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Academic entrepreneurship is an activity that refers to researchers at universities who commercialize university research through business activities. Academic entrepreneurship can also be interpreted as a process of creating economic value through the creation, renewal, and organizational innovation that occurs inside and outside the university which results in the commercialization of research and technology transfer. The importance of academic entrepreneurship at the university level is directed to change the traditional view to a new view that sees Higher Education as an educational institution but is able to generate financial resources to cover operational costs. The purpose of this study is to analyze the extent to which academic research on entrepreneurship has been carried out. The research methodology used is literature review, by identifying entrepreneurship academic journals through the assistance of Scopus and Vosviewer. Based on the analysis, it was found that many journal publications on academic entrepreneurship were carried out in 2012. The research method used was mostly a qualitative method, with a literature review analysis. Then this type of paper is mostly in the Q1 quartile, countries that apply academic entrepreneurship a lot are the United States and England. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Animated films can be read as entertainment and a vehicle to reveal social, cultural, and environmental issues. One of the ecological problems is the bias of anthropocentric perspectives, which exclude and underestimate non-human agents such as animals from the consideration of their policymaking and other significant actions. In this worldview, instead of treating NHA as part of stakeholders, humans think they can exploit NHA and the environment for their benefit. This approach would threaten biospheric harmony. In this paper, Tarzan (1999) will be analyzed to determine whether the movie has an anthropocentric perspective or the other way around or both. The film is ideal since there are at least two kinds of human representations within the story. The first one is Tarzan, the main character, nurtured by and has a strong relationship with nature and oblivious about modern civilization until he met England explorers when he became an adult. On the other hand, Clayton is a hunter scout who disrespected the jungle and its dwellers. Textual analysis will be applied. A close reading of the movie will be undertaken to answer the research questions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Section 45 of the Serious Crime Act 2015 contains new offences for participation in organised crime groups' activities. This section mentions for the first time 'organised criminal groups and activities' in the law in England and Wales. This paper will interpret and critically analyse the new offences for organised crime from a criminological perspective in light of evidence found in research. It will argue that this legal change is informed by political narratives on organised crime rather than by variations in the criminal panorama. The paper will then identify three perspectives for concern: the narrative perspective, which reflects on the overlapping of meanings of the words 'organised crime'; the evolution perspective, which reflects on the origins of the new participation offences with reference to both national and international pressures; and the management perspective, which reflects on some of the immediate effects of the new offences of organised crime on the criminal justice system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Concrete is the most used building material in the world. Its success lies in its versatility and availability, as it is essentially a local material. At present, however, the existence of concrete will be achieved first by the challenge of its arrival, which is its sustainability for the next generations, in connection with the growing population. With the passage of time, there is an increasing deficit of non-renewable resources. It is because of this that most informed people agree with the transition from a linear to a circular economy. Of course, concrete cannot keep up with this significant paradigm shift. What are the most important data to assess the potential for concrete recycling? In Europe, 196 Mt of recycled concrete aggregate (RCA) was produced in 2015, mainly from construction waste from demolitions. Of this amount, approximately 40% was reused in monolithic or precast reinforced concrete. Therefore, according to such simple calculations, there would be a possibility to replace at least 20% of the used natural aggregate with recycled aggregate in the entire production of concrete load-bearing structures. Of course, if we consider concrete load-bearing structures made from internal materials originating from demolitions (including natural or granular materials from subsoil roads), this percentage will increase even more. Some European countries have been using this method of producing recycled concrete for several years. For example, in England, the rate of use of recycled concrete aggregate was already in 2008, about 5% of the total RA production. However, this material is not yet fully used for the design of the load-bearing structures of buildings. So, we can conclude that the concrete industry could recycle significantly, but currently it still does not do so. In general, it can be summarized that this is due to the fact that there is no consensus on whether the use of recycled aggregate results in an increase or decrease in the mechanical properties of concrete, given the diversity of results in each available experiment. The use of recycled concrete in load-bearing structures is therefore a very current topic and its application continues to be of interest to the field of development and research. This paper will deal with the dispersion of the mechanical characteristics of recycled concrete depending on the type of recycled aggregate and the size of the water/cement ratio. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The second and final section of the £5.8 billion Channel Tunnel Rail Link project— now renamed High Speed 1—opens for business this month (14 November 2007). The 109 km long, 300 km/h railway cuts the London-Paris trip to a competitive 2 h 15 mins. It also means Britain is now directly connected to Europe's growing high-speed rail network, which currently extends to 3750 km. This paper introduces the 11 other papers in this special issue of Civil Engineering on the procurement, design, construction and regeneration benefits of the challenging, 39 km, section 2. