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As the tragedy in Ukraine deepens, it's clear that the world should end its dependency on Russian oil. It will be ironic, however, if nations disentangling themselves from this compromised energy source instead turn to another energy source with destructive impacts: harvesting and burning forest wood for fuel, which increases carbon emissions compared to fossil fuels, and degrades forests. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While the secretary-general of the United Nations has questioned whether the COVID-19 pandemic has exposed a gap in global defenses against bioterrorism that a nefarious group may seek to exploit, the reality is that the pandemic has only underscored the folly of biological warfare, a strategy which relies on weapons – viruses, bacteria, and other pathogens – that would indiscriminately wreak havoc on the attacked and the attacker alike. Indeed, most countries in the world are part of the Biological Weapons Convention, the international treaty that – while lacking an enforcement mechanism – has successfully bolstered the near universal norms against the use of biological weapons. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Archives function both as repositories of documents and materials and as sites of memory collection and classification. This article explores the provenance and process of collecting and archiving through the lens of the collection of personal papers of Samuel Switzer, a Northern educated Southerner, World War I soldier, and a Jew. It examines how the interplay of Switzer's various identities affected the donor's and archivists' perspectives on the collection's importance and relevance and demonstrates the impact of these viewpoints on the collection's presentation and use by scholars. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Place a square sheet of paper with side length 1 into the first quadrant of a coordinate system in such a way that the lower-left corner coincides with the origin. Look at the set of points that are obtained by folding the lower-right corner of the sheet along a line passing through the origin. The points obtained in this fashion will lie on the unit circle whose center is the origin. By making use of two similar triangles, the illustration gives rise to a rational parametrization of the unit circle. The parameter t is the distance from the lower-right corner of the sheet to the point of intersection of the fold line with the right edge of the paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

How can scientific journals satisfy an admirable desire for open-mindedness and aversion to censorship while minimizing the publication of junk science? We consider this question in the context of the Bem (2011) paper reporting extra-sensory perception among Cornell students, which received a lot of attention in part because the editors made the decision to publish the article despite extreme skepticism of its claims. We consider the reasons, good and bad, for journals to publish such papers, and then we propose an alternative way in which the journal could publish without seeming to endorse outlandish claims. Our proposal is to flip the standard scheme of scientific publication by privileging data rather than strong conclusions presented with an air of certainty. This proposal could work for the publication of "big if true" claims more generally. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The associability of artificial intelligence (AI) as a dual-use technology for nuclear material production (NMP) within the academic and practitioner communities remains widely neglected, and so a widening opportunity for AI to aid in illicit and covert non-peaceful applications exists. To address this emerging gap, this paper investigates the evolving and applicable uses of AI and finds broad evidence of its use to optimize performance, promote innovation, reduce costs, and enhance safety associated with the development and production of nuclear material. AI's use in this arena will, thereby, facilitate broader accessibility of peaceful uses of nuclear science and technology, while at the same time cause concerns that said improvements can aid the illicit development of nuclear weapons. As such, this paper advocates for a three-dimensional solution to manage the evolving dual-use concern of AI that involves advancing states-centric monitoring and regulation, promoting intellectual exchange between the nonproliferation sector and the AI industry, and encouraging AI industrial contributions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article reflects on the ability of the U.S. Congress to create money for a fast economic recovery and to fund public projects through the Federal Reserve without implementing higher taxes, national debt and inflation. It notes the Legal Tender Act of 1862 which authorizes the creation of notes known as greenbacks but is absent in the U.S. Constitution. It mentions the disapproval of most delegates at the National Convention for the creation of paper money as it can lead to hyperinflation.

