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Hydrogen is a relatively new source of sustainable energy resources; presently, its usage ranges from direct energy generation in mixed-cycle thermal power plants to its usage in the internal combustion engine. If the generation of hydrogen is coupled with renewable energy resources, the use of hydrocarbons can be substantially reduced in both energy generation and transportation. In this paper, we conducted a national-level assessment to identify the hydrogen generation capacity of Pakistan. The methodology used in this study is a combination of spatial multi-criteria analysis and density-based clustering in a geographical information systems environment. Based on the analysis, the national clusters capable of producing green hydrogen were identified. The results shows that the hydrogen generation capacity for Pakistan is approximately 7 million tons per year using solar photovoltaic energy. The Surab-Gwadar alignment, N-25 national highway, and Quetta-to-D-I-Khan alignment offer potential hydrogen generation sites with water resources. Most of the identified sites for the production of hydrogen in the country were found to be near the national electricity transmission networks. The Best-Worst Method was further employed to provide policymakers with a road map for prioritizing the development of these capacities based on their proximity to the national networks, their terrain suitability, and their generation capacities. • This paper assesses the suitable sites for solar-based green hydrogen production in Pakistan. • The methodology used involves a combination of spatial multicriteria analysis, clustering, and the best-worst method. • Pakistan's theoretical annual hydrogen generation capacity is around 7 million tons annually. • The Surab-Gwadar alignment presents promising hydrogen generation opportunities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to analyze the individual's socioeconomic and demographic determinants of financial inclusion and its barriers among for South Asian countries in the lens of existing financial inclusion policy, using World Bank Global Findex database for the period 2011, 2014, 2017, and 2021. We use the Probit regression model to explore the main objective of this study. In addition, we also analyze the trend, pattern, and barriers of financial inclusion for the period 2011- 2021 to identify differences among south Asian countries. Our results reveal that Sri Lanka is the best performer in the inclusivity of financial products as well as removing barriers to financial inclusion in all four periods. While Pakistan and Afghanistan are the least financially included countries, also they failed to remove barriers to financial inclusion. Moreover, our empirical results suggest that individuals who are male, older, wealthier, and more educated are more likely to access financial services, with income and education exerting a higher influence. Further, age shows a non-linear (inverted U-shaped) relationship with financial inclusion indicators. Additionally, we found that individuals having a formal account are the most important indicators of financial inclusion. And the reasons for financial exclusion (i.e., not having an account) are mainly voluntary among South Asian individuals. In fact, it is found that policies like Pradhan Mantri Jan Dhan Yojana for India and National Financial Inclusion Strategy across all South Asian countries play a significant role in accelerating financial inclusion and helping in removing its barriers with different magnitudes. Therefore, our finding stresses the importance of heterogeneous integrated policy measures for the targeted groups of the population, particularly the most vulnerable group among South Asian countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper investigates the ionospheric responses to the February and April 2023 geomagnetic storms using Total Electron Content (TEC) derived from the 10 Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) stations at the transition of low to mid-latitudes (Approx. 20 ∼ 30°N) across different longitudes in the American and Asian sectors. Significant variations in both sectors were recorded during the recovery phase and were mainly attributed to the Prompt Penetration Electric Field (PPEF), Disturbance Dynamo Electric Field (DDEF) and the thermospheric neutral composition changes as O/N 2 depletion. Similarly, the American and Asian sectors showed TEC enhancements, primarily attributed to the PPEF, during the main phase of the April storm. The negative TEC variations during the recovery phase were observed due to the DDEF and changes in O/N 2. In the Asian sector, positive and negative variations were recorded over Pakistan and China, respectively, during the main phase of the April storm. These variations resulted in high and low concentrations of the O/N 2 ratio due to Magnetosphere-Ionosphere-Thermosphere coupling. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Information problems are pervasive in developing economies and can hinder productivity growth. This paper studies how much rural producers in developing countries can learn from their own cultivation experience, i.e. learning by doing, to redress important information gaps about imperfectly known input technologies. First, I build a theoretical model which links learning by doing in one period to improved input choices in the next period, and show that this can be impeded by uncertainty about what is being observed due to noisy cultivation signals and by uncertainty about what to infer about market varieties due to imperfect variety integrity. Second, I apply this framework to cotton farmers in Pakistan, where farmers have imperfect information prior to cultivation about the extent to which their seeds have pest resistant biotechnology. The results suggest that farmers are unable to learn by doing about this aspect of their seeds due to a high degree of noise in cultivation signals. The paper highlights the potential difficulties in parsing out and processing information from cultivation experience alone and therefore of learning by doing by rural producers in a development context. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Advances in Information and Communication Technology (ICT) bear the promise of multiple benefits, including individual and entrepreneurial empowerment. The prospect of harnessing ICT as a means of creating growth and development opportunities is particularly appealing in developing countries. Still, several factors, including digital illiteracy and gender inequality, hamper the possibility of effective and universal utilization of these opportunities, in extreme cases leading to digital divide, gender-based exclusion, poverty, and precarity. Using this observation as a springboard, the objective of this paper is to conceptualize and quantify the digital divide-gender-entrepreneurial orientation nexus as it emerges in the perception of Pakistan higher education students. Using a quantitative approach, this study identifies the impact of digital skills (and thus the knowledge inequalities that can determine the potential digital gap) on entrepreneurship-related technology adoption (as measured through Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology, UTAUT), whereby gender is treated as a moderator. The empirical findings, based on Structure Equation Modelling (SEM) and Multiple Group Analysis (MGA), show that digital skills and perceptions of technology capabilities have a substantial impact on the desire to use ICT in entrepreneurial activities. The influence of technology adoption intent on the development of entrepreneurial orientation is also confirmed. This paper adds to the broader debate on gender, digital divide and entrepreneurship. Importantly, by identifying some of the drivers behind students' technology adoption in a developing nation such as Pakistan, filled with technological and economic unbalances, the conclusions of this study will have conceptual, managerial, and policymaking applications, notably in terms of technological access, digital literary, and gender-based exclusion. • This paper examines the digital divide-entrepreneurial orientation-gender nexus among Pakistani higher education students. • Digital skills and perceptions of technology capabilities significatly impact the desire to use ICT for entrepreneurship. • The influence of technology adoption intent on the development of entrepreneurial orientation is also confirmed. • Results have managerial and policymaking applications about technological access, digital literary and gender exclusion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Climate change and scarcity of energy sources have put developing countries in a situation that demands emergency future planning for matured renewable technologies in order to continue sustainable progress and provide clean and cheap energy to masses. This paper provides a comprehensive structure of site suitability for utility scale solar PV and wind energy projects considering criteria critical to each technology while only using criteria with absolute necessity for varying scenarios incorporating Multi Criteria Decision Analysis (MCDA) along with Geographic Information System (GIS). A novel approach is also considered for far-off areas potentially deprived of electricity access for small scale solar PV implementation. A total of eight sub-criteria were considered in site selection process regarding wind and solar energy, analyzed using Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) in order to rank criteria depending on their importance to selection process. Resulting methodology was applied to case study of Pakistan, a developing country with growing climate change emergency and ongoing power crisis. End results showed 25.28% area suitable for utility scale solar PV farms, 5.93% area suitable for utility scale wind farms and 40.02% suitable area for small scale solar PV farms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Study of longitudinal ionospheric variations over Asian regions during the intense geomagnetic storms of May and September 2017. • Positive and negative changes were observed during the main and recovery phases of the storms. • Local time variations of the electric field ensure the longitude difference of the TEC variations. This paper presents the longitudinal dependence of ionospheric responses from Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) derived Total Electron Content (TEC) during two intense geomagnetic storms of May and September 2017. The GNSS-TEC is retrieved from four stations installed at the verge of low to mid-latitude Asian regions of Pakistan and China. Two ionospheric enhancements were observed during the storm of May 2017. The first one at local noon–afternoon during the storm main phase on 28 May was due to the southward turning of Interplanetary Magnetic Field (IMF-Bz) and eastward Prompt Penetration Electric Field (PPEF), with the maximum TEC enhancement at Wuhan. The second one at nighttime during the recovery phase of the storm on 29 May triggered ionospheric variations, mainly due to the later southward turning of the IMF-Bz as the Asian regions, were on the nightside with the westward PPEF. Negative storm time ionospheric responses were observed on 30 May, related to the change of the thermospheric composition as O/N 2 depletion. Moreover, a significant increase in TEC was recorded during the main phase of the storm on 8 September 2017. This enhancement corresponded with the eastward PPEF and an increase in the O/N 2. The TEC increment was also observed during the recovery phase on 9 September in the Pakistani stations. A minor storm on 7 September also gave rise to TEC