregiver in French. Therefore, this constitutes another reason to teach the practitioner-patient interview to our students. Unfortunately, there is little extant literature on how to teach students to carry out a practitioner-patient interview in French as a second language. Moreover, the possibility of recording actual interviews for use in class is practically impossible to respect patient confidentiality. This paper aims to share with the scientific community and with other language for specific purposes instructors how the practitioner-patient interview is taught at McGill University to non-native French speakers who wish to work in Quebec. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Intersectoral collaborations are recommended as effective strategies to reduce health inequalities. People most affected by health inequalities, as are people living in poverty, remain generally absent from such intersectoral collaborations. Community-based participatory research (CBPR) projects can be leveraged to better understand how to involve people with lived experience to support both individual and community empowerment. In this paper, we offer a critical reflection on a CBPR project conducted in public housing in Québec, Canada, that aimed to develop intersectoral collaboration between tenants and senior executives from four sectors (housing, health, city and community organizations). This single qualitative case study design consisted of fieldwork documents, observations and semi-structured interviews. Using the Emancipatory Power Framework (EPF) and the Limiting Power Framework (LPF), we describe examples of types of power and resistance shown by the tenants, the intersectoral partners and the research team. The discussion presents lessons learned through the study, including the importance for research teams to reflect on their own power, especially when aiming to reduce health inequalities. The paper concludes by describing the limitations of the analyses conducted through the EPF–LPF frameworks and suggestions to increase the transformative power of future studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article highlights the 5th International Criminological Congress of the International Society for Criminology to be held in Montreal, Quebec, from August 29 to September 3, 1965.

Abstract: This issue of the Journal of Manipulative and Physiological Therapeutics (JMPT) includes the publication of the scientific papers that won the 3 major open awards at the International Conference on Chiropractic Research (ICCR) held at the Hilton Bonaventure Hotel, Montreal, Canada, from April 30 to May 2, 2009. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The article presents several entries for the Intersectional Technical Paper Competition in Montreal, Quebec. It relates that four papers are from American Association of Textile Chemists and Colorists (AATCC) and the fifth is from the Ontario Section of the Canadian Association of Textile Colourists and Chemists. Entries include "Monitoring of Fabric Moisture Content in Textile Drying," by Keith Slater, "Static: Its Effects on Flame Retardant Textiles," by Darrell Donaldson, and "Electron Beam Induced Polymerization of Crosslinked Hydrophilic Finishes on Polyester," by William K. Walsh. It announces that the papers are judged by originality, scientific value, practical value, and presentation. INSET: Box Score.

Presents abstracts of papers presented at the Twenty-Sixth Annual Meeting of the Society for Psychophysiological Research held on October 16-19, 1986 at Le Center Sheraton in Montreal, Quebec. Account of papers submitted for the symposium on conceptual and methodological implications of sex in psychophysiology research; Highlights of the paper "Power spectral analysis quantification of respiratory sinus arrhythmia," by researcher J.E. Richard presented in this meeting; Overview of the paper "Emotion and autonomic specificity: Something Borrowed -- Something New," by researcher R.W. Levenson submitted under the "Historical Symposium on Emotion" category of this meeting.

