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• Voronoi-based trabecular-like scaffolds (VBTSs) were successfully fabricated by Electron-beam melting (EBM). • VBTSs favored bone regeneration more than cubic scaffolds. • For VBTSs, an average pore size of 596 μm was most favorable for bone regeneration. The Voronoi-tessellation method is a promising technique for porous implant design as it mimics the irregular structure of bone trabeculae very well. However, the optimal pore size distribution of Voronoi-based trabecular-like scaffolds (VBTSs) remains unknown. In this study, three VBTSs with different pore size distributions were fabricated by Electron-beam melting (EBM), with a regular cubic scaffold as a control. Compression experiments showed that the elastic modulus of all the fabricated scaffolds was within the range of human bone. The biocompatibility of the porous scaffolds was evaluated by Cell Counting Kit-8, live/dead staining, phalloidin staining, and scanning electron microscope. The effects of scaffolds on osteogenic differentiation were evaluated by alkaline phosphatase (ALP) assay, Alizarin Red S (ARS) assay, and Real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR). In vivo experiments were performed to evaluate the performance of bone regeneration in the scaffolds. The results showed that all scaffolds were nontoxic with good biosafety, and VBTSs were more conducive to promoting cell proliferation, osteogenic differentiation, and bone regeneration within the scaffolds. Among the 596–1044 μm range, the VBTS with an average pore size of 596 μm performed best. This study showed that bone regeneration could be regulated by controlling the porous structure and provided a reference for applying VBTSs in bone implants. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Systematically investigated the capillary impregnation phenomenon by using liquids with various surface tensions and glass capillaries with different surface energies. • How to select the repairing agents to effectively repair the defected coating or improve its corrosion performance. Organic coatings are commonly used to protect the metals or alloys from corrosion. However, defects such as scratches or natural aging of the coating can induce unexpected diffusion paths for the corrosive media, so the wettability of repairing liquids and the selection of suitable repairing liquids are crucial. In this study, we systematically investigated the capillary impregnation phenomenon by using liquids with various surface tensions and glass capillaries with different surface energies. We utilized this regularity to instruct the defects repairing process. By using an ultra-depth field microscope, scanning electron microscope, and electrochemical analysis, two kinds of repairing liquids, high surface tension liquid (HSTL) and low surface tension liquid (LSTL), were investigated for repairing man-made defects of coatings. Our results showed that the substrate and the surface energy of the liquids significantly influence the infiltration of the repair liquid. By effectively leveraging the relationship between the repair liquid and the substrate, the repair agent can not only establish a uniform and dense repairing layer but also notably enhance the corrosion resistance of the defective coating. This study provides valuable insights into the repairing of coating defects, as well as liquids transportation, microfluidic chip design, and surface modification of microporous materials. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

New analysis of one of the world's weirdest animals - the sawfish - supports the idea that teeth first appeared when ancient fishes' body scales migrated into their mouths about 400 million years ago. Ahlberg notes that an animal's scale-forming outer body tissue meets its internal tissue somewhere around the mouth. Pinning down the origins of teeth probably won't immediately improve our lives in any tangible ways, Ahlberg says - although he mentions a hypothetical far-future scenario in which humans learn how to continuously regrow teeth the way most nonmammals can. "But I think it's inherently interesting to understand how our body has come into being", he says. [Extracted from the article]