enhancements, especially in western regions. However, the negative phase was registered from 9 to 10 September at each station because of the changes in the thermospheric composition as O/N 2 depletion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cheap Production of bioethanol from renewable lignocellulosic waste has the imperative potential to economically cut burgeoning world dependency on fossils while reducing net emission of carbon dioxide (CO 2), a principal greenhouse gas (GHGs). This paper highlights key benefits and status of bioethanol production technologies, aiming mainly on recent developments and its key potentials in Pakistan. Most sector of Pakistan economy heavily rely on the energy and power that is being produced using traditional approaches like from oil and hydel. However, the sedimentation in dams cut-down the energy generation and overwhelmed severe energy crisis that are witnessed since last decade. Thus, Pakistan must go to avail alternative sources of energy like hydro, biomass and solar so that energy security can be ensured to recover the tremendous loss of economy. Renewable biomass is abundantly available in Pakistan which can be used to produce bioethanol and electricity. Currently, 22 distilleries are producing the ethanol from sugar cane bagasse and out of these only 8 distillation units are producing motor fuel grade ethanol. The current bioethanol production of country is about 403,500 tons/year along with 2423 tons of biodegradable waste available in major cities. In addition, Pakistan produces 6.57, 0.5, 0.66, and 2.66 million tons of sugarcane, corn, rice, and wheat straw per annum, respectively. This biomass can produce 1.6 million liters of bioethanol which can produce approximately 38% of Pakistan's electricity annually. Despite having large potential, Pakistan is still producing a few volumes of ethanol from sugarcane bagasse. The production of bioethanol can be boosted using (I) pretreatment of agricultural biomass by alkali (II) enzymatic and bacteria-based hydrolysis of the biomass (III) post-hydrolysis using pressurized steam above 100 °C (IV) Fermentation of the biomass@ 7–10 h and (V) and (VI) distillation of bioethanol. This study recommends (1) increase R&D capacities mainly in the west and central regions of Pakistan, (2) initiate mega-projects to promote integrated bio-ethanol production at agriculture farms by providing 1/3 subsides, (3) purchase of bioethanol directly from the major agricultural farms, (4) produce bioethanol related manpower from the key research institutes as specified in this study. • Upgradation of inefficient biogas to bioethanol can solve energy crisis. • Study witnessed huge potential of bioethanol (403,500 tons/year) from cheap biomass. • Key technical barriers in the green development of ethanol is emphasized fact-sheet. • Study implementation will replace inefficient biomass burn into ethanol combustion. • Study will definitively help policy makers to sustain lives of Pakistan people. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• COVID-19 is a threat to recent progress in expanding access to quality early childhood education ECE in low- and middle- income countries. • Governments in the study did not prioritize ECE in their responses to the pandemic. • Some conditions that previously helped ECE advance on national agendas worsened. • Lessons from this analysis have implications for prioritizing ECE postpandemic. Despite strong evidence of its importance to the welfare of children and societies, early childhood education has been comparatively neglected as a policy priority both before and during the COVID-19 pandemic. This paper seeks to understand what factors have contributed to the relative lack of priority for early childhood education in distance learning and school reopening plans by applying a political prioritization framework to the pandemic context in 4 low- and middle-income countries: Ethiopia, Jamaica, Liberia, and Pakistan (Punjab Province). Some aspects of the pre-COVID-19 status quo which disfavored early childhood education have continued, including a lack of cohesive support from civil society and a greater focus by international partners on norm promotion and technical assistance than financing. In other respects, the pandemic put early childhood education at an even greater disadvantage. These include perceptions that early childhood education is less suited to distance delivery than other levels of education, concerns about young children's ability to comply with health protocols, and competition with high-stakes examinations for education ministries' attention. Previous country experience with pandemics (in Liberia) and a strong coordinating entity (in Jamaica) were mitigating factors. These results point to an urgent need to elevate priority for early childhood education in more normal times and to capture the lessons of COVID-19 to improve the resilience of early childhood education in future crises. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper describes probabilistic seismic hazard assessment (PSHA) incorporating site effects for a deep soil site in Pakistan. Bedrock hazard is computed in FRISK88M using a logic tree approach. Probabilistic site response analysis (PSRA) employs Monte Carlo simulations to account for uncertainty in the soil profile. Site-specific amplifications are derived via regression of equivalent linear site response analysis using STRATA. By incorporating site amplifications, rock ground models are transformed into site-specific models; subsequently, we performed soil PSHA in FRISK88M. To assess the contribution and uncertainty of individual input parameters, sensitivity analysis is required. In this study, sensitivity analysis of logic tree nodes quantifies the uncertainty contributions of input parameters in terms of spectral periods and return periods. The analysis revealed that hypocentral depth distribution and ground motion prediction equations are very high sensitivity (>35%). The b-value distribution is high sensitivity (>25-35%). The magnitude distribution is medium sensitivity (>15-25%). The a-value distribution and source mechanism are low sensitivity (>5-15%). Recurrence methods are insensitive (≤5%) to hazard. • Seismic hazard calculation using FRISK88M Suite by applying rigorous logic tree. • 1D equivalent linear SRA for amplification factors estimation utilizing STRATA. • Transformation to site-specific GMPEs by incorporating amplification function. • Compute the Soil PSHA using FRISK88M Suite by applying site-specific GMPEs. • Sensitivity analysis of parameters regarding spectral periods and return periods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The United Nations has declared its latest climate report a 'code red,' sounding the alarm and prompting a global call for scientists and policymakers to adopt comprehensive, systems-wide integrated strategies for promoting sustainable life on Earth. The need for collaborative and holistic approaches for the transformation of cement production into a socio-ecologically sustainable industrial segment had never been more imperative. This paper rigorously evaluates the parameters and alternatives for the sustainable transformation of Pakistan's cement industry. Economic, environmental, and social parameters are explored and screened using multiple methodologies. Real-world data collected from the operating cement plants in Pakistan are analyzed using Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Grey Relational Analysis (GRA). The consolidated list of sustainability criteria and alternatives is evaluated using the Multi Actor Multi Criteria Analysis (MAMCA) framework, which incorporates the involvement of both local and international stakeholders for prioritization of the transformation goals. Data analytic results reveal that carbon emissions have a strong degree of statistical association with production ingredients such as SiO2, Insoluble Residue (IR), Al2O3, and Fe2O3. Although there are a few interesting variations in the priorities computed from the recorded perspectives of different stakeholders, the consensus on giving top priority to environmental parameters and the alternatives like 'Waste-heat Recovery Plants' and 'Vertical Rolling Mills' is novel and promising. By taking all the main sustainability domains into account, employing multidimensional techniques, and involving multiple stakeholder perspectives under the context of a developing country, the research outcomes of this study become highly attractive for researchers, investors, and policymakers all over the world. [Display omitted] • Parameters and Alternatives are explored for sustainable cement production. • Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Grey Relational Analysis (GRA) are applied. • Economic, Environmental, and Social parameters have been screened, and prioritized. • Multi-actor Multi-Criteria Analysis (MAMCA) is used for the stakeholder-wise ranking. • The waste heat recovery plant has received the highest ranking. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The global water scarcity crisis has led to increased demand for reverse osmosis (RO) desalination technology. In response to the rising global temperatures, there is a growing focus on renewable energy sources such as solar photovoltaic (PV) and wind energy to power small-scale RO plants. This paper presents a comprehensive techno-economic analysis of stand-alone photovoltaic reverse osmosis (PV-RO) systems in Pakistan. It focuses on the design and optimization of PV-RO systems for Karachi and Lahore, evaluating the systems with and without energy recovery devices. A parametric study was conducted to optimize system performance, considering various configurations. The analysis includes a comparison of costs when operating with PV, diesel, and grid power. It was found that for Karachi, a four-stage PV-RO system without an energy recovery device provides water at $1.359 per cubic meter, while in Lahore, a three-stage system with an energy recovery device achieves $1.336 per cubic meter. These systems offer significant annual savings compared to diesel-powered systems, with Karachi and Lahore saving up to $10,138 and $17,664 respectively over ten years. The findings of this study show that PV-RO systems, especially those with multiple stages and energy recovery devices, offer a cost-effective and sustainable solution for water desalination in these regions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• The steepest sidewall (with slopes of 25.75° and 40.47°) of E Canyon in the eastern Makran accretionary prism was found. • The segmentation features of sedimentation and erosion of E Canyon was revealed. • The evolution model of gas hydrate accumulation in the development area of E Canyon was established. Seven shelf-incising submarine canyon systems are developed in the Makran accretionary prism, offshore Pakistan. This paper uses multibeam bathymetric data and multichannel seismic profiles to study the geomorphologic and infilling characteristics of E Canyon in the east of accretionary prism. The E Canyon extends nearly north–south from the upper slope to lower slope, the bottom of the canyon is located in 1000 to 3000 m water depth, the main axis extends about 55 km, and the width varies from 5 to 9 km. The E Canyon shows U-shaped concave features in the northern cross-section view and V-shaped concave features in the southern cross-section view. Two continuous erosion pools are developed at the fifth and third ridges of the southern segment, respectively. The steepest sidewall (with slopes of 25.75° and 40.47°) of E Canyon was found near the third ridge. The filling sequence of coarse channel lags, slump debris flows, stacked channel sands and mass transported deposits and turbidite deposits from bottom to top is developed in the northern segment of the canyon. Strong erosion is developed in the southern part of the canyon and there is no sedimentation inside. On the abyssal plain, the continuation of the E Canyon is clearly erosive. Our preliminary analysis shows that the factors controlling the evolution of E Canyon may include sediment gravity flow, tectonic activity, sea-level change, climate and onshore rivers activity. The correlation between evolution of E Canyon and gas hydrates was explored, and it is believed that the erosion of E Canyon plays a destructive role in hydrate accumulation. At the same time, the destruction of hydrate-bearing layer induces the escape and leakage of hydrocarbon-bearing fluid, leading to the development of pockmark on the sidewalls of E Canyon. And the evolution model of gas hydrate accumulation in the development area of E Canyon was established. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Floods are a great threat to Pakistan with increasing concern. As the consequences of increased extreme weather related to climate change, Pakistan experiences severe floods almost every year. This study aims to explore and analysis the actual inundated situation, magnitude, the possible causes of the 2022 devastating floods, and future trends. We presented an enhanced nationwide flood mapping method and compared with other pixel-based image processing techniques including active contours and change detection. These algorithms were applied to Sentinel-1 Ground Range Detected (GRD) Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) imagery (10 m spatial resolution) with various land types and inundation scenarios in Pakistan, and were evaluated using other reference flood products. Accuracy evaluation analysis demonstrated that our algorithm has high robustness and accuracy, with the overall accuracy (OA) higher than 0.83 and critical success index (CSI) up to 0.91, and is suitable for automated flood monitoring in near real time. Nearly one-third of the lands were flooded in 2022, and more than half were inundated croplands. Punjab and Sindh provinces were the most severely affected regions, with the proportions of inundated area in 2022 (21.26% and 20.55%) nearly twice of that in 2010 (11.40% and 12.70%), indicating an intensified flooding trend. Analysis of possible influential factors showed that the intense and cumulative rainfall during the monsoon season (June to August) was the major cause of the 2022 flood event. Although the snow melted rapidly in June (the average change in snow depth is ∼10 mm), the overall ablation contributed insignificant amount to the flood water. The glacial lake outburst floods (GLOFs) induced by abnormal April–May heatwave provide water flowed into the tributaries of the Indus River, but are difficult to spread for thousands of kilometers from mountains to the plain downstream. The combination of the intrinsic arid climate and extreme floods exacerbate the already severe situation. • This paper presents an automated method based on tile thresholding and fuzzy logic. • The inundation in Punjab and Sindh in 2022 are nearly twice of that in 2010. • The cumulative rainfall is the major cause of the 2022 flood event. • The snow melting and GLOFs are likely small relative to the flood water gains. • These observations imply an intensified flooding and water cycle in Pakistan. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Electric power shortfalls driven by inadequate generation, electrification, and lack of clarity on the planning side have worsened Pakistan's power crises that deformed economic growth. This study focuses on the estimation of the electricity supply and demand in the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) perspective and on the main reasons that motivate a transition to green resources. This paper estimated the demand-supply gap (1990–2015) and forecasted it (2016–2035), including CPEC projects using the System Dynamics model. The results show that the power demand will be met by 2021, fact highlighted also by a battery of robustness tests. We find that the CPEC efforts will increase energy growth from 4.5% (1990–2015) to 14.6% (2016–2035). The capacity growth will increase from 4.9% to 12.3% during 2016–2035. Moreover, the current renewable energy production and investment (Wind & Solar Power) will not help achieve policy targets. A total investment of $4806.69 million is required to meet policy targets, while a value of $57,683 million is needed for a complete conversion to green energy. The study highlights the challenges on the green energy path and discusses policies needed to overcome these problems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The magnetic susceptibility of the loess-paleosol sequence is considered a significant indicator for recording paleoclimate, and the relationship is different between magnetic susceptibility and climate variation in diverse regions. A deep analysis of the composition, content, and evolution mechanism of magnetic minerals is helpful to enhance our understanding of magnetic signals in different regions. This paper presents a systematic study of environmental magnetism and geochemical elements in the loess-paleosol sequence of the Attock (ATT) area in the Peshawar Basin, northern Pakistan, exploring the significance and limitation of magnetic susceptibility as a proxy index of paleoclimate and the variation mechanism of magnetic susceptibility. The results showed that: 1) the ATT section had a magnetic mineral composition similar to that of the Chinese Loess Plateau; however, the contents of different minerals were distinguishable. The loess layer contained a specific amount of magnetite and maghemite and a handful of goethite and hematite. Additionally, the content of soft magnetic minerals was relatively higher than that of paleosol; the paleosol contained maghemite and nearly no magnetite. Furthermore, it contained more hematite and goethite, and the hard magnetic and paramagnetic minerals were dominant; 2) the effective humidity of the pedogenic environment in the ATT section fluctuated around the magnetic susceptibility wetting critical value F (B–C region), resulting in a poor relationship between magnetic susceptibility and climate; 3) Rb/Sr, K/Na, the coefficient of eluviation, and the content of <2 μm particles were well correlated with the stratum and can be used as paleoclimatic variation indicators in this area. Understanding the B–C region is helpful to comprehend the complex relationship between magnetic signals and climate in some areas and better interpret the environmental information carried by magnetic signals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: Nationally representative evidence on abortion service provision is scarce in South Asia. To inform improvements in service provision, this paper assesses the availability of facility-based postabortion services in Nepal, India (six states), Bangladesh and Pakistan, and legal abortion services in India and Nepal and Bangladesh (where the official term used is menstrual regulation or MR).Study Design: The paper presents comparable indicators on three aspects of abortion service provision from representative surveys of public and private sector facilities, conducted over 2012-2015. Indicators cover three areas: (a) need for abortion-related care (total number of abortions and percent of abortions that are legal and the postabortion treatment rate); (b) availability and accessibility of facility-based abortion-related services (percent of facilities offering only one of the two services, percent which are public and percent located in rural areas); (c) quality of facility-based abortion care (percent of legal abortions using procedures not recommended by WHO and percent of women turned away when seeking abortion or MR services).Results: The proportion of all abortions that are illegal ranges from 58% to almost 78% in the three countries where abortion is permitted under broad criteria. The annual treatment rate for abortion complications ranges from about 4 to 26 per 1000 women ages 15-49 across the countries and states covered. In India and Nepal, less than 40% of public sector facilities that are permitted to provide abortion services do so; in Bangladesh, the situation is somewhat better, at 53% providing MR. Across the six Indian states, 4-43% of facilities that offer abortion care are located in rural areas, disproportionately lower than the proportion of women living in rural areas (49-87%). About 30-60% of facilities offered only postabortion care and did not offer legal services in the three countries where legal services are permitted (with the sole exception of Tamil Nadu where this proportion was only 11%); of the remaining facilities, the large majority offered both services. Medication abortion is offered by the large majority of facilities that provide induced abortion and accounts for 40-45%, of facility-based abortions in Nepal and four of the states of India; in Assam and Bihar, this proportion was much lower (13% and 27% respectively). Invasive procedures that are not recommended by WHO are more widely used in India (up to 25-37% of facility-based abortions are D&C procedures; the large majority of this group are D&C, and a small proportion may be D&E, a WHO-recommended abortion procedure, that could not be separated out in this study because providers use the two labels interchangeably); by comparison, the proportion is much smaller in Nepal (5%). Between 22% to a little over half of facilities turned away some women who would otherwise be eligible for an abortion or MR procedure in Nepal, the six Indian states, and Bangladesh.Conclusions: There is an urgent need to increase access to abortion, MR and postabortion services, especially for rural women. Greater access to legal abortion/MR services in the three countries that permit these procedures would increase the proportion of abortions that are legal and safe, reduce morbidity and the need for facility-based treatment for complications. Broadening the legal criteria under which abortion is permitted in Pakistan, and implementing access under such broader criteria, is needed to achieve the same improvements in Pakistan. Ensuring that these services are of high quality and comprehensive-meeting WHO-recommended standards-is essential to protect women's reproductive health and rights.Implications: To improve access to abortion, MR and postabortion care in South Asia, all facilities (public and private) permitted to provide these services should do so, and should include medication abortion. Improvements in quality of care are critical: invasive procedures (D&C) should be eliminated through adherence to WHO's standards of safe abortion care and women seeking abortions should not be turned away because of providers' biases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Over the years, Governments of South Asia have faced the challenge of achieving the goal of sustainable development. On the one hand, they must satisfy the ever-growing demand for energy and, on the other hand, the interminable deterioration of the environment is causing great concern among political economists. The widening gap between the demand and supply of energy, over-reliance on the use of fossil fuels, and increasing import bills due to rising global prices are the challenges that South Asia is facing. These can be overcome by using its great potential in renewables. This paper uses SWOT methodology to identify that the poor financial situation of the distribution companies, due to power losses and non-cost-reflective tariffs, and the lack of credit opportunities, due to high interest rates and inaccessibility of loans for the long-term, are the major impediments to the growth of the renewable energy sector of the region. Moreover, there is a conflict of interest between the manufacturers of renewable energy equipment and the developers of renewable energy projects in terms of Government policy concerning the imposition of import duties. India is moving towards protection of the former, while the latter see opportunities in the renewable energy sector of Pakistan. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• The peak plasma ionospheric frequency (f o F2) from ionosonde stations located at Islamabad and Sonmiani is analyzed. • The 30 days running median technique to detect the abnormality in f o F2 over the epicenter of impending earthquake. • The major reason of these seismo-ionospheric anomalies is the distance between the ionosonde station and epicenter. • The evidence supports that these seismo-ionospheric precursors are probably due to the lithospheric-ionospheric coupling. The rapid advancement in ground and space based ionospheric measurements provide an opportunity to work on different earthquake precursors for lithosphere-ionosphere coupling hypothesis. In this paper, the peak plasma ionospheric frequency (f o F2) for 90 days before/after the main shock of September 24, 2019 (M5.6) earthquake in Pakistan are studied for earthquake precursors from ionosonde stations located at Islamabad and Sonmiani. We implement the 30 days running median technique to detect the abnormality in f o F2 over the epicenter of impending earthquake. A comprehensive analysis of these anomalies on two stations is performed in order to extract the maximum of these abnormalities in their respective regions. The deviation in hourly data in Sonmiani station shows significant variation within 10–20 days before the main shock, as most of the values within 5–10 days' window are within the confidence limits. On the other hand, positive and negative deviations in the analysis of Islamabad station may be revealed as a possible signature of seismo-ionospheric anomalies. The major reason of these seismo-ionospheric anomalies is the distance between the ionosonde station and epicenter, where Islamabad station is close to the epicenter as compared to Sonmiani. It is noteworthy that both negative and positive deviations are observed before the M5.6 earthquake; however, the intensity of positive anomalies is more than negative anomalies. Moreover, severe positive deviation occurs within 10–20 days before the earthquake at the Sonmiani station. Also, there is no geomagnetic storm within 10 days before the earthquake which opposes the existence of seismo-ionospheric anomalies. The evidence supports that these seismo-ionospheric precursors are probably due to the lithospheric-ionospheric coupling. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract This paper investigates asymmetric effects of renewable and nuclear energy on economic growth by extending production function along with labor and capital for Pakistan's economy. Paper utilises non-linear autoregressive distributed lag model with the yearly data of 1990–2016 to extract reliable facts. Results reveal the presence of asymmetric co-integration among variables. Results offer evidence of positive and negative shocks to renewable and nuclear energy variables will have positive impact on economic growth. Further, capital formation contributes positive to economic growth. Addition to this, two more conventional models have been constructed to investigate asymmetric impacts of economic growth, oil prices, oil consumption and CO 2 emissions on nuclear and renewable energy consumption. Results reveal that oil consumption leads to a negative impact on renewable energy consumption while it is neutral for nuclear energy consumption. Oil price was having neutral impact on renewable and nuclear energy consumption. Policy suggestions are given based on empirical results. Highlights • Renewable energy consumption has asymmetric positive affect on economic growth. • Nuclear energy consumption shows a positive and asymmetric linkages with economic growth. • Oil consumption has negative impact on renewable energy consumption. • Oil price shows neutral impact on renewable and nuclear energy consumption. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The adoption of sustainable residue management practices is considered as a cleaner production option for the agricultural sector. However, limited information is available from Pakistan on the current use and adoption of sustainable residue management practices and different socio-physiological factors are involved in the process of shaping farmers' intentions. Based on the protection motivation theory framework, this study analyzes the socio-physiological factors affecting the farmers' intentions on adopting sustainable crop residue management practices. The paper is based on cross-sectional data collected from 420 farmers across Punjab and employs a structural equation modeling to explore research objectives. The research findings show that farmers, who perceive high risk from crop residue burning or who are aware of its negative consequences, are more intended to adopt sustainable crop residue management practices. However, their adoption intentions do have significant relationship with the self-efficacy implying the lack of resources, time, knowledge, competency, and skills as constraints limiting the adoption of cleaner production strategies. Further, the research findings also confirm the positive and significant role of habits of farmers in shaping their intentions to use sustainable crop residue management practices. In addition to this, the paper found a positive and significant role in social interaction, sources of information and access to extension services in shaping farmers' decision regarding sustainable residue management practices at the farm level. The research findings suggest enhancing awareness to highlight the negative impacts of crop residue burning and to train them regarding useful and sustainable crop residue management options that are not only cleaner production options but also generate economic benefits for farmers. • Socio-psychological factors affecting farmers' SCRMPs intentions are assessed. • Perceived high risks of residue burning are more intended to adopt SCRMPs. • Socio-cognitive attributes significantly influence farmers' adoption intentions. • Farmers' intentions can improve by promoting ecological benefits of these practices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Stackelberg-Nash and Cournot-Nash games are applied to gain optimum strategies. • Uneven precipitation and stream inflow are characterized as fuzzy random variables. • An interactive-dynamic-programming-based genetic algorithm (IDP-GA) is designed. • An emergency response mechanism based on different climatic scenarios is developed. Increasing water demand aggravates water scarcity in water-scarce regions (e.g., India, Pakistan, and China), where uneven precipitation increases the risk of maintaining sustainable eco-economic development. Ignoring precipitation's effects leads to misguided policy recommendations that either deplete or underuse basin water resources. Therefore, this paper highlights the concept of uneven precipitation and uncertain stream inflow based on scenario analysis. Within a river basin, the regional authority and subarea managers both have water allocation and reallocation privileges. Motivated by sustainable development of water resource management systems, we argue that regional authorities should focus on alleviating the contradiction between supply and demand, and then seeking an optimum allocation strategy to ensure societal and economic benefits for its subareas, from which the subareas can provide reasonable reaction strategies. Authorities dominate water transactions between subareas involved in water rights distribution. This paper proposes a multi-objective multi-stage Stackelberg-Nash-Cournot (m2SNC) game model to cope with conflicts between regional authorities and subarea managers concerning multiple activities. An interactive-dynamic-programming-based genetic algorithm (IDP-GA) is designed to simulate the policies needed for the optimum allocation of water resources under various climate scenarios. The significant stress caused by unsustainable water resource allocation has been a perplexing problem for Sancha Lake, an important area in the southeast basin of the Dujiangyan Irrigation System in China. To identify the tradeoffs among stakeholders, we apply the proposed model to this basin. To gain further insight into climate change and water usage sustainability, we simulate the varying spatial and seasonal distribution of stream inflow based on historical climate data and propose different water management strategies for normal, slight drought, moderate drought, and serious drought conditions. This creates an emergency response cooperative mechanism based on different climate scenarios for developing countries that need to cope with water deficiency and uncertain situations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Heavy metals pollution in soils is an urgent environmental issue worldwide. Phytoremediation is a green and eco-friendly way of remediating heavy metals. However, a systematic overview of this field is limited, and little is known about future development trends. Therefore, we used CiteSpace software to conduct bibliometric and visual analyses of published literature in the field of phytoremediation of heavy metals in soils from the Web of Science core collection and identified research hotspots and development trends in this field. Researchers are paying increased attention to phytoremediation of heavy metals in soils, especially environmental researchers. A total of 121 countries or regions, 3790 institutions, 4091 funded organisations and 15,482 authors have participated in research in this area. China, India, and Pakistan are the largest contributors. There has been extensive cooperation between countries, institutions, and authors worldwide, but there is a lack of cooperation among top authors. 'Calcareous soil', 'Co-contaminated soil' and 'Metal availability' are the most intensively investigated topics. 