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Providing antidoping education is one of the most important characteristics of the specialized institutions in this field. In the past, they focused on actions aimed at testing athletes in order to detect prohibited substances. Currently, the national antidoping agencies, independently or in partnership with different educational institutions (pre-university, university), or with non-formal education entities, have diversified the methods and means by which antidoping education is carried out. Web-based training methods in antidoping education is one of the new trends in this educational field specific to high-performance sport. The obvious benefits of these methods have prompted antidoping organizations worldwide or nationally to develop and use a number of online tools, such as antidoping e-Learning platforms ADel (Alpha, Coach true, Online Sport Physician Kit, Ado Kick Start, Parents' Guide to Support Clean Sport), edu.anad.ro (platform of the Romanian Antidoping Agency), e-Learning Germany (platform of the German Antidoping Agency), e-Learning England (platform of the Antidoping Agency of England), iLiftClean Education Platform (platform of the International Weightlifting Federation). The paper aims to highlight the level of knowledge of antidoping training programs relying on web-based learning methods, among Romanian athletes. In this regard, a survey (questionnaire) was applied, based on the following: knowledge of online antidoping education tools, the frequency of platform access, and the level of efficiency perceived by the athletes who use them, the advantages and the disadvantages perceived by athletes, etc. The research was carried out on a group of 150 athletes, aged 15-35 years, practicing one of the following sports: athletics, cycling, artistic gymnastics, handball, swimming, judo, wrestling, tennis, volleyball, biathlon, bob, ice hockey, speed skating, sledding, ski jumping, downhill skiing, mountaineering, cross country skiing, snowboarding. The conclusions of the paper highlight a number of particularities of the antidoping education applied to Romanian athletes and allow the formulation of recommendations that will improve the interventions of the NADA educational actions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Record contracts deploy copyright as the means through which record labels turn musicians into workers. In this paper, I discuss Karl Marx's analysis of England's land enclosure acts. Then I demonstrate the parallels between the process of land enclosure, and what I call, copyright enclosure. Many describe copyright as an intellectual property right, but it is not property in the traditional sense. Rather, law creates a set of statutory rights that some describe using an analogy to property. In turn, copyright law allows record labels to profit from musician labor similar to how land enclosure allowed landowners to profit from farm workers' labor. This paper highlights the institutional incentive to sign a record contract under the current political economy of the recording industry. This process ultimately creates an underclass of musicians who precariously work for record labels without rights as workers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

When Terminal 5 at London's Heathrow airport opened on 27 March 2008, it was almost 23 years since the publication of the 1985 Airports Policy White Paper that had encouraged its development. This paper explains the challenges inherent in trying to deliver a major infrastructure project through the UK planning system, and describes how the absence of clear and updated government policy contributed to the record 525 days spent at the planning enquiry before consent for the £4·3 billion airport expansion could be granted. It also recognises that the project involved issues of national importance that affected many thousands of people, particularly those living under the flight paths. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the newly introduced Induction Framework for teachers in England. The new term of early career teacher (ECT) has replaced the NQT label and the one-year programme has been extended to two, based on the Early Career Framework. The reasons for the change are to aid recruitment, prevent high numbers leaving the profession early and to provide a better, more structured and statutory framework for new teachers' development in schools. However, this has resulted in considerable change and accompanying stress for school leaders and staff, with a greatly increased workload. Training materials have been provided, including programmes for induction tutors, mentors and for the ECTs, though schools may write their own. Funding has also been provided by government to cover the costs of providing meeting, observation and discussion times. The final decision as to passing of the Teachers' Standards is now in the hands of an external body, who will moderate the training provided and make the final decision on each ECT's induction success or failure. First results show agreement from most of those concerned that the more structured approach to induction and longer time is a plus, but there are grave concerns about the rigidity of the programme and the time management of a fluid situation plus, the added responsibilities for staff. The pressures of Covid infections at the present time being immense. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper offers a consideration of the origins and rise of the civil 'gang injunction' (CGI) in England and Wales (often dubbed the 'Gangbo' in the news media). In contrast with other disposals which blur civil and criminal process (such as the Antisocial Behaviour Order) the Gangbo has received very little scrutiny. In examining recent cases of gang related violence, this paper raises questions about the purpose and efficacy of such disposals as currently used. Specifically, it asks: if the CGI is targeted at criminal activity, then why is a civil order being used, and how useful and purposeful will it be as one element of a wider anti-gang strategy? Additionally, it questions the potential negative consequences associated with the expansion in use of CGIs, especially given that 'youth', 'crime' and 'gangs' are increasingly being connected in official political narrative and the burdens of evidence for a CGI are not made under the higher threshold of the criminal standard. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The opportunity for technical colleges in England to undertake a radical change in the curriculum came when in the nineteen-fifties a select group of these institutions (Colleges of Advanced Technology) had their status raised to offer a degree equivalent diploma for the education and training of engineers and technologists for industry. While there were differences between the programmes offered and university courses they were not radical. With the exception of compulsory liberal studies and a sandwich (cooperative) structure the engineering courses mirrored those from which they were supposed to differ. The question this paper seeks to answer is why this opportunity was not taken? It is argued that the reasons for this lost opportunity to develop a new curriculum lie deep in the culture that formed the values and beliefs of educational policy makers during the industrial revolution. A divorce emerged between the academic and the practical in which training for industry was not considered to be something that universities do. By the end of the nineteenth century a technical education sector had developed in spite of very poor support from industrialists. Some students in Polytechnics were able to pursue studies for degrees of the University of London. The policy makers who suggested the new framework (The Percy Committee) came from the educational \lite that valued the pure as opposed to the practical. They were focused on the need to increase the qualified workforce and paid no attention to the structure of the subsystem they were proposing and how it would exchange with the system of higher education per se. Thus universities would train the research and development workers of the future and the technical colleges the engineer managers to degree level. They should be awarded a diploma but it would have degree status which would be achieved by a longer period of academic study interwoven with works hitherto been the practice of part-time day release education. A counter culture developed in the colleges as the staff sought the status of universities for their institutions. At the same time it is by no means clear that they would have been able to develop a radical alternative since there was little in the way of a substantial philosophy or educational theory to guide thinking in a radically new direction. The paper is presented in the form of a historical narrative. The principal threads (culture, social class, status, sub-system and available knowledge) are brought together in a final section that also considers implications for the present. The paragraphs have been numbered for the convenience of cross referencing to this final section. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper presents an analysis of health risks arising in different circumstances as well as the causes and consequences that occurred in the research conducted in 2020 due to eating disorders for people of different ages, who move from one location to another. It starts from the fact that eating disorder is a fairly broad term, which includes a condition from compulsive overeating to anorexia, and that it is caused by a large number of different conditions, and primarily manifests itself in people who are emotionally and mentally very sensitive, and therefore they also have some other problems (associated diseases) that may be or are related to their general health conditions. What is especially evident is that people of any age are not really spared from this, that is, from newborn children, children over two years of age to the population in the oldest age. If this is compared with the practical problems that the inhabitants of Vreoci have and face, who completely move with their households from the existing location to another, then the problems become more complex and have a special specificity of impact on the overall life and work of the population. The survey was conducted in June and November 2020, and is of the survey type using the SCOFF questionnaire (Developed in England by Morgan and colleagues in 1999). Analysis of health risks to the relevant circumstances of life and work of the population in the new circumstances, there was a need to define proposals for preventive and therapeutic measures for the population of the existing locality Vreoca, a functional scheme that can serve as a model for other settlements in the mining zone or some other works whose residents have started or have yet to start the process of relocating their own households from their existing ones to other locations, at any location in the Republic of Serbia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The £14·8 billion Crossrail project to deliver the Elizabeth line east-west railway across London has pioneered the development of a systematic programme approach to innovation. Previous papers have focused on the early stages of setting up Crossrail's innovation programme - known as Innovate18 - and implementing it as a credible component of the delivery organisation. With the Elizabeth line now close to completion there is an opportunity to reflect on the project's experience of innovation and the performance of its programme as it reaches maturity. This paper describes the maturing programme, lessons that have been learned and how the programme has migrated into an infrastructure industry platform. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores workplace cyberbullying in an education institution in the south of England, in which declarations of zero tolerance towards bullying masked the reality that it was silently condoned as a means of controlling staff. As with face-to-face bullying, cyberbullying is a matter of impact and not necessarily of intent; and here we contemplate the role of the bully and the role of the victim, while viewing an example through a lens of control theory. The following questions - Is there a need for bullying in the workplace? Does it serve a function? Does bullying help contain workplace anxiety as well as create it? - are posed. The case of a man in his mid-thirties, who was systematically bullied by his manager for eighteen months, is presented. Here I examine the social structures that the bullying enforced (and destroyed) and examine what the subject learned from the manager's behaviour. In my commentary on this case study I refer to Wilfred Bion's work on workgroup anxiety. In Group Psychology and the Analysis of the Ego, Freud explores group formation and the giving up of individual ideals for the group ideal. I argue that something analogous happens in a workplace environment in which bullying is rife and in which a scapegoat must be found, even if there is no corresponding misdemeanor for which he must be punished. I examine the need for homogeneity when it comes to bullying, as well as the issues of power; transference; the defence against paranoid anxieties; and what happens when a manager is troubled by others' intelligence. Finally, in the second half of the paper, I extrapolate a future of cyberbullying. The name of the company in question has been made anonymous and throughout this paper is referred to only as 'the Institution'. Similarly, the name given to the victim - Rob - has been invented for the sake of anonymity, at his request. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines how an online community of practice of tutors can be used to drive and engender change in the complex environment of undergraduate medical curriculum development. Parallels are drawn between the theories that underpin communities of practice and change management and comparison made of the role of the community with that of individuals as drivers and agents of change in curriculum practice. The paper is based on a case study within the University of Manchester Medical School, which aimed to create an online system for hospital based tutors. A major issue with such a geographically disparate group of practitioners is the ability of the University to manage and gain feedback from the group, as well as engage them in any meaningful collaborative task, such as curriculum review. To resolve these issues, the project team created a social-network based application that allowed tutors to collaboratively work together to review and update the medical curriculum. Through the use of these technologies, the community of tutors can share and adapt practices in medical education and improve good practice within the emergent Community of Practice. Through a cyclic process of intervention and evaluation, the project team have captured the behaviour, activity and impact of the community as it emerges and develops online, improving the practices of those involved. However, in order for any changes to the curriculum and to practice to be adopted across the wider community, the group needs to act as an agent of change, catalysing and driving change throughout the whole community. The research question addressed by this paper is to what extent an online community of practice can act as an agent of change? In analysing the data from the community of practice, this paper draws parallels between these theories and the change process catalysed by the community. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research paper investigates if the traditional lecture is no longer appropriate for Neomillennial Learning Styles and whether an alternative blended approach could/should be used? Over the past decade the lecture as we know it, has gradually been under attack from constructivists, Twigg (1999) for example argues that the lecture is in the main a one-way process with little or no active participation and does not allow the student an opportunity to learn in a collaborative form. Exley & Dennick (2004) quote an unknown source as saying, "Lecturing is the transference of the notes of the lecturer to the notes of the student without passing through the brains of either" (p3). To counter balance this Race (1999) explores different methods of how active, interactive learning can take place within a lecture. With these and many more damming critiques of the lecture it is no wonder that HE is looking at alternative methods of delivery. This research explores whether there is a place for lectures and if blended learning technology can enhance the learning experience given within a lecture theatre environment. The primary research is based on two questionnaires, the first to a cohort of undergraduate students and the second to academic staff at Leeds Metropolitan University. The results of the research shows that students are demanding more for their tuition fees, this is in agreement with the BBC education reporter Sean Coughlan (2009) who reported that "Fees fuel campus consumer culture" and also discussed the Swansea University's student paper who following the recent bad weather reported "Students lose £20 a lecture after snow sends university into lockdown." (par 2). The paper also looks at the effects of increasing demands being placed on students' time and how this has developed the students into becoming more strategic learners in what they are prepared to attend and how much time they are willing to give to a subject. Therefore the use and availability of blended learning techniques (VLE, podcast) was investigated. The research shows that both students and academics see value in lectures, however the traditional didactic form of lecturing needs to change and academics need to embrace new technology, which can enhance the lecture and as such the overall teaching and learning experience. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper describes the procurement and contracting strategies adopted for the majority of section 2 of the Channel Tunnel Rail Link, now renamed High Speed 1, plus Eurostar's new depot at Temple Mills and the fit-out works at Stratford and Ebbsfleet international stations. The paper demonstrates that the successful delivery of the project started with adopting the most appropriate contracting strategy commensurate with the level of design development completed at the time of tender, and the client's attitude to risk. Various options of the NEC Engineering and Construction Contract were used throughout. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using a computer-assisted content analysis, this study analyzes a 32,000 word corpus drawn from media-ted political statements made in response to the July 2005 London bombing. This grounded research led to a focus on the deontic nature of these statements, and also revealed a relative absence of condoling. Although condemnatory, statements did not specifically attribute the “evil” to particular people. Particularly mindful of Widdowson’s distinction between analysis (text) and research (interpretation), the paper first identifies the textual features, but then “hermeneutically” interprets their meaning within a wider context of international political discourse. The paper concludes that the statements performed a positive epideictic purpose, although it tended to occlude the compassionate element of public grieving. ..PAT.-Conference Proceeding [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper discusses the research findings of two case studies conducted in two English rural villages in 2005. The paper focuses upon expressions of community made by village residents. First, it considers definitions of rural community expressed by twenty-first century villagers; second, it moves to consider the extent to which each of the case study villages represented a community and; finally, the paper examines whether this has changed or is considered to be under threat - and whether what villagers consider is changing and whether this acts as a barrier to cohesion. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The following paper explores the proposed siting of a large supermarket on a local playing field in the city of Birmingham, England by Tesco, Britain's Wal-Mart. I use this detailed case study to address wider concerns about the management of urban space, the regulation of retail development, the struggle between corporate power and community resistance. The paper also assesses the narratives of local economic regeneration and civic involvement that have emerged under Britain's New Labour government since 1997. The research draws on my experience of living in the area concerned all my life; my involvement in a focus group of residents trying to influence future development, and on 20 interviews conducted with local people in autumn 2005. I ask whether local people feel they can resist corporate expansion, and how responsive they feel the political system is to their concerns. The fate of these playing fields is an example of "the ongoing confrontation between global capital and local communities that is part of the dynamic of contemporary urban relations" (Halebsky 2004: 115). A further dimension I explore is the rapid migration of a significant population of upwardly mobile South Asian families from less affluent parts of the city into this previously monoethnic English suburb. The changing demographic profile of the area around the proposed store raises serious long-term issues concerning the nature of civic involvement in increasingly diverse neighbourhoods beyond the inner city. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper summarises the community relations and public affairs activities on the £5.2 billion ChannelTunnel Rail Link project since its implementation in May 1996. The fad that there have been no public protests or demonstrations since this vast project started on site in October 1998 is a testament to the success of the consultative process. Experiences on the project have now been embodied in a construction industry code of conduct. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Modern education emerged in the long modern century stretching from the mid-eighteenth century through the early twentieth century. Many accounts of modern education assert that its goals, structure, content and functions were essentially identical across all modern societies. This paper argues, to the contrary, that at least six distinctive patterns of modern education emerged, each reflecting their unique temporal and spatial context and the nature to the ideological, economic, and political changes that accompanied their birth and systematization. These patterns are the Prussian, French, English, American, Japanese, and Russian approaches to modern education. The paper first seeks to describe the process of emergence of these respective systems, and then it reflects on some of the implications for institutional theory. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Badger was first time identified as a carrier of Bovine tuberculosis disease in England since 30 years ago. Bovine tuberculosis can be transmitted to another species through the faces, saliva, and breath. The control of tuberculosis in the badger is necessary to reduce the spread of the disease to other species. Many actions have been taken by the government to tackle the disease such as culling badgers with cyanide gas, but this way destroys the natural balance and disrupts the badger population. An alternative way to eliminate tuberculosis within badger population is by vaccination. Here in this paper a model for transmission of badger tuberculosis with vaccination is discussed. The existence of the endemic equilibrium, the stability and the basic reproduction ratio are shown analytically. Numerical simulations show that with proper vaccination level, the basic reproduction ratio could be reduced significantly. Sensitivity analysis for variation of parameters are shown numerically. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents assessment study results addressing the question: Do students treat elapsed time problems differently if phrased as "half an hour" versus "thirty minutes"? A paper-and-pencil assessment was given to second (n=292) and fourth (n=205) grade students in six New England elementary schools. I compare responses on tasks presented in hour units and minute units. Results indicate that children respond differently to elapsed time questions as a function of the units provided in the question (half hour or thirty minutes) depending on the provided starting time (e.g., on the half hour versus on the second half of the clock). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In response to the firearm legislation in the UK becoming progressively more restrictive criminals have had to be resourceful in respect to both their firearm supply and acquisition. Recent statistics indicate that over 50 percent of recorded firearms offences in England and Wales comprise of unidentified, imitation, reactivated or other firearms (ONS, 2015). This highlights a number of novel criminal opportunities which have been exploited to meet demand. Currently there is relatively little known about the individuals involved in the modification and supply of such weapons, including where they are positioned within the overall gun supply process (Hales et al., 2006). This paper will discuss the methodological approaches envisaged to undertake research with the aim to develop and explain the activities, motivations and modus operandi of criminal armourers and outline the emerging method of crime script analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The London Underground railway system has a massive civil engineering asset portfolio, with around 8000 bridges and 12 000 structures. Built since the mid-1860s by various private operating companies, less than 40% of record drawings were kept, let alone material specifications, design calculations or loading information. This made asset management and upgrades increasingly difficult, so it was decided in the mid-1980s to embark on a major project to determine the extent, condition and load-carrying capacity of all bridges and structures. This paper describes how the project has progressed over the past 30 years, including the development of ground-breaking inspection and assessment standards, innovative surveying and investigation methods, and a unique risk-assessment system. The results have enabled maintenance and improvement works to be cost-effectively prioritised, resulting in dramatic improvements in both safety and operation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Harmony search (HS) algorithm is a recent evolutionary algorithm which mimics the musical improvisation process. It has been successfully applied to a wide range of combinatorial optimization problems. Office-Space-Allocation (OSA) is the process of distributing given limited spaces to given resources in accordance with given constraints: hard and soft. Hard constraints are mandatory to satisfy while the soft constraints are desired but not absolutely essential. The main aim is to find a solution with the least violations of soft constraints while the hard constraints are satisfied and the best usage of spaces is achieved. In this paper, HS is modified and adapted for OSA. The modification includes two HS operators: i) memory consideration where the global-best concept of Particle Swarm Optimization is borrowed and employed; and ii) the pitch adjustment has been designed to be as a local search agent with three effective neighbourhood structures. The proposed Modified Harmony Search Algorithm (MHSA) is evaluated using three datasets from Nottingham and Wolverhampton universities. Interestingly, MHSA obtained two new best results, and a competitively comparable result for the third dataset. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the problematic religious archetypes employed in Shakespeare's plays The Merchant of Venice and The Tempest. Through comparing and contrasting the different ways in which Portia (The Merchant of Venice) and Prospero (The Tempest) exercise their religious authority, the author argues that their inability to perfectly live up to the standard of a religious archetype imitates the view of many 17th century British citizens that felt that the monarchy often failed to fulfill the religious claim of the divine right of kings. Similarly, the characters' interaction with the symbol of the book reflects the problem of interpreting sacred and secular texts that arose in Europe after the invention of the printing press. Ultimately, Shakespeare's characters either admit their morally ambiguous positions as religious authorities or fail to see the potentially harmful repercussions of their decisions, commenting on what Shakespeare possibly viewed as an effective or ineffective religious leader in Renaissance England. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Support systems are vital for university entrants and one established means of support is peer mentoring which has the potential to improve student engagement and retention. Mentoring models are generally based on face-to-face contact. However, given the increasing number of higher education institutions using social media, might online models be beneficial in a support context? This paper by means of examining extant literature complemented by a case study considered three virtual models: social networking sites (SNS), virtual learning environments (VLE) and virtual worlds. Findings indicated that the social networking model had the most potential. A pilot study by business programmes at Northumbria University is now being undertaken. Technical issues have been encountered and overcome. However, further analysis is required to fully establish the long term viability and potential extensions to the model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The papers in my hands contain a memorandum drawn up by the Board of Trade, London, 1828. The memorandum describes the discontinuous trade practiced in 1825 by the Levant Company and the decisions drawn up by the representatives of decision makers of English government to enlarge English commerce and to open new markets inside the Ottoman domains. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The papers in my hands contain a letter drawn up and signed by George The Third, at Royal Palace St. James, the Thirteenth Day of September 1789. The letter gives information about the improvement of English trade in the Ottoman domains and talks about the Protection that Selim The Third grants to English subjects doing trade on the Ottoman domains. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The research reported in this paper investigates the use of technology-supported feedback that enhances student understanding/learning. According to the UK National Student Survey (NSS) which gives final year undergraduates the chance to reflect on their course and to have their views heard, students are markedly less positive about feedback on their assessments than about other aspects of their learning experience. Thus, there is strong rationale to provide more effective feedback that enhances understanding and learning by exploiting the potential benefits that Technology Enhanced Learning (TEL) has to offer, whilst reducing the burden on tutors as being the sole providers of feedback (Sadler 2010). These issues are addressed in this research, which is a small-scale evaluation project using a mixture of quantitative and qualitative methods, exploring the role of technology in the process of giving and receiving feedback on the final year BSc. (Hons) Computing programme at Leeds Metropolitan