Considering the abnormal diffusion phenomena in the forming process of the sintered junction of metal fibers, a spatial fraction-order differential model is proposed based on the geometrical model and the integer-order differential model in this work. Lattice Boltzmann method(LBM) is applied to numerically analyze the established fractional model. And the growth process of sintered junctions dominated by surface diffusion mechanism at different fiber angles and sections is characterized by numerical simulation. Besides, the effects of fractional order, diffusion coefficient, and skewing parameters on the sintered process of metal fibers are presented and discussed. The developed model is valid by comparing the outcomes of numerical simulations with those obtained from the scanning electron microscope(SEM). It is also demonstrated that the fraction-order model can accurately depict the sintering process of metal fibers, and the anisotropy of metal bars can be characterized via the proposed model during sintering. • A fractional differential model is built by geometrical and fractional flux models. • The growth process of sintering junctions is numerically simulated using LBM. • The new model can more exquisitely describe the sintering process of metal fibers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• β-transus temperature reduces during electropulsing treatment in Ti-6Al-4V alloy. • Electromigration and electron wind can be ignored at a current density of ∼107 a m–2. • ω and O′ nanodomains form in the β phase during electropulsing. • Nanocrystalline α′′ forms due to the limitation of ω and O′ nanodomains. Conventional kinetics theory for diffusion-controlled phase transformation shows that the reverse transition should lag behind the temperature rise through rapid heating, i.e., overheating is required. In this work, we found that the β-transus temperature decreased by ∼50 °C during studying the α → β transformation in Ti-6Al-4V alloy via electropulsing treatment (EPT). The calculation suggests that the acceleration of transformation kinetics cannot be fully explained by Joule heat and athermal effects of the electromigration effect and electron wind theory. The microstructural evolution during EPT was systematically investigated utilizing scanning electron microscope (SEM), electron backscattered diffraction (EBSD), X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission Kikuchi diffraction (TKD), and transmission electron microscope (TEM). Microscopic analysis shows that the nano-sized ω and O′ phases formed in the β phase, which causes large numbers of lattice distortion regions. The defects are conducive to accelerating the bulk diffusion of alloying elements in β. Moreover, the nanodomains limited the growth of martensite, therefore nanocrystalline martensite formed after quenching. These findings develop the understanding of the destructive effect of current on metallic crystal, which will help to guide microstructural regulation in titanium and other alloys. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• The effect of Bi on the ductility of ultrahigh-purity copper in the temperature range of RT–900 °C is systematically investigated. • The role of GB characters on the segregation behavior of Bi and the segregation configurations at different types of GBs are investigated by utilizing the characterization in AC-STEM. • A unique Bi-rich cluster superstructure at the Σ7 GB is directly observed for the first time. Bismuth (Bi), as an impurity element in copper and copper-based alloys, usually has a strong tendency of grain boundary (GB) segregation, which depends on the GB characters. However, the influence of such a segregation on the properties of ultrahigh-purity copper has been rarely reported and the exact structural arrangements of Bi atoms at different GBs remain largely unclear. In this study, we investigated the influence of trace amounts of Bi (50-300 wt ppm) on the ductility of an ultrahigh-purity copper (99.99999%) in the range of room temperature to 900 °C. The tensile results show that the addition of Bi seriously damages the ductility of the ultrahigh-purity copper at temperatures of 450–900 °C, which is due to the GB segregation of Bi. On this basis, such a segregation behavior at different types of GBs, including high and low angle GBs (HAGBs/LAGBs), and twin boundaries (TBs), via the scanning electron microscope-electron backscattered diffraction (SEM-EBSD) and aberration-corrected scanning transmission electron microscope (AC-STEM) investigations, combined with the first-principles calculations were systematically studied. The atomistic characterizations demonstrate an anisotropic Bi segregation, where severe enrichment of Bi atoms typically occurs at the HAGBs, while the absence of Bi adsorption prevails at LAGBs or TBs. In particular, the segregated Bi at random HAGBs exhibited the directional bilayer adsorption, while the special symmetrical Σ7 HAGB presented a unique Bi-rich cluster superstructure. Our findings provide a comprehensive experimental and computational understanding on the atomic-scale segregation of impurities in metallic materials. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Hybrid manufacturing combining conventional die casting and selective laser manufacturing was proposed for future auto-part production. • Different surface treatments of the cast substrate (AlSi7Mg) were compared. The roles of surface roughness and oxidation film in the succeeding addition of SLM parts (AlSi7Mg) were specifically discussed. • The interface formation between the cast substrate and SLM part was analyzed from the perspective of material convection and epitaxial grain growth. • Laser remelting was recommended as the optimal surface treatment for the cast substrate, which promoted the formation of a defect-free metallurgical joint between the cast and SLM-added part. To balance the manufacturing cost and customizability of automotive parts, a hybrid manufacturing process combining die-casting and selective laser melting (SLM) is proposed: starting with a conventional cast substrate, SLM is utilized to add additional geometric elements on top of it. For this hybrid process, the first priority is to prepare a substrate surface suitable for the subsequent SLM addition of the top-on elements. In this study, the original cast surface of AlSi7Mg was processed by sandblasting, wire electro-discharge machining, and laser remelting, respectively. Then, additional AlSi7Mg components were built on both the original cast and treated surfaces through SLM. After hybrid builds, these surfaces and resultant interfaces were examined by optical and scanning electron microscopes. Results indicate that the defect-free metallurgical joint between the cast and additively added parts can be formed on all surfaces except for the one processed by electro-discharge machining. The observed epitaxial grain growth crossing the interface implies a strong connection between the cast and the SLMed component. Despite these benefits, also mismatches in microstructure, residual stress level and element distribution between the two parts are identified. After a comprehensive assessment, laser remelting with no additional machining is recommended as the optimal surface treatment preceding SLM fabrication, because of its user-friendly operation, low cost, and high industrial feasibility. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• A 3D lithophilic carbon paper/current collector integrated Li metal anode (Li@LCP-Cu) is prepared by hot-pressing method, which can precisely control the Li content and thickness. • The in-situ formed lithiophilic layer on the surface of CP can exist stably and reduce the nucleation overpotential, inducing uniform and dense Li deposition. • 3D CP skeleton can reduce local current density to suppress dendrite growth and limit anode volume change. • The solid-state battery assembled with Li@LCP-Cu, PVDF-based polymer electrolyte and PEO functional layer exhibits the best electrochemical and safety performance. Safety issues induced by infinite anode volume change and uncontrolled lithium (Li) dendrite growth have become the biggest obstacle to the practical application of Li metal batteries. In addition, the traditional rolling method makes it difficult to manufacture thin Li foil with high mechanical strength and low Li content. Herein, a three-dimensional (3D) lithophilic carbon paper/copper (Cu) current collector hybrid anode with ultra-low Li metal content is prepared by a hot-pressing method. The highly reversible and stable lithiophilic layer LiC x formed in situ by heating/pressing treatment provides abundant nucleation sites and reduces the Li nucleation overpotential, thereby effectively suppressing Li dendrite growth. Moreover, the volume change and pulverization problems of Li metal anode during deposition/stripping also can be accommodated by the 3D skeleton. The optimization effect has been directly confirmed by in-situ optical and ex-situ scanning electron microscope observation. Therefore, highly stable performance (158.4 mA h g−1 at 2 C after 200 cycles with a capacity retention of 95.24%) in Li@LCP-Cu||NCM811 coin cell can be achieved. Furthermore, the solid-state battery assembled with the hybrid anode, poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF)-based polymer electrolyte and polyethylene oxide (PEO) interface functional layer also exhibits the best electrochemical and safety performance, which also proves that the Li@LCP-Cu anode has great potential for application in solid-state batteries. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Global warming has had a positive impact on archaeology, as melting ice has revealed ancient artifacts that provide insights into the lives of our ancestors. The Glacier Archaeology Rescue Program in Norway has discovered well-preserved items, including an Iron Age tunic dating back to 230 to 390 CE. The tunic, made from lamb or sheep's wool, offers valuable information about clothing in the early first millennium. However, the melting ice poses a time constraint, as scientists must find and preserve these artifacts before they deteriorate. Other regions, such as Northern Canada, are also experiencing similar discoveries due to melting ice. [Extracted from the article]

