10 results
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2. Measurement of fibre–fibre contact in three-dimensional images of fibrous materials obtained from X-ray synchrotron microtomography
- Author
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Malmberg, F., Lindblad, J., Östlund, C., Almgren, K.M., and Gamstedt, E.K.
- Subjects
- *
FIBROUS composites , *THREE-dimensional imaging , *SYNCHROTRONS , *X-rays - Abstract
Abstract: A series of wood-fibre mats was investigated using high-resolution phase-contrast microtomography at the beamline ID 19 of the European Synchrotron Radiation Facility in Grenoble, France. A method for data reduction to quantify the degree of fibre–fibre contact has been derived. The degree of fibre–fibre contact and bonding plays a fundamental role in the mechanical properties of cellulose-fibre mats, paper materials and cellulose-fibre composites. The proposed computerised automated method consists of two parts. First, fibre lumens are segmented using a watershed based method. This information is then used to identify fibre–fibre contacts in projections along the z-axis of the material. The method is tested on microtomographic images of mats made of wood pulp fibres, and is shown to successfully detect differences in the amount of fibre–fibre contact between samples. The degree of fibre–fibre contact correlates well with measured out-of-plane strength of the fibrous material. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]
- Published
- 2011
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
3. Permanent Paper in France in 2004: Is It Necessary to Worry?
- Author
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de Bogui, Sarah
- Subjects
PERMANENT paper ,PAPER ,PRESERVATION of paper ,PAPER deterioration ,PRESERVATION of books - Abstract
The article focuses on the issue of use of permanent paper in France. France is regularly cited as a model in alkaline production. The production of acid-free paper would have developed since 1976, with the appearance of Aquapel, a permanent paper made up by the company Arjomary. The statement of accounts is mitigated as the French case feeds more on hypotheses than on certainties, for lack of information (as data are left to the hands of their owner or simply do not exist). This is why, before making alarmist predictions on the future of contemporary publications, it is first necessary to draw the attention on the lack of data and calculated evaluations. What is at stake is clear: before dashing disorderly into actions of promotion, it is necessary to acquire certainties. Because permanent paper is not the one and only solution: there is need to consider the questions of use, storage, environment and handling. Tackling the carrier does not solve the question of the preservation of the document.
- Published
- 2004
4. Determination of bisphenol A and bisphenol S concentrations and assessment of estrogen- and anti-androgen-like activities in thermal paper receipts from Brazil, France, and Spain.
- Author
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Molina-Molina JM, Jiménez-Díaz I, Fernández MF, Rodriguez-Carrillo A, Peinado FM, Mustieles V, Barouki R, Piccoli C, Olea N, and Freire C
- Subjects
- Brazil, Environmental Monitoring, Estrogens, France, Humans, Spain, Benzhydryl Compounds analysis, Paper, Phenols analysis, Sulfones analysis
- Abstract
Bisphenol A (BPA) is a high-production-volume chemical with endocrine disrupting properties commonly used as color developer in thermal paper. Concerns about the potential hazards of human BPA exposure have led to the increasing utilization of alternatives such as bisphenol S (BPS) and bisphenol F (BPF). This study was designed to assess: (i) BPA, BPS, and BPF concentrations in 112 thermal paper receipts from Brazil, France, and Spain by liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (LC-MS); and (ii) hormone-like activities of these receipts using two receptor-specific bioassays, the E-Screen for (anti-)estrogenicity and PALM luciferase assay for (anti-)androgenicity. BPA was present in 95.3% of receipts from Spain, 90.9% of those from Brazil, and 51.1% of those from France at concentrations up to 20.27 mg/g of paper. Only two samples from Brazil, two from Spain, and ten from France had a BPS concentration ranging from 6.46 to 13.29 mg/g; no BPA or BPS was detected in 27.7% of French samples. No BPF was detected in any receipt. Estrogenic activity was observed in all samples from Brazil and Spain and in 74.5% of those from France. Anti-androgenic activity was observed in > 90% of samples from Brazil and Spain and in 53.2% of those from France. Only 25.5% of French samples were negative for both estrogenic and anti-androgenic activity. Estrogenic and anti-androgenic activities per gram of paper were up to 1.411 µM estradiol (E
2 ) equivalent units (E2 eq) and up to 359.5 mM procymidone equivalent units (Proceq), respectively. BPA but not BPS concentrations were positively correlated with both estrogenic and anti-androgenic activities. BPA still dominates the thermal paper market in Brazil and Spain, and BPS appears to be one of the main alternatives in France. There is an urgent need to evaluate the safety of alternatives proposed to replace BPA as developer in thermal printing. The large proportion of samples with hormonal activity calls for the adoption of preventive measures., (Copyright © 2018 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)- Published
- 2019
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
5. Arsenic mass balance in a paper mill and impact of the arsenic release from the WWTP effluent on the Moselle River.
- Author
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Michon C, Pons MN, Bauda P, Poirot H, and Potier O
- Subjects
- Environmental Monitoring, France, Paper, Seasons, Arsenic analysis, Rivers chemistry, Waste Disposal, Fluid, Water Pollutants, Chemical analysis, Water Supply analysis
- Abstract
Rivers used for drinking water production might be subject to anthropogenic pollution discharge upstream of the intake point. This problem was investigated in the case of the Moselle River, used for water production in Nancy (350,000 inhabitants) and which might be impacted by industrial activities 60 km upstream. The arsenic flux of a pulp and paper mill discharging in the Moselle River at this location has been more specifically investigated. The main sources of arsenic in that mill seemed to be the recovered papers and the gravel pit water used as feed water. The arsenic input related to wood and bark was limited. The main arsenic outputs from the plant were the paper produced on site and the deinking sludge. The arsenic concentration in the effluent of the wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) was not correlated to the one in the gravel pit water, but may depend on the operating conditions of the WWTP or the changes in processes of the mill. The impact of this anthropogenic source of arsenic on the Moselle River was slightly larger in summer, when the flowrate was lower. Globally the impact of the paper mill on the Moselle River water quality was limited in terms of arsenic.