'EDTA', 'Plant growth-promoting Rhizobacteria', 'Photosynthesis', 'Biochar' and 'Phytoextraction' are research hotspots in this field. In addition, more and more researchers are beginning to pay attention to research on co-contaminated soil, metal availability, chelating agents, and microbial-assisted phytoremediation. In summary, bibliometric, and visual analyses in the field of phytoremediation of heavy metals in soils identifies probable directions for future research and provides a resource through which to better understand this rapidly advancing subject. [Display omitted] • Research progress on the phytoremediation of heavy metal in soils was reviewed. • This article explores the countries, institutions and authors that play a leading role. • This article explores the main research hotspots in this field. • This paper explores the opportunities and challenges for this research. • The results provide a valuable reference for follow-up research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Climate change and violent conflict present two of the most substantial barriers to reaching the Sustainable Development Goals by 2030. Many of the countries bearing the greatest impacts of a changing climate also grapple with protracted armed conflict. Despite this, we still have limited knowledge about how political and environmental insecurities affect trust in the institutions that are responsible for disaster management, security and conflict resolution. In this paper we explore whether being exposed to violent armed conflict is associated with low levels of political trust, and whether this can be mitigated by state action. Relying on a household survey covering some 2000 rural households in Pakistan, we investigate how state disaster response shaped trust in conflict-affected contexts in the years following the severe flooding of 2010. Our study suggest that negative implications of violence exposure on political trust can be offset by disaster relief efforts by the state, but only in instances when the government is not involved in the violent activities. Our findings contribute to our understanding of the joint impact of conflict and disasters on political trust, and importantly shows that in some instances, government interventions in a different political domain can reduce negative consequences of armed conflict on trust. Understanding the interplay of compound risks in contexts where multiple risks are occurring simultaneously is crucial because without adequate, coordinated government action, it will be impossible to protect the lives, health and livelihoods of affected people in Pakistan and beyond. • Households exposed to protracted violence in Pakistan show lower levels of political trust than those not exposed to violence. • Negative effects of violence on political trust in Pakistan can be offset by disaster relief when the government is not perpetrating the violence. • Well-distributed social protection schemes can not only restore livelihoods and assets today, but also raise political trust for the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Porosity estimation is one of the essential issues in oil and natural gas industries to evaluate the reservoir characteristics properly. Therefore, it is imperative to predict porosity with the optimum way to reduce logging tests. In this paper, fuzzy logic (FL) and neural networks (NNs) are considered effective approaches to predict the Lower Goru sand reservoir's porosity curve. The input dataset for the study contained four known logs, gamma ray (GR), neutron porosity (NPHI), density (RHOB), and sonic (DT) of five wells drilled. For the fuzzy logic model, ten bins were used. The closeness of fit (Cfit) curves were computed using the most likely and second most likely curves. The weighted average final probability Pi, or the most likely solution, was also calculated. The curve histogram distribution and set of curve bin distribution cross plots were built using a fuzzy model. In the fuzzy logic model, the Gaussian membership function provided the optimum match for the examined geophysical log data. Fuzzy logic models indicate Cfit values ranging from 94 to 100% for Sawan-01, Sawan-02, Sawan-03, Sawan-07, and Sawan-08, with standard deviations of 1.248, 1.241, 1.254, 1.336, and 1.374, respectively. The neural networks model was trained using the backpropagation (BP) algorithm. The neural networks model has a Cfit_nn of 88%–100% across five wells with standard deviations of 0.016, 0.014, 0.015, 0.017, and 0.018. The results show that the predicted modeling evaluations using fuzzy logic and neural networks techniques fit the geophysical log data quite well. The multiple linear regression (MLR) assessments were conducted using the same geophysical log datasets of five studied boreholes for comparison. The coefficients of determination (R2) for the fuzzy logic (PHIT_ml) and neural networks (PHIT_nn) models were 0.960127, and 0.973039, respectively, whereas the values of the PHIT curve for multiple linear regression (PHIT_mlr) 0.926329. The high R2 values show that fuzzy logic and neural networks are more effective methods for PHIT curve prediction than the multiple linear regression approach. The relevant correlation was derived by comparing synthetic log values to actual log values. The evaluations between recorded and predicted values applying the two distinct approaches fuzzy logic and neural networks revealed that both are effective at synthesizing PHIT logs. The confirmation of this efficiency was further verified by the low values obtained in the root mean square error (RMSE) analysis. The study conducted on the Sawan Gas Field wells revealed that both fuzzy logic and neural networks are reliable approaches for predicting the PHIT curve. By using a composite of GR, RHOB, NPHI, and DT logs, these techniques can provide a realistic fit for both actual and synthesized PHIT curves. The findings of this study suggest that the implementation of these methods can contribute to the improvement of hydrocarbon exploration and production in the region by reducing uncertainty in predicting the PHIT curve. Moreover, the methods used in this study have the potential for wider application beyond the Sawan Gas Field. These methods can be applied globally to predict the PHIT curve and evaluate the reservoir prospects. The successful application of fuzzy logic and neural networks in this paper provides a solid foundation for future research on using machine learning techniques in reservoir characterization and modeling. • FL and NNs showed potential in assessing complex conditions for porosity prediction in the Lower Goru sand reservoir. • FL and NNs provide better results than MLR approach. • In the FL model, the Gaussian membership function provided the optimum match for the examined geophysical log data. • FL and NNs effectively synthesize PHIT logs based on evaluations of real and predicted values. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Worldwide, the emerging trend of hybrid renewable energy sources integration in modern power systems is increasing due to privileged prices and clean electricity supply. However, the optimal planning of rural hybrid systems is a challenging and complex task, especially when different alternatives and sustainability aspects are considered. This paper develops an integrated decision-making approach for the optimal planning of a 100% renewable energy supply system comprising solar, wind, hydro, and biomass sources in a rural area located in Pakistan. An hourly-based design optimization analysis of twelve on/off-grid electrification alternatives is performed. The optimization model simultaneously addresses five sustainability criteria related to economy, reliability, ecology, society, and topography aspects. Furthermore, a novel hybrid decision-making model has developed to identify the unique best configuration with on-grid and off-grid options. The proposed model combines fuzzy analytic hierarchy process, multi-objective optimization based on ratio analysis technique for order of preference by similarity to an ideal solution, and evaluation based on distance from average solution methods. The results reveal that the solar-hydro-biomass battery with a life cycle cost of 10.9 M$ is the top-ranking off-grid system. When the hybrid system is connected to the grid, the solar-hydro-battery has found the most appropriate design with a life cycle cost of 12.96 M$. Both scenarios have a negligible capacity shortage of 0.09%. Ecologically, the optimal off-grid system produces only 408.37 kg/yr of CO 2 due to the significant energy share of solar and hydro sources (99.3%). The optimal on-grid system produced the minimum CO 2 with 29,177.89 kg/yr compared to other alternatives. Also, employing the optimal on/off-grid designs require land area and jobs of 96.6 m2, 14 jobs, and 118 m2, 15 jobs, respectively. Overall, the developed approach with the presented case study offers a valuable benchmark and guidelines for investors and stakeholders to create realistic investment plans for the energy industry looking to push efficient inducements to encourage the high dissemination of renewables. [Display omitted] • 100% renewable energy system is established for on/off grid rural electrification. • Twelve distinctive solar/wind/hydro/biomass-based hybrid energy alternatives are optimized. • An integrated fuzzy-AHP/TOPSIS/EDAS/MOORA decision-making model is proposed. • Cost, reliability, emission, social, and topographical criteria are simultaneously considered. • Results prove the long-term sustainability of 100% renewable in rural Pakistan. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Critics have investigated the relationship between fossil energy and conflicts, incorporating political, military, economic and social factors that have led to these clashes. Nevertheless, to our knowledge, no econometric study has examined the causal relationship between renewable or fossil energy and conflicts such as terrorism in the case of Pakistan. This paper examines the relationship between terrorism, renewable energy and the consumption of fossil energy in Pakistan, taking into consideration several factors such as economic growth and income inequality. This study uses the autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) testing approach to examine the long-term relationship between the considered variables over the annual period of 1980–2015. The Wald test confirms the existence of long-term relationships between our variables. Granger causality reveals long-term bi-directional causalities between all variables. Although, in the short term there are bidirectional causal links between renewable energy and fossil energy, the study shows that there are short-term unidirectional causalities running from terrorism and fossil energy to GDP, from GDP to renewable energy, and from income inequality to fossil energy. In fact, long-term parameter indicates that fossil energy reduces terrorism and that renewable energy consumption increases fossil energy. In contrast to the long-term parameter, the study reveals that economic growth increases terrorism in Pakistan. Moreover, this project suggests that Pakistan continue to encourage the use of renewable and fossil energies by (or through) intensifying its diplomatic efforts to resolve political and military conflicts around the world, particularly in the Middle East. • There is short-run bidirectional causality between renewable and fossil energy. • There is long-run bidirectional causality between renewable energy and terrorism. • In the short-run economic growth increases terrorism. • In the long-run renewable energy increases fossil energy and reduces terrorism. • This study has significant implications for policy making in Pakistan. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a financial heuristic named as Pleonexia rule which is applied to Pakistan Stock Exchange. Pleonexia is a Greek word which means 'Greed for wealth or material possession or Avaricious'. Applying Pleonexia rule to stock exchange, if investors experience upward movements in the market and they want to get higher returns then they must keep investing in the same stock portfolios with the same pace. There is no need to get impatient and overly avaricious and, in turn, alter the original investment strategy. This rule is developed by using performance measure, that is, Sharpe ratio. The rule is developed in two steps. In first step, probabilities are checked by forecasting. In second step, these probabilities are used for the development and testing of Pleonexia rule. The data for the empirical analysis is taken from Pakistan stock exchange on monthly basis from 2000–2018. The results show that there is no difference between estimated and actual values for all classes of stock portfolios as shown in the first step of methodology. Furthermore, this rule is applicable for all three classes of stock portfolios which are growth, risk and value. The findings show that investors have on average 86% chances of getting gains up to the benchmark but in future they may be able to beat the market, thereby also achieving the level of healthy appetite. These chances are quite optimistic for developing countries and investor need to vigilant and remember 'Don't let the Greed catch you'. • This paper presents a financial heuristic named as Pleonexia rule. • This rule is developed by using performance measures i.e. Sharpe ratio. • This rule is empirically applied to an emerging stock market of Pakistan. • This rule is found to be valid and is applicable to all three classes of stock portfolios i.e. growth, risk and value. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) is considered as an excellent breakthrough for improving the economic and security situation in the region. The estimated worth of CPEC is 62$ billion which is comprising of 49 developmental projects. China-Pakistan Fiber Optic Project (CPFOP) is one of the core projects among these, which will deliver safe route of voice traffic between both countries. CPFOP is greatly beneficial in terms of enhanced security and revenue generation. Currently, Pakistan's international connectivity is via submarine cables. CPFOP will provide an alternative route for international telecom traffic and also assist in achieving the rapidly growing internet traffic demand in Pakistan. It is estimated that 17 million people will get benefit from this project. However, every project has some undesirable impacts. The aim of this research paper is twofold; 1st to trace out the pros and cons of CPFOP. 2ndly, performing a risk assessment of CPFOP by using Fuzzy VIKOR technique. This approach will help in prioritizing a list of failure modes of Fiber Optic Cable (FOC). Lastly, this paper will help authorities for optimizing and safeguarding national interest in the wake of CPFOP. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights • Start of Cooperation between reparian will be resulted from parallel effort on trust and capacity building. • Afghanistan current commitment and political-well in transboundary WM is a window of opportunity for its co-riparian. • Role of international facilitator/mediator for transformation process is considered vital. • The project-by-project approach to negotiations are deadlocked in the basin. Abstract Managing water resource systems usually involves conflicts. Water recognizes no borders, defining the global geopolitics of water conflicts, cooperation, negotiations, management, and resource development. Negotiations to develop mechanisms for two or more states to share an international watercourse involve complex networks of natural, social and political system (Islam and Susskind, 2013). The Kabul River Basin presents unique circumstances for developing joint agreements for its utilization, rendering moot unproductive discussions of the rights of upstream and downstream states based on principles of absolute territorial sovereignty or absolute territorial integrity (McCaffrey, 2007). This paper analyses the different stages of water conflict transformation between Afghanistan and Pakistan. It first examines historical disputes between the upstream and downstream riparians, revolving around contending rights claims, resulting in zero-sum confrontations with one party's loss as another's gain, possibly ending in confrontation. The paper then formulates a decision support tool, a mechanism for transforming conflict into cooperation, and concludes by introducing practical methods for identifying basin needs and sharing benefits, enabling riparians to negotiate a win-win process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pakistan is a developing country characterized by a growing industrialization, which is the major cause of environmental pollution in the country. To control the significant increase in pollution a green incentive has started, aiming to moderate the adverse effects of environmental pollution. Thus, Green Supply Chain Management (GSCM) plays an important role in influencing the total environment impact of any organizations. This study considers ten Pakistani industries that have implemented GSCM practices. The Decision-Making Trial and Evaluation Laboratory technique (DEMATEL) is used to find influential factors in selecting GSCM criteria. The results show that organizational involvement is the most important dimension useful to implement GSCM practices. In addition, commitment from senior managers, ISO 14000 certification of suppliers and recycle of waste heat are considered significant factors. The paper also signifies the casual relationship among the dimensions and the factors in the form of diagraphs. The main management implication of the paper is to help decision makers to focus on the critical dimensions/factors in order to implement the GSCM practices more effectively in Pakistan. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Women's role in agriculture is widely reported to be essential; despite this, women's role in the wheat-sector is under-researched. Feminist standpoint theory is applied in analyzing 73 documents on women's role in agriculture from 1990 until 2016 to answer the following questions: How does the world look, and operate, for males and females in wheat growing households? What do we know about social relationships and mediating processes (i.e., social factors mediating men's and women's access to resources and activities) that exist in the prime wheat growing regions in Pakistan? The paper highlights a knowledge gap in relation to the life histories, local experiences, as well as unofficial and informal networks of small farmers in general, and of poor and marginalized women in particular. This neglect of rural subjects is a missed opportunity to learn and to engage in improved program design that contributes to enhanced food security and resilience in rural communities. The paper is relevant to development professionals and agriculture researchers and proposes further research questions on topics that appear to have an influence on women's role in wheat farming and food systems and women's ability to be successful in securing a wheat-based livelihood. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Evolving internet technology has brought about changes in consumer lifestyle and increased online shopping. Grounded in the theory of technology readiness (TR), this study aims to examine the effect of factors such as optimism, innovativeness, insecurity, and discomfort that may motivate consumers' adoption intentions towards online food delivery ordering (OFDO) services. Additionally, this study intends to investigate the moderating role of situational influences (COVID-19) in affecting such an online behavior. By using survey methods, a total of 439 usable responses were gathered through an online survey. Data were analyzed by using Partial least square (PLS) and multigroup analysis (MGA) techniques. The results revealed that optimism and innovativeness have positive influences on adoption intentions while insecurity and discomfort have negative influences on adoption intentions in the use of OFDO services. The results also supported the moderating role of situational influences such as the COVID-19 pandemic. Furthermore, the PLS-MGA results indicate that the effects of optimism and innovativeness are stronger in demographic variables, i.e., young, male, high income, high education, etc. On the contrary, the effects of insecurity and discomfort are stronger for the opposite, i.e., elder, female, low income, low education, etc. Finally, this paper depicts remarkable insights for researchers, practitioners, service providers, and marketers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this paper was to outline the factors that provoke the knowledge sharing intents of employees and contribute toward knowledge sharing processes that result in a better rate of innovation implementation by the organizations. This research follows a holistic approach to study 'Knowledge Sharing'. Referring to the holistic approach, this study examined the relationship between knowledge sharing enablers, processes, and outcomes. Organizational level factors (Top Management Support, Organizational Rewards) and technology linked factors (Information and Communication Technology use) were studied to show their relationship to knowledge sharing processes (knowledge donating, knowledge collecting) and how knowledge sharing processes relate to innovation efficiency in organizations in Pakistan. Data were collected from employees of Lahore based organizations irrespective of their area of functioning and level of hierarchy in the organization. Structural equation modeling was employed to test the hypotheses using AMOS 20. The findings of the study indicate that top management support is very important in determining the knowledge sharing behavior of employees. However, organizational rewards and ICT use does not support employees in knowledge sharing activities. Finally, knowledge sharing processes are strongly related to organization innovation efficiency. This study provides guidelines to managers and organizations for establishing a knowledge sharing culture for innovative performance in the long run. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Optimized a solar PV-Fuel cell-Battery Storage system for four climatic zones. • The production, demand, and cost forecasting for optimized multi-generation system. • The oxygen produced over the year is 923,855 kg/yr and can be varied on demand. • Net hydrogen produced is 115,574 kg/yr for fuel cell and excess stored in a tank. • The optimum system has levelized COE of 0.3159 $/kWh and NPC of $27.16 million. The main aim of this paper is to analyze the standalone systems to meet the electrical power demand without experiencing a shortage/blackout situation in different climatic zones. The primary objective is the on-site continuous oxygen production. The energy system consists of solar photovoltaic (PV), battery storage (BS), proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cell, PEM electrolyzer, hydrogen storage and oxygen storage are investigated. After designing systems architecture and simulations modelling, economic, energy and environmental assessments are performed with sensitivity analysis. The novel optimum system has power generation of 15.64 GWh/yr, from which solar PV generates 80.9% and fuel cell generates 19.1%. Furthermore, the oxygen production is 923,855 kg/yr and hydrogen production is 115,574 kg/yr. It has 27.16 million USD of net present cost (NPC), 0.3159 $/kWh levelized cost of energy (LCOE). The optimum system has less than 0.01% of carbon mission in comparison to natural gas-fuelled combustion system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Numerous factors are necessary to comprehensively comprehend the complex phenomenon of landslides and, ultimately, facilitate effective measures for their protection and management. This paper investigates the case history of the Maicher landslide in the Nagar District (Northern Pakistan) by using a multidisciplinary combined technique approach based on conventional geophysical measurements and modern remote sensing techniques. The first technique is to identify the rate of deformations with real-time landslide monitoring sensors and satellite images. Care is devoted to data acquisition and processing using the ad-hoc methodology to minimize errors and ensure high reliability. For the second technique (electrical resistivity tomography, surface waves measurements, and ground-penetrating radar), convenient methods for landslide characterization are used and herein presented. The combination of information taken from the different techniques allows the results to be validated by conventional and modern approaches and enhances the accuracy of each method. The results suggest that shear surface planes at a depth of 35–40 m have developed over time. The analysis also provided information on controlling factors and possible expansion of the different slope sections. This