• The medium-entropy MAX phase ceramic was fabricated for the first time. • Nearly pure medium-entropy (TiVNb) 2 AlC was prepared by hot pressing. • (TiVNb) 2 AlC exhibits lower thermal conductivity compared to the individual MAX phases. • Young's modulus, Vickers hardness, and bending strength were reported. Medium- or high-entropy materials have great potential for applications due to their diverse compositions and unexpected physicochemical properties. Herein, a novel medium-entropy (TiVNb) 2 AlC was synthesized via hot pressing at 1400 °C from three individual M 2 AlC (M=Ti, V, Nb) MAX phases. The microstructure of (TiVNb) 2 AlC was characterized from the microscale to the atomic scale by scanning electron microscope microscopy (SEM), scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM), and energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS). The results showed that Ti, V, and Nb atoms were fully solid-soluble in the M-sites of the M 2 AlC MAX phase. Compared with three individual MAX phases, the thermal conductivity of (TiVNb) 2 AlC was reduced greatly in the temperature range of 293–1473 K, and its mechanical properties (including Young's modulus, Vickers hardness, and bending strength) were all increased due to the solid solution strengthening and electronic mechanism. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• A curcumin loaded coating with flake structure prepared on AZ31 alloy. • Coating displays anticorrosion and antibacterial ability with low cytotoxicity. • High photothermal conversion efficiency and photothermal antibacterial coating on AZ31 alloy surface. • A new double antibacterial coating preparation method for the Mg bone implants is provided. • β -CD and SA used to enhance bioavailability of curcumin and binding force. It is a challenging task to prepare a coating on Mg alloys for desirable corrosion resistance, good antibacterial ability and biocompatibility. In this research work, an in-situ Mg(OH) 2 coating incorporated with sodium alginate (SA) and β -cyclodextrin (β -CD)@curcumin (Cur) was formed on the surface of micro arc oxidation (MAO) coated AZ31 alloy via a low temperature hydrothermal method. Characterization techniques such as X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), Fourier transform infrared spectrometer (FT-IR) and scanning electron microscope (SEM) were employed to characterize the chemical composition and surface morphology of the coatings. The corrosion protection ability of the coatings was monitored via electrochemical polarization, hydrogen evolution and immersion tests. Photothermal antibacterial ability and cytocompatibility of the coatings were evaluated by plate counting method under the irradiation of 808 nm-near infrared light, in vitro cytotoxicity tests (MTT) and live/dead cell staining. The results indicate that a chelation of the organic molecules led to the formation of a MAO/(β -CD@Cur)-SA-Mg(OH) 2 coating with excellent corrosion protection, multi- antibacterial ability and almost no toxicity to the cells. Especially, the coating provided photothermal performance through the light absorption of Cur, which was encapsulated by β -CD to improve its bioavailability. SA enhanced the binding force between the drug and the substrate. This novel coating designated the potential application on bioabsorbable magnesium alloys. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The age and source of the late Pleistocene Roxana Silt in the Mississippi Valley have been studied since the middle 1800s. Published age and paleoenvironmental data for the Roxana Silt in the Mississippi Valley show that deposition occurred from late marine isotope stage 5 (MIS5) through late marine isotope stage 3 (MIS3) (80-30 kilo-annum [ka]), when the warm to hot interglacial climate of early to middle MIS5 (about 130 to about 80 ka) was transitioning to a considerably cooler and wetter climate. Scanning electron microscopy/energy dispersive X-ray (SEM/EDS) analysis of silt and sand grains from the Roxana Silt exposed in an abandoned borrow pit near Phillips Bayou, Arkansas, was performed as part of a 1990s study of late middle and late Pleistocene loess in the unglaciated lower Mississippi Valley. Results from that study were summarized in 1990s publications, but the data for sand and silt grain morphology and mineralogy were not published. Some of the SEM/EDS analyses of the Roxana Silt from that late 1990s study are presented in this report. Combined with previously published chronostratigraphic and pedostratigraphic data for the Roxana Silt at Phillips Bayou, the SEM/EDS data indicate some degree of syndepositional weathering and pedogenic alteration during and after gradual eolian deposition in late marine isotope stage 4 (MIS4) and MIS3 (about 60 to about 30 ka). Results from the SEM/EDS analyses support previously published paleoclimate interpretations indicating that at least as far south as northern Mississippi, the climate of the Mississippi Valley in MIS4 and MIS3 (about 70 to about 30 ka) was cool to cold and humid to wet. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses how Biological techniques are generating a new appreciation of hunter-gatherer cuisine and evidence of culinary sophistication that pre-dates the first farmers. Topics include bioarchaeology techniques are enabling to take a tasting tour of huntergatherer cuisines and bring new food groups to the prehistoric meal table; and botanical reference material of plant parts, can be matched to specific ingredient species, as well as the cooking techniques employed in preparation.