- Published
- 2011
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
6. Characterization of activated sludge exopolymers from various origins: a combined size-exclusion chromatography and infrared microscopy study.
- Author
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Garnier C, Görner T, Lartiges BS, Abdelouhab S, and de Donato P
- Subjects
- Beer, Biopolymers analysis, Chromatography, Gel, France, Industrial Waste, Lipids analysis, Minerals analysis, Molecular Weight, Paper, Polysaccharides analysis, Polysaccharides chemistry, Proteins analysis, Proteins chemistry, Seasons, Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared, Biopolymers chemistry, Sewage chemistry, Waste Disposal, Fluid
- Abstract
High-pressure size-exclusion liquid chromatography and infrared microscopy were coupled to investigate the molecular weight and nature of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) from various activated sludges. Six main families of compounds (proteins, polysaccharides, organic acids, lipids, mineral phases) were found either as a single molecule or as associations. The molecular weight of proteins varied from small (10 kDa) to large (600 kDa) sizes, while all polysaccharides were smaller than 1 kDa. Association of different molecules implied the presence of species large in size. The EPS chromatographic fingerprints of sludge from various origins remained stable in normal operating conditions, but were drastically modified during settling crises. In poor settling conditions, the EPS with smaller molecular sizes always prevailed and large polymers were underrepresented. The EPS identified in activated sludge were collected in a chemical database which provides the basis for comparison of municipal and industrial wastewater treatment plants (WWTP).
- Published
- 2005
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
7. Organic markers in the lipidic fraction of sewage sludges.
- Author
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Jardé E, Mansuy L, and Faure P
- Subjects
- Alkanes analysis, Fatty Acids analysis, Food-Processing Industry, France, Hydrocarbons, Aromatic analysis, Industrial Waste, Paper, Steroids analysis, Waste Disposal, Fluid, Sewage analysis, Water Pollutants, Chemical analysis
- Abstract
The lipidic organic fraction of 48 sewage sludges that originated from food-processing, paper-mill and domestic (urban, small urban, and rural) wastewater-treatment plants of the Lorraine region (Northeast of France) was characterised by gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometer (GC-MS). This study enables us to define an average organic composition typical of each group of sewage sludges. Linear alkyl benzenes (LABs) are only present in domestic sludges, sterols in food-processing and domestic sludges. Paper-mill sludges are characterised by the specific distribution of n-alkanes. Besides, all the domestic sludges, whatever the size of the wastewater catchment, are characterised by the same distribution of polar compounds. Differences can be evidenced in the distribution of the aliphatic compounds of some domestic sewage sludges and are attributed to the important contribution of petroleum products in their sewer system. Moreover, this study highlights the correlation between abundance of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the aromatic fraction of some sewage sludges and a distribution of n-alkanes characteristic of heavy petroleum products into the corresponding aliphatic fraction. This might be a clue for the determination of punctual sources of PAHs.
- Published
- 2005
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
8. 'Stop pub': can banning of junk mail reduce waste production?
- Author
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Resse A
- Subjects
- Environment, France, Household Articles, Humans, Organizational Case Studies, Paper, Publishing, Conservation of Natural Resources, Postal Service, Waste Management
- Abstract
According to the new regulations on junk mail management to be adopted in France, both producers and distributors must participate in the recycling process. This case study was carried out in 2000 in four sectors in the Departement of Charente in the south west of France. This report presents the quantities of junk mail in residual waste and in separate collections. The conclusion is that the new regulations may reduce overall domestic waste production by 2-4%, with the impact on separately collected paper being some 20%.
- Published
- 2005
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
9. Occurrence and control of filamentous bulking in aerated wastewater treatment plants of the French paper industry.
- Author
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Fourest E, Craperi D, Deschamps-Roupert C, Pisicchio JL, and Lenon G
- Subjects
- Flocculation, France, Paper, Population Dynamics, Bacteria growth & development, Bioreactors, Industrial Waste, Waste Disposal, Fluid methods
- Abstract
The occurrence of filamentous bacteria was investigated in 15 French pulp and paper activated sludge wastewater treatment plant (WWTP). Large filamentous populations were present in most of the plants. Identification carried out with conventional methods based on morphological features and staining techniques showed that the four main filamentous bacteria encountered in these industrial WWTP and responsible for bulking belong to the genera Thiothrix sp., Type 021 N, Haliscomenobacter hydrossis and Type 0092. During two years a specific survey was performed for three of these WWTP showing recurrent bulking phenomena. Data from WWTP performance, chemical data and filaments characterization were compared to correlate the presence of specific filaments with process operating conditions.
- Published
- 2004
10. France : rolling round the curbs.
- Author
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Oddoux K and Melihan-Cheinin P
- Subjects
- Adolescent, Adult, Child, France, Humans, Industry, Advertising, Paper, Smoking
- Published
- 2001
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
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