Allometry studies the change in scale between two dimensions of an organism. The metabolic theory of ecology predicts invariant allometric scaling exponents, while empirical studies evidenced inter- and intra-specific variations. This work aimed at identifying the sources of variations of the allometric exponents at both inter- and intra-specific levels using stem analysis from 9,363 trees for ten Eastern Canada species with a large shade-tolerance gradient. Specifically, the yearly allometric exponents, α [volume ( v) and diameter at breast height (DBH)], β [ v and height ( h)], and γ ( h and DBH) were modelled as a function of tree age for each species. α, and γ increased with tree age and then reached a plateau ranging from 2.45 to 3.12 for α, and 0.874-1.48 for γ. Pine species presented a local maximum. No effect of tree age on β was found for conifers, while it increased until a plateau ranging from 3.71 to 5.16 for broadleaves. The influence of shade tolerance on the growth trajectories was then explored. In the juvenile stage, α, and γ increased with shade tolerance while β was shade-tolerance independent. In the mature stage, β increased with shade tolerance, whereas γ decreased and α was shade-tolerance independent. The interaction between development stage and shade tolerance for allometric exponents demonstrates the importance of the changing functional requirements of trees for resource allocation at both the inter- and intra-specific level. These results indicate the need to also integrate specific functional traits, growth strategies and allocation, in allometric theoretical frameworks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper explores why the provinces of Ontario and Quebec devised contrasting policies in response to similar incidents of urban violence in the mid-2000s. In both settings, municipal police departments launched aggressive campaigns against so-called "youth gangs." However, Ontario went one step further and created a new "youth policy" to expand out-of-school programs for children and adolescents. By examining the origins of the policies in each province, the paper concludes that Black political actors in Ontario were leading champions of the youth policy, whereas, in Quebec, police chiefs took the driver's seat and advocated for a disciplinary strategy against "street gangs." The contrasts in policy and Black political participation exemplify the distinct racial politics of the provinces. Race-conscious policy in Ontario grows out of a tradition of Black radicalism and multi-racial coalitions. In Quebec, minority nationalism turns race into a proxy for clashes over ethnicity and culture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using the population of all university professors (N = 13,479) in the province of Quebec, Canada, this article analyses the concentration of funding, papers and citations at the level of individual researchers. It shows that each of these distributions is different, citations being the most concentrated followed by funding, papers published and, finally, number of funded projects. Concentration measures also vary between disciplines; social sciences and humanities generally being the most concentrated. The article also shows that the correspondence between the elites defined by each of these measures is limited. In fact, only 3.2% of the researchers are in the top 10% for all indicators, while about 20% are in the top 10% for at least one of the indicators. The article concludes with a discussion of the causes of these observed differences and formulates a few hypotheses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on the experimental research on the chemical and mechanical techniques for improving the papermaking properties of jack pine thermomechanical pulp (TMP) fibers. It states that through this study, the papermaking mills could avoid the consumption of reinforcement chemical fibers in papermaking when using mechanical fibers. The forecasted shortage of supply in traditional softwoods has drawn pulp producers in Quebec to use less desirable softwoods like jack pine. The materials needed, schematic plan, charts which show the effects of beating and condition of pulps after beating, and the results and conclusions derived are thoroughly discussed.

Copyright of Forestry Chronicle is the property of Canadian Institute of Forestry and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The article presents information about the Fourth Symposium on the Consumer Psychology of Tourism, Hospitality, and Leisure Research held on July 17-20, 2005 in Montreal, Quebec. The International Society of Culture, Tourism, and Hospitality Research was founded at the symposium. The objective of the institution is to advance the scientific and practical knowledge of lived experiences.

Focuses on the 7th Symposium of the International Clinical Phonetics and Linguistics Association in Montreal, Quebec. Exchange of ideas and research for clinical linguists and phoneticians; Function of phonetics and linguistics methods; Selection of summary papers from the forum.

Copyright of Canadian Historical Review is the property of University of Toronto Press and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In Québec (Canada), vocational training centres hire their teachers based on their occupational skills and knowledge. Often without prior pedagogical training, teachers must complete a bachelor university degree including three or four internships. Conducted in their workplace, novices are then accompanied on-site by an assistant teacher (AT). Untrained for this role, there are little to no measures to support ATs in these additional tasks. Based on the testimonies of 15 ATs, this paper aims to expose the motivating factors and perceived benefits of performing this role, and how this plays an important part in the development of competent action and performance. To extract meaning, a qualitative methodology was used, and semi-inductive logic technics were applied. The results detail the ATs' experience in providing support to interns, as well as enlighten the facilitating and limiting factors to their competent action using desire to act theories. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We report on the highlights ofthe 24th International AIDS Conference, held in Montreal in 2022. We address three main themes: human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) targets and cascades, HIV and sexually transmitted infection prophylaxis, and HIV treatment, including the use of antiretroviral therapy in pregnancy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article illustrates how Italian astronomer Ermanno Borra initiated the creation of an infrared-spectrum telescope on the moon. Borra and his colleagues from Laval University in Quebec City, Quebec revived the idea of a liquid-mirror telescope (LMT). A lunar LMT needed to be very cold and a highly reflective liquid. Borra and a graduate student added metal coatings to thick and syrupy liquids. However, it was ionic liquids that provided the breakthrough for their team.

Copyright of Journal of Field Ornithology is the property of Resilience Alliance and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Canadian Journal of Forest Research is the property of Canadian Science Publishing and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)