Researchers at Cyprus International University have conducted a study on the antibacterial and antioxidant effects of silver nanoparticles formulated from the stem bark extract of Erythrina senegalensis. The study found that the extract contains secondary metabolites such as flavonoids, which may be responsible for the bio-reduction of silver ions to silver nanoparticles, as well as the antimicrobial and antioxidant activities. The research suggests that Erythrina senegalensis could be a potential source for the development of nanoparticles with therapeutic properties. [Extracted from the article]

A study conducted at International University in Ho Chi Minh, Vietnam, has developed a wound care membrane for effective wound healing treatment. The membrane, made using the electrospinning technique, consists of a dual-layer coating of polymers and curcumin-loaded chitosan nanoparticles and gelatin. The membrane showed sustained release of curcumin and low toxicity, and in tests on mice, it resulted in higher wound closure and tissue regeneration compared to a control membrane. The study concludes that the membrane has great potential for skin wound healing applications. [Extracted from the article]

A recent study conducted by researchers at the Department of Chemistry focused on the microencapsulation of flavonoid compounds found in Cosmos caudatus Kunth (C. caudatus K.). The researchers evaluated different types of coatings, including gum Arabic (GA), maltodextrin (MD), and a combination of both (MDGA), to determine their impact on encapsulation efficiency, biological activity, and release tests. The results showed that the MDGA coating retained the highest percentage of flavonoids (79.67%), compared to single GA (72.8%) and MD (47.66%) coatings. The study concluded that freeze-drying microencapsulation using biodegradable polymers, particularly MDGA, is a promising method for harnessing the health benefits of C. caudatus K. extracts. [Extracted from the article]

A study conducted by the Research Institute of Ophthalmology in Giza, Egypt, compared the antibacterial effects of two types of lasers, Erbium, chromium-doped yttrium, scandium, gallium, and garnet (Er,Cr:YSGG) laser and diode laser 980 nm, alone and in combination with 5.25% sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) irrigant, against Enterococcus faecalis biofilm. The study also examined the impact of these lasers on the morphology and mineral content of root canal dentin. The results showed that the combination of the lasers with NaOCl irrigant had the highest antibacterial effect against Enterococcus faecalis, and the lasers alone or in combination with NaOCl irrigant caused changes in the mineral content of root canal dentin. [Extracted from the article]

A study conducted by researchers at East China Normal University in Shanghai, China, has investigated the generation and potential risks of micro(nano)plastics (MNPs) from surgical polypropylene (PP) and fashionable polyurethane (PU) face masks. The study found that the number and type of MNPs significantly increased in masks that were single- or multiple-used compared to new masks. Disinfection methods, such as washing, also exacerbated the generation of MNPs. The research highlights the potential adverse effects of masks on humans and aquatic organisms, emphasizing the importance of proper use and disposal of masks. [Extracted from the article]