As part of the implementation of the Youth Training Scheme in 1983 the MSC established, and funded, an Accredited Training Centre in each of its areas. The functions of these centres is to support Managing Agents and Providers of the scheme by offering a staff training and consultancy service. This paper discusses some of the problems of designing a training programme that will meet the basic criteria laid down by the MSC for YTS staff training and at the same time meet the logistic problems of implementing the training. It has two main objectives, (1) to design a pattern of training provision that will meet the training needs, and (2) to enable the preparation of training units to be completed in a relatively short period of time by a range of specialist tutors. The paper is not intended as a critical piece of work but rather a proposed model for designing and implementing the training provision of the centre. It is a discussion paper and any opinions expressed are those of the author and not necessarily those of the MSC or of the Local Authority (ILEA). [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Each nuclear weapon test contributes to a global burden of released radioactivity. Between 1945 and 1996, more than 2,000 nuclear tests were conducted, three-quarters of which were underground. Underground nuclear tests involved placing the nuclear device in a cavity drilled or excavated beneath the surface. The goal was to contain the explosion and its effects to the immediate vicinity of the detonation point, ultimately minimizing the release of radioactive materials into the atmosphere. While these tests successfully curtailed the atmospheric release and radioactive fallout, they created dynamic responses within crustal formations caused by local shock waves from the explosion. This paper discusses the legacy of underground nuclear testing, addressing issues from containment failure to the phenomenological effects after underground detonations and the pathways of subsequent dispersal of radionuclides to the environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Comments on nuclear weapons tests conducted by India on May 11 and 13, 1998, questioning the verification of the Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty. Devices which India tested on May 11; Information on United States Geological Survey results; Information on seismograph readings; Seismic data of the May 13 tests.

Provides information on the U.S. nuclear forces and capabilities, as of September 1984. Policy implemented by the government under the administration of President Ronald Reagan; Number of weapons in the stockpile; Land-based missile force; Sea-based missile force; Strategic bomber force; Non-strategic nuclear forces on land.

The article reports on the crease length problem in many modern calculus textbooks. Crease length problem asks for paper foldings that do not produce protruding flaps. It shows the golden ratio through the condition of the paper dimension. Its minimum crease length could be obtained through folding the paper in half while its maximum crease length is obtained by making similar folds on the paper.

The authors focus on the process of inscribing triangles between parallel lines in the Euclidean plane through the use of an iterative process. They found out that the limiting triangle is equilateral when the geometry is hyperbolic and the lines are asymptotically parallel. They note that the process is extended to the sphere once limiting triangle is isosceles.

After an analysis of published experimental results and theoretical models on irradiation creep, the authors of a recent paper [1] conclude that “the strain accumulated in the material of the first wall of fusion reactors due to creep under pulsed irradiation… can reach a inadmissible high level”. This conclusion was reached since recent experimental results [2, 3] have been omitted from the analysis and incorrect input parameters for the theoretical models have been assumed. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

In late 2011 the South African government published a White Paper outlining climate change response policies for the coming decades. Among the main topics of the text were the socio-economic and climatic vulnerabilities of the country, including the situation of the poor. With the aim of analysing the argumentation regarding climate change and social justice we develop a combined linguistic and discursive approach, starting with occurrences of keywords pertaining to rights, equity and poverty. The White Paper’s conceptualisation of climate change is explored as a narrative, at the level of the text as a whole. This combined analysis shows that the legal rights of the poor are hardly given any place in the argumentation, whereas less constricting political intentions are far more present. Furthermore, the text attributes a passive role to the poor, dependent on the benevolence of a government that attributes the role of hero to itself. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The article reviews the exhibition "Richard Diebenkorn: The Berkeley Years, 1953-1966" held at the de Young Museum in San Francisco, California on June 22-September 29, 2013 and Palm Springs Art Museum in Palm Springs, California on October 26, 2013-February 16, 2014.

Presents information on books and articles pertaining to nuclear secrets in the Soviet Union. `Every Man Should Try,' by Jeremy Stone; `Bombshell,' by Joseph Albright and Marcia Kunstel; Details on articles that appeared in `Novoye Vremya.'