work highlighted that geophysical parameters (shear wave velocity Vs, dielectric constant ε, and resistivity value ρ) could provide reliable qualitative and quantitative information about the shallow layer, bedrock contacts, possible sliding surface and subsurface water saturation, and seepage system of a landslide. The geophysical results reflect an overview of the geological model and are effective in terms of the slope stabilization process. • 3D landslide modelling for hazard assessment using geophysical methods. • Landslide residual risk assessment using geophysical techniques. • Time-series deformation assessment of natural slope. • 3D slope model development from geophysical investigations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pakistan's existential reliance on the Indus River Basin for water security is threatened by population growth, climate change, and increasing intersectoral demands. Pakistan's National Water Policy of 2018 (NWP) adopts 'More Crop per Drop' as a key policy platform. Within the 'More Crop per Drop' strategy the NWP mandates banning flood irrigation nationally and introducing high efficiency irrigation systems (HEIS) to save water. The concept of water use efficiency (WUE) and the impact of replacing flood irrigation with HEIS on basin-wide water use are contested in the context of Pakistan. Research is lacking on how this aspect of the 'More Crop per Drop' strategy was included in the NWP and the evidence on which it is based. This paper addresses the gap in the literature by presenting the results of a Delphi study exploring the origins of the strategy, identifying the prevalent WUE paradigm in Pakistan, and exploring the level of appreciation of the effects of the strategy on the so-called rebound effect and water security. The study identifies that the NWP was developed mainly by the Water and Power Development Authority supported by provincial water management institutions, influenced by international funding agencies. The study establishes that the irrigation efficiency paradigm (IEP) is the dominant paradigm operating in the water bureaucracy. The farm-scale focus of this paradigm does not account for the basin-level rebound effect or the potential negative impact of the policy on water security. The study also finds that government extension workers are key sources of information for farmers considering the adoption of HEIS. We caution that banning flood irrigation and introducing HEIS in the absence of an appropriate regulatory framework could worsen Pakistan's water security rather than 'save' irrigation water for reallocation and foreshadow additional research to further explore the situation. • Pakistan has an existential reliance on the Indus River for water security. • Pakistan's National Water Policy requires adoption of More Crop per Drop. • Adoption of More Crop per Drop in closed basins can increase water withdrawals. • Widespread adoption of More Crop per Drop in Pakistan could threaten water security. • Reviewing Pakistan's Water Policy may be important and timely for water security. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper assesses the issues affecting the development of institutional repositories (IRs) in Pakistan along with presentation of an emergent framework for the development of IRs. The contribution is based on a sequential mixed methods research approach. In first phase the study opted a cross sectional survey with a structured questionnaire followed by a focus group of university librarians in 2nd phase to collect qualitative data on the phenomenon. The study found that IRs was a developing phenomenon at an infancy and did not emerge as a mandatory component of campus infrastructure in universities of Pakistan. Issues of awareness, willingness, motivation, administrative support, skills, finances, and collaboration were identified as major challenges affecting the development of IRs. The study proposed a framework for the development of IRs. The findings of the study have theoretical implications for researchers and practical implications for higher education policy makers, publishers, university administrators, and library administrators. The study may be generalized to other countries with similar economic and social context. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pakistan is facing severe electricity crisis due to lack of investment in power sector, depleting gas resources and dependency on imported oil. Utilization of indigenous and renewable energy resources is the best way to compensate energy need and reduce fossil consumption. Being an agrarian country, huge amount of agricultural residue is generated each year, which can be used as a cheap input to generate electricity. Aim of this research is to assess the total potential of electricity that can be generated from Agricultural Residue (AR) in Pakistan. The paper focuses on district-wise resource assessment for electricity generation in the province of Punjab. Estimated 60 Mega Tonne (Mt) of AR is generated in Punjab every year from 5 major crops (wheat, sugarcane, rice, maize, and cotton). AR is used for various purposes but still large amount of residue is left unused and burnt openly in the fields. As a methodology, certain factors are used to calculate the Net Available Residue (NAR). This research shows that a lot of potential is available in Pakistan to generate electricity form biomass, in total around 1700 MW electricity can be generated from agricultural residues of 4 main crops (Maize, Cotton, Wheat and Rice). It is also found that maize stalk producing districts of central Punjab are the best location for installing BPP and also it is cheapest to produce electricity from maize stalk with LCOE of 6.8 cents/kWh. • The assessment of the power generation from Agricultural Residue (AR) in Punjab, Pakistan is performed. • District-wise resource assessment for electricity generation is done in the province of Punjab. • Estimated 60 Mega Tonne of AR is generated in Punjab every year from 5 major crops. • In total around 1700 MW electricity can be generated from agricultural residues of 4 main crops. • Maize stalk producing districts of central Punjab are the best location for installing BPP. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Renewable energy is the cornerstone of our future energy needs. In particular, solar energy is being utilized at a faster pace than ever. Floating Solar Photovoltaics (FSPV) has recently gained traction as a suitable alternative of land-based large scale PV installation. It is a promising technology to utilize water surfaces for placing solar plants. Not only it utilizes the water as real estate but it has several other advantages as well. For example, FSPV can use the existing transmission and distribution infrastructure that is the part of hydroelectric power plants. In this paper, we evaluate an FSPV plant and its integration with the existing hydroelectric power station of a small reservoir in Pakistan. We have investigated the 500 kV, 132 kV and 11 kV voltage levels for the integration of FSPV plant. Moreover, we have devised a hydro-solar optimization model for the efficient utilization of energy. The combined system consisting of hydroelectric and 200 MWp FSPV produces more than 3.5% additional power overall when compared with production of only hydroelectric power. More importantly the FSPV generation coincides with the daily mid-day peak load thus works as a peaker plant for the national grid. • Combination of FSPV and Hydroelectric is utilized for peak load demand hours. • Reservoir area feasibility and elevation study for installation of FSPV on hydroelectric reservoir is carried out. • Evaluation of various grid integration options are carried out. • Optimization model is presented for FSPV and hydroelectric combination. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Entrepreneurial intention (EI) has been widely cited as one of the foremost predecessors of entrepreneurship which fosters business opportunities to minimize the dependence on employment. Since it is worth noticing how one's EI is formed; therefore, the prime purpose of this paper is to estimate the underlying concepts of proactive personality (PP) in establishing potential entrepreneurs' EI through the mediating role of both specific self-efficacy and broader self-efficacy. This research investigates the parallel mediation and the role of mediators in the form of a series between PP and EI via broader self-efficacy and specific self-efficacy. The extant research employed a quantitative methodology by using a self-administered questionnaire technique. Data were collected using the cluster sampling technique from a sample size of 700 respondents in the higher education sector. To test the measurement and structural modeling, the PLS-SEM technique was deployed using Smart PLS 2.0 M3 software. Regarding the direct relationships, findings infer that PP is positively associated with three broader forms of self-efficacy, which determine specific self-efficacy. Findings indicated that broader forms of self-efficacy and specific self-efficacy play the role of the serial mediators in the relationship between proactive personality and entrepreneurial intentions. The research carries important implications for the university policymakers in Pakistan to develop their self-reliant "business incubation centers", initiate experiential learning-based projects, improvise competency-based curriculum, design innovative projection techniques, and follow open innovation dynamics to establish an entrepreneurial culture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Belt and Road Initiative (BRI), one of the largest logistics and transportation infrastructures to date, has focused on much work in the economics and political sciences. However, little research has been done on how BRI can affect supply chain management on the whole. Since BRI is a large-scale logistics infrastructure-building project, it is clear that it will have several implications for supply chains. This study aimed to fill this gap in supply chain management literature within the context of the BRI. In particular, this paper aimed to unveil the potential challenges and threats that BRI may bring to supply chain management. Using 20 semistructured interviews with supply chain managers located on the BRI lane in South Asian countries (Pakistan, India, Bangladesh, etc.), this study posed six distinct implications of BRI for logistics and supply chain management. This article concludes by articulating its contributions to theory and practice and, finally, limitations and future research directions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents downstream cost-benefit analysis for electronic waste (e-waste) recycling workers in Pakistan, a country that both generates large quantities of e-waste domestically and imports a significant amount from developed countries. Financial cost-benefit elements – reduction in productive capacity, lost wages, medical expenses, wages (and meals) and non-financial cost-benefit elements – opportunity cost, cost of illiteracy and value of life have been quantified. Primary data collected on site was analyzed using quantitative and qualitative methods. The estimated total net economic cost to recycling workers is between Rs.34,069 and Rs.85,478 (US$ 203–510 1 1 PKR to US$ conversion rate of 167.686 was used as of 1 July 2020.) per month or an average of Rs.50,363 (US$ 300) per worker. This main finding suggests that cost exceeds by 2.6–4.7 times the estimated economic benefits derived by these workers. Related qualitative data suggests government and owners of recycling businesses are largely blind to many of the less visible costs of this industry, while recycling workers and their families appear trapped in a vicious cycle of poverty. Understanding that what can be measured can be managed and improved, a systematic assessment of informal recycling based on identified impact factors may help mitigate and ideally also motivate a shift towards formal processing that would reduce the downstream negative impacts, both visible and hidden. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• First autochthonous DENV cases were detected by the surveillance system in 2019. • Sustained and strengthened surveillance is required for early detection of DENV. • Afghanistan needs to develop preparedness and a response plan for DENV. • The cross-border spread of DENV has been reported between Afghanistan and Pakistan. • Enhanced cross-border collaboration is needed for active response and preventing the spread. This paper aims to describe the epidemiological characteristics and clinical manifestations of the first 15 dengue fever cases reported in Afghanistan. A retrospective descriptive analysis of the data on confirmed dengue cases detected by the national disease surveillance system was conducted. Epidemiological, socio-demographic, clinical, laboratory and outcome data from the cases were analyzed. Between May and December 2019, 62 samples were tested for DENV, among which 15 (24.2%) were positive. Seven of the cases were probable autochthonous with no travel history, the other seven cases had a travel history to dengue-endemic countries (five Pakistan, two India) and the travel history for one of the cases was not known. The 15 confirmed cases were reported from six provinces, seven cases (46.7%) were reported from Nangarhar Province, two (13%) from Paktya, and one (6.7%) from Paktika province, bordering with Pakistan, three (20%) were reported from Kabul, and one each (each 6.7%) from Faryab and Laghman provinces. All of the cases manifested fever, headache, myalgia, and arthralgia. Other clinical features were low platelet count (50%), pain behind eyes (36%), rash, and nausea/vomiting (each 21%). For the first time, the surveillance system detected and reported locally acquired DENV cases in Afghanistan, mostly in provinces bordering with Pakistan. Population movements between Afghanistan and Pakistan facilitate the cross-border spread of DENV between two countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The recent global energy crisis has provoked a need to explore alternate energy sources including run-of-the-river hydropower projects. To derive maximum payback for a given investment, finding the most advantageous siting of power plants is imperative. If a selection of potential sites misses some of the apparently indistinct sites with significant power potential, there is a chance of acquiring only partial benefits out of these investments. A review of the existing methods for evaluating power potential of a river is discussed in this paper with their limitations along with a new proposed approach. The new approach can be used to evaluate different installation schemes along a river to assess run-of-the-river hydropower potentials using geospatial data techniques to select sites exhibiting higher total hydropower potential. The case study of Kunhar River, located in the northern part of Pakistan, presents the applicability of the approach. Open source Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission (ASTER)’s digital elevation model (DEM) and regional hydrologic gauged data are used for identifying the best locations for hydropower plants, demonstrating this approach is substantially more cost effective and robust compared to other field based assessment. Replicating the proposed approach for other locations is easy following the step-by-step method presented in this paper and giving consideration to the limitations described. This study may provide guidelines for the development of cost-effective and energy efficient hydropower projects. The use of this approach is most advantageous in the preliminary assessment phase of a project to narrow the scope of the detailed study focusing only on the higher potential sites. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The world is moving toward renewable rich electricity generation systems. Pakistan being the sixth most populous country in the world and having median age of 21 years requires extensive resources for the next couple of decades to fulfill its energy requirements. Punjab is the largest province of Pakistan with 60% of total population and consumes about 80% of the electricity. The province does not have a lot of hydro and wind potential, but it has tremendous opportunity to utilize solar energy to fulfill its energy needs. In this paper, we explore the solar energy production possibilities in the province. Our objective in this paper is to find the best locations to install utility-scale solar power plants to fulfill 30% of energy needs by 2030. In addition to the technical feasibility of solar PV power plants, we also look at the economic aspects of such plants. To this end, we look at the complete life cycle of a solar PV power plant. Using data from an existing solar PV power plant we derive Profitability Index (PI) of various possible locations. According to our results, the transmission line losses range between 0.7% and 12.2% depending on the load and length of the transmission lines. Using data from transmission line losses the PI of potential utility-scale solar PV sites ranges between −9.11% and 69.65% based on various economic factors. These results provides detailed information on the best places to establish utility-scale power plants from technical as well as economic perspective. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

About three billion people worldwide use solid fuels for cooking and space heating. This fueling practice contributes to global forest depletion and disease prevalence. To abate the environmental and health threats caused by the inefficient burning of biomass fuels, large-scale initiatives were undertaken globally for the dissemination of fuel-saving and energy-efficient stoves, known as improved cookstoves (ICS). This paper examines the adoption of ICS in northwest Pakistan by using a logit analysis. The results show that the education of the respondent, number of working household members, and total income of the household had significant effects on the adoption of ICS. Conversely, the age of the respondent and possession of land did not exhibit any significant influence on adoption. The overall model was significant with p < 0.001 which reveals that the selected socioeconomic variables have a statistically significant relationship with the adoption of ICS. The paper concludes that the efforts to improve health and environmental conditions may be more successful if ICS programs take the socioeconomic, contextual, and market related factors into account. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Community-led local development and community-driven development mechanisms are recent development phenomenon's adopted by many developing and developed countries, aimed at improving proactive community participation and quality of life along with social wellbeing of local community. The paper is about the role and severity of different barriers that prevent empowerment and community participation in the development of community led development in Pakistan. This paper initially illustrates the concept of empowerment and itsimportance, and then describes the findings of the project's assessment ofbarriers to empowerment among Citizen Community Boards in Pakistan. Audio-taped, structured, open-ended interviews were conducted with six leaders of Citizen Community Boards, who initiated and implemented the community driven projects. Discussion with respondents wasabout mechanisms of community participation;political and elite control; problems encountered at community level due to elite control; and other issues of capacity building and access to information. Interview results revealed that political interference and elite control hinder community participation at local level. Moreover, it is an obstacle that impedes community participation in local community-led development activities. Building capacity at local level is an important ingredient for sustainable development, as it not only provides local stakeholders with an opportunity to participate in decision-making, but also enables “community ownership”, a key component of empowerment. The findings of this study contribute towards greater understanding of developmental issues at local level and will help policymakers to focus on highlighted issues and problems faced by community-led development organizations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A great deal of focus and attention has been devoted towards the societal health and well-being of the global society, but an exponential increase has been witnessed in sexual violence against women across the globe. This paper examines the research conducted about sexual violence against women (SVAW) across the world, besides incorporating empirical study from Pakistan. The paper encompasses studies on SVAW through purposive sampling to study the global interventions in the 21st century, especially from 2010 to 2022. The study establishes that the continuation of violence against women results from a perpetuated sociocultural belief of the people towards gender and gender order. Some positive change has been witnessed in the UK and USA where the focus has been shifted from victim blaming to addressing the causes of sexual abuse. Conversely, the issue is found persistent in its full shape and volume in developing countries, including Pakistan, where SVAW is still one of the most neglected areas of research. Finally, this study suggests news reporting and media discourses to be enterprising and useful avenues of research in this context. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Energy, either from non-renewable or renewable sources, is of paramount importance as the progress of a country is gauged on economic development. However, with the use of non-renewable energy resources, the environmental degradation is exacerbating with every passing day in developing countries including Pakistan. On the contrary, the developed countries are resorting to sustainable and renewable energy resources to achieve sustainable development goals. The primary consumer of the non-renewable energy sources is transportation sector in Pakistan, with the total consumption amounting to almost two-third of the total utilization. Keeping in view the existing energy expenditures and its share in environmental pollution by transportation sector, Lahore Metropolitan area has been selected for this research paper. This research analyzed the environmental data collected from multiple road junctions of Lahore City. In light of the existing data, the research exhibited improvements in overall environmental quality by comparing the existing and proposed energy solutions comprising of Hydrogen in transportation sector. The comparison carried out by utilizing International and National Environmental quality standards. Additionally, research also addresses the energy savings with the transition from non-renewable energy sources to renewable and innovative energy solutions. • Environmental degradation is exacerbating with use of non-renewable energy resources. • Primary consumer of non-renewable energy sources is transportation sector in Pakistan. • Comparison of the existing and proposed energy solutions. • Comprising of Hydrogen fuel cell in transportation sector. • Hydrogen fuel cell technologies for the transportation sector for safe and clean future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]