Researchers from the University of La Frontera in Temuco, Chile have conducted a study analyzing the physical-chemical characteristics of commercially available bone grafts of human and bovine origin for dental use. The study used morphological analysis of the surface and chemical composition by variable pressure scanning electron microscope (VP-SEM) and energy-dispersive x-ray (EDX) spectrometry. The analysis found that the allograft and xenograft particles differed in morphological characteristics and chemical composition, which could influence their osteogenic properties. This research provides basic information to understand the physicochemical properties of allografts and xenografts for dental applications. [Extracted from the article]

A recent study conducted by researchers at the University of Georgia has explored the effects of b-sitosterol oleogel on reducing fat uptake, improving physicochemical properties, oxidative stability, and sensory characteristics of deep-fried surimi fish balls. Deep-fried surimi has been found to absorb high amounts of oil during frying, which can contribute to obesity and cardiovascular diseases. The study found that the addition of 0.2% b-sitosterol oleogel led to the lowest fat absorption and decreased lipid oxidation, while maintaining the product's texture and sensory properties. This research offers valuable insights for the food industry in producing healthier low-fat fried surimi products. [Extracted from the article]

Researchers from Government College University Lahore have conducted a study on the removal of oxytetracycline (OTC) from pharmaceutical wastewater using a kappa carrageenan-based hydrogel. The study found that the hydrogel achieved a maximum removal of 98.5% of OTC at specific conditions. The research also revealed that chemisorption processes were more effective than physical adsorption, and the Pseudo-Second-Order model accurately represented the adsorption behavior. The study concluded that the hydrogel with bentonite nano-clay and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) can efficiently remove OTC from pharmaceutical effluent, contributing to sustainable wastewater treatment and environmental engineering. [Extracted from the article]

A recent study conducted by researchers at the Faculty of Materials Science and Ceramics in Krakow, Poland, focused on tissue engineering for bone regeneration. The study aimed to create scaffolds made of various polymeric blends modified with inorganic fillers for bone tissue engineering. The researchers observed the scaffolds using different microscopy techniques and conducted tests to evaluate their properties. The study found that the composition of the scaffolds influenced their hydrophilicity, degradation rate, thermal stability, and cytocompatibility. Scaffolds containing both beta tricalcium phosphate (TCP) and wollastonite (W) showed promising properties and excellent bioactivity. [Extracted from the article]

A recent study conducted by investigators from Cairo University in Egypt explores the potential of bis-dihydrazothiazole derivatives as antimicrobials. The researchers successfully synthesized a new class of bis-dihydrazothiazoles and their corresponding metal chelates, which showed promising antimicrobial activity against various microbes. The study also investigated the chelation affinity of these compounds with iron, cobalt, and zinc ions. The structures of the compounds were elucidated using various techniques. This research provides valuable insights into the development of potential antimicrobial prototypes. [Extracted from the article]

Researchers at Dongguk University in Gyeonggi Do, South Korea have developed protein microbeads using Shirasu porous glass (SPG) membrane emulsification. These microbeads, which have a mean size of 2-5 micrometers, can be used for the pulmonary delivery of intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG). The researchers found that the stability of the IVIG was influenced by the presence of trehalose as a stabilizer, with higher concentrations of trehalose resulting in increased reversibility of the IVIG. Freeze drying was also found to enhance the aerodynamic performance of the microbeads. The study suggests that these microbeads could be used for pulmonary applications. [Extracted from the article]

Researchers from the Faculty of Natural Sciences in Almaty, Kazakhstan have conducted a study on the synthesis of a new complex material called ferrite Li [ [0.5] ] MnFe [ [1.5] ] O [ [4] ]. The researchers used the sol-gel method for synthesis and determined the structure and composition of the ferrite using X-ray phase analysis. The compound was found to be a single-phase, spinel-structured, and syngony-cubic type of compound. Electrophysical measurements were also conducted, showing a decrease in value with an increase in frequency. The research provides valuable insights into the chemical physics of complex ferrites. [Extracted from the article]

A recent study conducted at the National Research Center in Egypt has explored the use of halloysite clay nanotubes (HNTs) to improve the properties of polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) bone cement. The researchers found that the addition of 7 wt% HNT fillers to the cement resulted in higher compressive and flexural strength, as well as lower maximum temperatures. These findings suggest that the modified PMMA-based bone cement has the potential to enhance its performance in orthopedic and dental applications. Further research in this area could lead to improved clinical outcomes and reduced limitations in the use of PMMA bone cement. [Extracted from the article]

A study conducted by the Nanyang Institute of Technology in China investigated the effects of ball milling on the physicochemical, functional, and emulsification characteristics of insoluble dietary fiber from Polygonatum sibiricum. The researchers obtained five different samples of the fiber by controlling the milling time. The results showed that ball milling decreased the particle size and increased the zeta-potential of the fiber. The functional properties of the fiber were improved after ball milling, with one sample exhibiting the highest water-holding capacity, oil-holding capacity, water-swelling capacity, total phenol, and total flavonoid. The study concluded that the findings are significant for guiding the utilization of the by-products of Polygonatum sibiricum. [Extracted from the article]