Kappa Statistic for Observer Agreement In its simplest form, the kappa statistic for observer agreement involves two judges considering I n i items and allocating each into one of two categories. From a reading of Barton and David's I Biometrika i paper, they believed that the formulas presented by Whitworth were unlikely to have been new to him. For Table 2, Galton calculated the centesimal scale value as: Graph Using Light's conditional kappa formula involves the same calculation and gives the equivalent answer. David Barton and Florence David, in their 1957 I Biometrika i paper about multiple runs, cited Whitworth's text as the oldest known source of the two-category formulas. [Extracted from the article]

The article discusses online papers on streakiness and hot hand fallacy in sports including one by Presh Tawalkar that discusses selection bias; another by Joshua Benjamin Miller and Adam Sanjurjo on the law of small numbers; and an explanation of the fallacy by Yosef Rinott and Maya Bar-Hillel.

This paper seeks to initiate a conversation about methodology in public and community archaeology through an examination of the use of case studies. Case studies enable the exploration of situations that are, by their nature, not easily reduced to statistical data. The challenge is that unless they are carefully structured, case studies may contribute little beyond anecdote to the field. Other disciplines that rely on case studies have addressed the methodological challenges aggressively. This paper explores these issues in four sections: First, the rationale for methodology in public archaeology is examined. Second, actual practice—through analysis of papers published inPublic Archaeologyand, to a limited degree, in the ‘grey literature’—is reviewed. Third, alternative case study methods, gleaned from diverse disciplines, are presented. Finally, the potential for method-based case study research is illustrated through an example of the use of one such method. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Rojava has recently received significant global attention thanks to the victories achieved there by the revolutionary Kurdish militia controlling the region and its Women's Protection Units against ISIS. An international community that has long been silent about Kurdish oppression was suddenly fascinated by the Rojava revolution and its potential for women's liberation. But this current interest elides vital political and conceptual contributions of activists in Rojava and elsewhere in Kurdistan, and reinscribes the orientalist and imperial scripts invoked in the representation of the emancipatory politics of the region's peoples. Pushing against these frameworks, this paper examines the new method of Kurdish decolonization, "democratic confederalism," as a distinct and perhaps novel contribution to the global repertoire of anticolonial thought and practice, especially with its re-envisioning of the revolutionary role violence and nonviolence can play in liberation. Tracing the intellectual and political process that turned decoloniz-ing Kurds from the pursuit of a territorial nation-state towards the revolutionary and feminist transformation of colonized sites and lives, it distinguishes this decolonial politics and its central means of community self-defense from both its reactionary opposites and revolutionary siblings. Foregrounding its foundationally anti-nationalist character, the paper proposes to approach this revolutionary, egalitarian, and community based self-defense as a rival ethics of nonviolence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For "statistical purposes", where would you fit in the 2020 U.S. census (Figure 1) and the 2021 England census (Figure 2)? B June 27, 1884 b President Chester Arthur signed a bill into law (23 Stat. The middle category included Native Americans (the 2020 census term is "American Indian") who were subject to U.S. tax. His 1958 joint paper with Paul Meier on the product-limit statistic for estimating survival functions from lifetime data is now one of the most cited statistics papers of modern times. [Extracted from the article]

The attempt of Seeger and Frank1 to reinterpret the annealing in recovery Stage III in gold in terms of the mobile single interstitial is discussed. Considering the experimental data of Stage III in irradiated samples and for the annealing stage observed in quenching samples around room temperature, it is concluded that the assignment of the recovery in these two stages to two different elementary defects is unjustified. It is further demonstrated that the interpretation of recovery Stage III by interstitial migration is in conflict with the direct observations of vacancies migrating in this stage and that the interpretation of the recovery measurements in radiation doped gold by the two interstitial model leads to inconsistencies. The attempt to interpret recovery Stage III in gold by interstitial migration must therefore be rejected and the activation energy of 0.71 eV measured for this stage must be attributed to the migration energy of single vacancies. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]