A recent study conducted by Alexandria University examined the combined effect of Biomin F toothpaste and Diode laser on remineralization of white spot lesions, which are an initial stage of tooth decay. The study involved 30 premolars divided into three groups and measured the changes in calcium, phosphorus, and fluoride levels using Energy Dispersive X-ray analysis and scanning electron microscope. The results showed that Biomin F toothpaste was effective in repairing white spot lesions, and the Diode laser did not affect its remineralizing ability. This research provides promising insights into oral health and potential treatments for early-stage tooth decay. [Extracted from the article]

A recent study conducted by researchers at Xihua University in Chengdu, China, aimed to develop efficient carriers for anthocyanins, which are unstable and have low bioavailability as food nutrients. The researchers successfully encapsulated anthocyanins using pH-responsive peptide hydrogels, which were found to be biocompatible and capable of withstanding factors such as gastric acid, high temperatures, and heavy metals. The hydrogels also protected the anthocyanin molecules from gastric acid and achieved rapid and complete release in intestinal fluid environments. These findings suggest that the peptide hydrogels could stabilize anthocyanins and potentially be used in personalized delivery systems. [Extracted from the article]

A report from Hong Kong University of Science and Technology discusses the development of a cost-effective microchip-based device for real-time multiplex PCR detection of the coronavirus. The researchers used a sandblasting technique to manufacture silicon microchips and coated them with bovine serum albumin to improve biocompatibility. The sandblasted microchips showed a higher amplification rate compared to dry etching chips in on-chip PCR tests. The study concludes that this sandblasted microchip-based platform provides a rapid, accessible, and effective solution for multiplex molecular detection at a low cost. [Extracted from the article]

Researchers from Cairo University in Egypt have developed a new approach for the deacidification and consolidation of fragile bones. The study aimed to evaluate the use of nano calcium propionate and nano styrene butyl acrylate at different concentrations for this purpose. The researchers used various analytical techniques to investigate the morphological and thermal stability of the treated bones. The results showed improvements in surface morphology, color stability, and bone crystallinity. This research provides valuable insights into the preservation and restoration of bone artifacts. [Extracted from the article]

A study conducted by the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences in Beijing, China, explores the development of low-fat microwaved peanut snacks (LMPS) using partially defatted peanuts (PDP). The study investigates the effects of defatting treatment on the structural characteristics, texture, color, and nutrient composition of LMPS. The results show that increasing the defatting ratio leads to significant increases in porosity, pore number, pore volume, brightness, brittleness, protein content, and total sugar content of LMPS. LMPS made from PDP with a defatting ratio of 64.44% exhibited the best internal pore structural parameters, color, brittleness, and nutrition. The study provides a theoretical basis for improving the quality of LMPS. [Extracted from the article]

A recent study conducted at the Free University of Brussels (ULB) in Belgium focused on the development of printable biomaterial inks for tissue engineering applications. The researchers used a bacterial exopolysaccharide called polyglucuronic acid (PGU) along with bacterial cellulose (BC) or methylcellulose (MC) to create the biomaterial inks. The study found that incorporating PGU into BC or MC inks improved the shape fidelity, printability, and rigidity of the resulting 3D-printed hydrogels. The researchers also observed cytocompatibility with fibroblast cells, highlighting the potential of PGU/BC or MC-based biomaterial inks for various tissue engineering applications. The study suggests that bacterial PGU could be an alternative to alginate in biomaterial ink development and 3D printing. [Extracted from the article]

A patent application has been submitted for a spin-polarized scanning electron microscope by inventors from Tokyo and Nagoya, Japan. The microscope is designed to improve the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of detected signals, allowing for clearer observation of magnetic domain structures and molecular structures. The microscope includes a spin-polarized electron source, a scanning unit, a spin detector, and a control unit. The control unit synchronizes the spin direction of the electron beam with the spin direction of the emitted electron to be detected by the spin detector. The invention aims to provide a spin-polarized scanning electron microscope that enhances the SNR of detected signals. [Extracted from the article]

Researchers from Cracow University of Technology in Poland have conducted a study on the preparation and characterization of novel nanofibrous composites as potential nerve guidance conduits (NGCs). The researchers used the electrospinning technique to create fibrous nanocomposites using polylactic acid (PLA) as a polymeric matrix, which was further modified with metallic nanoparticles coated with conductive polymers. The biomaterials obtained were found to have the potential ability to conduct nerve impulses and were non-cytotoxic to fibroblasts and glial cells. The study concludes that these nanofibrous NGCs have the key properties necessary for peripheral nerve regeneration and could be an important development in the field. [Extracted from the article]

Researchers at Assiut University have conducted a study on the potential use of Padina pavonica extract in combating Acanthamoeba castellanii, the causative agent of amoebic keratitis. The study found that the extract had significant inhibition against the viability of trophozoites and cysts of A. castellanii, with complete inhibition at high concentrations. Morphological alterations were observed in the amoebae treated with the extract, indicating severe damage. The study also suggested potential inhibition of AcCYP51, a cytochrome P450 monooxygenase in Acanthamoeba. This research provides valuable insights into the potential use of natural products as antiparasitic agents for the development of novel drugs. [Extracted from the article]

• The good stability of the grain structure was analysed. • The characteristics of dislocations with specific orientation were systematically investigated. • The effect of texture strengthening on yield strength was explained from the perspectives of grain orientation, slip system type and misorientation. • The contribution of various strengthening mechanisms to yield strength is quantificationally, qualitatively evaluated. Stability of grain structure, dislocation ordering and strengthening mechanisms of the naturally aged Al-Cu-Mg alloy after solution treatment are investigated by using optical microscope (OM), scanning electron microscope (SEM), electron back-scattered diffraction (EBSD), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and transmission electron microscope (TEM). Results show that {100}<001>, {100}<110>, {110}<110> and {110}<001> slip systems can be activated after solution treatment, which can promote the formation of {110}<001> Goss texture. The combination effect of T-Al 20 Cu 2 Mn 3 phase and Goss-oriented grains with large Taylor factor makes the solution-treated alloys display excellent stability of grain structure. The enhanced yield strength of the alloy is ascribed to grain-refine strengthening, dispersed particles strengthening, dislocation strengthening and texture strengthening. The coarsening of the second phase is responsible for softening of the alloy after annealing at 400 °C + solution treatment at 475 °C. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Micro-pillar compression tests were carried on a multiple high-entropy alloy. • Deformation behaviors of FCC, BCC and their interphase pillars were analyzed. • The strain bursts weakened with increasing strain in interphase pillar. • Interphase pillar exhibited better mechanical properties compared with FCC and BCC. • Revealed the relation between small scale deformation and interphase strengthening. Here, a systematic investigation was made on the interphase strengthening effects induced superior mechanical performances of multiphase high-entropy alloys (HEAs) at micro/nano-scale, compared with single phase HEAs. A pillar compression test under a scanning electron microscope (SEM) was performed on the individual face centered cubic (FCC), body centered cubic (BCC), and mixed-phases with different diameters in a Fe 24 Co 25 Ni 24 Cr 23 Al 4 HEA using focused ion beam (FIB) milling and a nanoindenter equipped with a flat punch. The stress-strain response of pillar underneath the indenter was selected to explore the diameter/phase-dependent size effect, the periodically fluctuation of local stress, and strain hardening. It was revealed that the pillars at the interphase exhibited significantly higher strength, compared with the FCC and BCC pillars. An experiment also verified the coincident mechanical size effects independent with the type of phases. The stress responses in the mixed-phase pillars manifested as a distinct transition from the dramatic drop to the minor fluctuation during the post-yield stages with the increasing strain, indicating the propagation of Al-Ni enriched solid solution phase (BCC1) under compression. Except the BCC1 phase, numerous dislocations were observed in the post-deformed pillars, particularly serving as the major source to enhance the strain hardening of BCC pillars. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

REGULARSThis imposing view of a green spruce aphid was captured using a scanning electron microscope. These sap-sucking insects are known to infest spruce trees, inflicting damage by secreting a toxin through their saliva while they feed. Using their pointed mouthparts, spruce aphids break through the exterior of the tree's leafy needles to drink the nutrient-rich sap stored within. [Extracted from the article]

REGULARSThis scanning electron microscope image reveals the cubic shape of salt crystals. Salt is made up of two ions – positively charged sodium atoms and negatively charged chloride atoms. When these elements come together to form sodium chloride, or salt, the chloride ions are attracted to the sodium ions and arrange themselves together into a cubic lattice structure. [Extracted from the article]

• The <111> crystallographic orientation in the scanning direction was first found in this study. • The evolution mechanism of texture under different laser remelting scanning strategies is systematically analyzed. • The reasons for the difference in mechanical properties under different laser remelting scanning strategies have been studied. • The microstructure evolution and fracture morphology of the sample after tensile are discussed. Laser remelting (LR) has attracted widespread attention in recent years as an effective method to reduce internal defects and improve the surface quality of additively manufactured (AM) parts. In the present study, three different LR inter-layer scanning strategies (LR0, LR90 and LR45) and their effects on the porosity, microstructure, crystallographic texture and related mechanical properties of parts have been studied. Optical microscope, X-ray diffraction, and scanning electron microscope were used as characterization tools. In the LR90 sample, it shows obvious {111} <110> texture and strong <111> preferred orientation along the scanning direction (SD), while the 0° offset and the 45° rotation of LR scanning strategy form a finer microstructure and weak crystallographic texture. Meanwhile, the mechanical properties of the LR sample are improved compared with the sample only by laser metal deposition (LMD), and a combination of higher strength and optimal uniform elongation is obtained in the LR45 sample. The overall results show that a reasonable LR scanning strategy can reduce the anisotropy of AM parts and improve their mechanical properties. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The metastable α' phase and dislocation characteristics (e.g., density and constituents) are of vital importance for the mechanical responses of (α + β) titanium alloys. In this work, to reveal the in-depth decomposition mechanisms of dislocations and metastable α ' and their influences on mechanical properties in a Ti-6Al-4V (α + β) alloy, the thermal stability of different microstructures tailored by various cooling approaches were investigated utilizing scanning electron microscope, electron backscattered diffraction, transmission electron microscope and X-ray diffraction line profile analysis. The results showed that the initial characteristics of α ' and α laths and dislocation density were influenced by the cooling methods remarkably. The thermal stability of Ti-6Al-4V alloy increased with decreasing cooling rate. The improvement in thermal stability can be ascribed by the decrement in dislocations, partitioning of the alloying elements and grain orientations variation of the α ' lath and α phase. It is also found that the plastic strain accommodation of β → α ' transformation was dominated by dislocations. During stabilization annealing treatments, the , and dislocations simultaneously decomposed. The decomposition of dislocations and metastable α ' phase during various stabilization annealing and the particular twins and stacking faults microstructures formed during quenching have a great influence on the properties of the studied Ti-6Al-4V alloy. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• A new strategy for producing Ti laminates with gradient structure (GS) and heterogeneous lamella structure (HLS) is proposed. • Strain partitions versus microstructure evolution is visualized synchronously using ultrahigh-resolution SEM-DIC combined with EBSD. • GS/HLS Ti exhibited a superior combination of strength and ductility, which is attributed to HDI stress strengthening and HDI hardening. Heterostructured (HS) material with extraordinary mechanical properties has been regarded as one of the most promising structural materials. Here, we reported a new strategy for preparing heterostructured pure titanium laminates that possess a good combination of strength and ductility by combining gradient structure (GS) and heterogeneous lamella structure (HLS). The deformation characteristic versus microstructure evolution of GS/HLS titanium laminates, namely the strain partitions between different-sized grains (480–25 μm) was visualized using a scanning electron microscope (SEM) equipped with electron backscattered diffraction (EBSD) mode combined with the digital image correlation (SEM-DIC) with an ultrahigh spatial resolution for the first time. As a result, the hetero-deformation of unique GS/HLS structure by the characteristic of strain partitions could be accurately captured. While the hetero-deformation could result in the hetero-deformation induced (HDI) stress strengthening and HDI hardening, which were regarded as the key reason that the resulting GS/HLS Ti laminates showed a superior combination of strength and ductility. This could promote a more in-depth understanding of the strengthening-toughening mechanism of heterostructured material. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A personal narrative is presented which explores the authors experience of showing scanning electron microscope giving a unique type of three dimensional image.

A recent study conducted by researchers at Istanbul University evaluated the effects of different root debridement procedures on the surface texture of tooth roots. The study used scanning electron microscopy to analyze the root surfaces of 26 single-rooted teeth that were treated with either an ultrasonic instrument, a Gracey curette, or a double Gracey curette. The results showed that the double Gracey curette produced a rougher root surface compared to the other instruments. However, there was no significant difference in roughness or material loss between the ultrasonic instrument and the Gracey curette. The study provides valuable insights into the potential effects of different root debridement techniques on periodontal tissue healing. [Extracted from the article]

Japan has announced plans to tighten export controls on four technologies related to semiconductors and quantum computing. The new measures will require licenses for shipments of scanning electron microscopes, gate-all-around transistors, cryogenic CMOS circuits used in quantum computers, and quantum computers themselves. These restrictions will apply to all countries, including trading partners South Korea, Singapore, and Taiwan. The move is aimed at better overseeing exports of components with military applications and is in line with similar actions taken by other countries. Japan previously expanded restrictions on exports of chipmaking technology last year. [Extracted from the article]

A recent study conducted by the All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS) examined the effects of different techniques used in apicoectomy procedures. Apicoectomy is a surgical procedure performed to remove the tip of a tooth's root. The study found that the use of a trephine drill during the procedure resulted in more microcracks on the resected root surface compared to the use of a high-speed tungsten carbide bur. These microcracks can potentially lead to root fracture and improper sealing, negatively impacting the outcome of the surgery. The findings highlight the importance of careful technique selection in endodontic microsurgery. [Extracted from the article]

New research from King Saud University in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia focuses on the morphological description of the pupa of the Aedes aegypti mosquito species. The study used scanning electron microscopy to investigate the external characteristics of the pupae, which are important for species identification and controlling mosquito-borne diseases. The research found that the pupae of Aedes aegypti have unique features such as respiratory horns, a translucent cuticle, and palmate bundles on the first abdominal segment. This study provides valuable information for understanding the biology and taxonomy of this mosquito species. [Extracted from the article]