University (Leeds Met). The primary data is obtained from a mixed method approach using questionnaires and interviews. The research findings suggest that although tutors apply a variety of feedback mechanisms dependent upon the nature of the learning, teaching and assessment (LTA) design of their modules, students do not hold a uniform view of what effective feedback means and how it could be used to enhance their understanding and learning. It is also found that students perceive feedback as being useful when it is mediated through a guided dialogic process where a common consensus is more likely to be arrived at. It is interesting to note that characteristics of effective feedback in face-to-face delivery are not diminished in blended learning delivery. The results have implications for increasing awareness in students on how to recognise what constitutes feedback, as well as how to use it. The results also support the evidence that when technologies that maximise dialogue and learning as shared discussion of tasks are used appropriately, the emphasis shifts from delivering instruction to producing learning. Further, the findings propose that in supporting time-starved tutors who are under pressure to provide effective feedback, the pedagogic opportunities that technology affords can be suitably harnessed for collaborative learning, in particular self and peer feedback provision. Within Higher Education (HE) curricula, this translates as an opportunity to promote self-regulation through independence and personal ownership of learning, increasing students' ability to self-assess and self-correct, skills which form the hallmarks of undergraduate education. The paper concludes with recommendations to influence existing feedback practices through technology-supported activities to benefit students' learning experiences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

How do you implement a strategy for institutional adoption of web conferencing? What are the potential benefits for students, tutors, support and administrative staff? What strategies can maximise those benefits? How do you provide the relevant staff development? At Leeds Metropolitan University answers have been sought by bringing together current users - meeting in web conferences naturally - to shape, to share and to develop their ideas. This case study first describes the environment in which it makes sense for higher education institutions to fast track the implementation of appropriate aspects of web conferencing. It next describes the establishment and remit of the University's web conferencing group. It analyses web conferencing benefits and implementation recommendations as presented in the group and in core related activities. Finally it identifies both the quick wins on offer and the challenges to be met from the institutional, student, and staff points of view. This paper explores what is possible when the principles that underlie technology supported student centred learning are applied to technology supported user centred staff development. It specifically addresses the suggested conference theme: <> This promising and productive experiment in both user driven staff development and, more generally, the dissemination of ideas and sharing of good practice will be of interest to all responsible for shaping and supporting their institutional web conferencing policies; providing insights into: The benefits and quick wins for an institution prepared to adopt web conferencing The challenges and ways in which they can be addressed Effective staff development strategies in a changing and economically restrained environment [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents the results of a study into which technologies are preferred by students to support their studies. The study has taken place across four universities in the North of England. Much has been written and discussed about the differences between generations regarding their acceptance and ease of use of technology. Terms such as 'Digital Natives' or 'Net Generation' are frequently used to portray the younger generations born after 1980, who regard digital technology as routine, essential and unexciting. However, many authors have also argued against this rather simplistic classification. Independent of whether Digital Natives exist or not, it cannot be denied that mobile and internet-based technologies have proved valuable tools that enable students to access learning at a time that suits them, at their own pace, and wherever they prefer. As part of a HEFCE (Higher Education Funding Council for England) funded project, the Centre for Excellence in Teaching and Learning - Active Learning in Computing (CETL ALiC) - has conducted ten surveys over four years and across four institutions to identify the needs and preferences of our undergraduate students. CETL ALiC is a collaborative project between four universities in the North of England: Durham, Newcastle, Leeds and Leeds Metropolitan, allowing the opportunity to conduct a comparative study across all four institutions and share findings of studies conducted at individual institutions. The comparative study in the form of a survey about preferences in information and communication technologies was distributed to all first year students soon after their arrival at the four institutions. Findings indicate that the majority of these students arrive with technologies that allow them constant access to internet technologies while at their university accommodation and to internetready mobile devices capable of playing audio or video files that they carry with them on an daily basis, providing them with a range of options in how they might access learning materials. The spread of personal technologies brought by students on entering university has grown year on year. We also specifically investigated student attitudes towards podcasting, i.e. the use of audio and video files to support flexible teaching and learning, which can be automatically downloaded to mobile players via subscription; and to attitudes towards universities communicating with them through social networking sites. Our findings indicate that while students value the choice available to them, the majority still prefer to access and conduct their learning in traditional ways using computers, pen and paper, as well as personal contact time with their tutor and many are sceptical about what is viewed as university intrusion into their social spaces. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent examples of inappropriate analysis of masonry structures, leading to their unnecessary designation as unsafe, suggest modern engineers could benefit from a wider appreciation of elementary principles. The 1820s procedure of Thomas Young - perhaps best remembered for his modulus of elasticity - is a good place to start. This paper sets out the principles of Young's visionary approach and how it was adopted and developed by Isambard Kingdom Brunel for his record-breaking Maidenhead Bridge over the River Thames in England. It also speculates how Brunel's father Marc Isambard may have further developed the method for assessing his Thames Tunnel design. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a study of the BBCs original headquarters in London: Broadcasting House. Conceived in 1932 as a "sound factory", this building combined a massive stone exterior - at the time compared with a "new Tower of London" - with an inner tower of 22 radio studios, designed by a team of young modernists (including Wells Coates and Serge Chermayeff). While recent theory has tended to frame the links between media and architecture in terms of the visual, and/or the infiltration of a pre-existing domestic space, this paper will track how the spatial organisation of studios for sound reproduction reappears in architectural strategies for modern dwelling (i.e, in Coates' Lawn Road Flats, 1932). In connection, earlier media representations of the interiors of Broadcasting House - including the thriller "Death at Broadcasting House" (1934) - are linked to the theories of Walter Benjamin (the "liquidation of the interior", the origins of the detective story). ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper outlines two distinct types of racial discrimination perceived by the immigrant second generation in the United States and Britain. Afro-Caribbeans report experiencing racial discrimination outside school, from adults, while Indians tend to report experiencing racial discrimination in school, from peers. These findings move theories of racial discrimination beyond a black-white paradigm, and also shed light on theories on the impact of perceived discrimination. If Afro-Caribbeans don't report school-based racial discrimination, then reactions to racial discrimination in school cannot explain an oppositional orientation towards school among Afro-Caribbean students, as suggested by some scholars. In the paper I integrate the literatures on racial discrimination and immigrant incorporation for a deeper understanding of experiences of racial discrimination among the second generation. The paper is based on an ethnography in two multiethnic schools, one in London and one in New York, and 90 in-depth interviews with second generation Indian, Afro-Caribbean, and Indo-Caribbean teens in New York and London. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper considers and evaluates the evolving strategies used for introducing staff at Leeds Metropolitan University to the web-conferencing tool Elluminate. Initial staff familiarisation with the tool used a simple approach with some interaction, wherein small groups of staff were introduced, in web conferences, to the facilities available. This might be considered a Web 1.0 approach to staff development. However the idea of usercreated content dictated the further development of the sessions, as staff were asked contribute resources. In a later Web 2.0 phase of staff development, which is currently a work in progress, more flexible and ambitious webconferencing sessions for staff development are being run, with a wider remit than simply the further improvement of the participants' skills as "moderators". Feedback has included suggestions about how staff would want to use a web-conference: whether for discussing drafts with individual students (possibly PhD supervisees), for holding seminars with small or large groups of undergraduates, or for meeting online with colleagues about planning or administration. Other ideas under exploration include the use of students as technical web-conferencing assistants to staff and the integration of links to the rich array of resources available on the Web. The paper views web conferencing as a significant tool at the disposal of an institution intending to respond to the changing needs and expectations of 21st century students. It proposes guidelines for staff development that will be of interest to any institution that is introducing web-conferencing and hence has a need to create competency for this in its staff. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Moving two rivers from the middle of the Terminal 5 project site at London's Heathrow airport to a new alignment around the western airport perimeter was a critical and highly environmentally sensitive sub-project of the T5 programme. The rivers diversion had to be completed before the original river structures could be demolished to enable continuation of the main terminal development. As described in this paper, the £45 million diversion project included the creation of two 3 km long river channels, phased realignment of 3 km of highway and landscape works to the western boundary of Heathrow. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

London Heathrow airport's Terminal 5 project provided an opportunity for owner BAA to set and deliver new standards in environmental sustainability for the construction industry. As this paper describes, opportunities were pursued at each development stage to improve performance and firmly embed environmental awareness and corporate responsibility into decision-making processes. Throughout the design and construction, project teams and suppliers were encouraged to apply innovative techniques and best practice to deliver exemplary environmental performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The east London resource development project ('Elred') is a much-needed new urban water supply scheme created largely from redundant assets. It consists of a wellfield, a connecting rawwater pipeline network and a treatment works; with a capacity up to 23 Ml/day, in the heart of the UK capital. Unusually, the wellfield re-uses boreholes originally drilled for temporary dewatering during construction of the recently completed Channel Tunnel Rail Link tunnels. Furthermore, the raw-water network re-uses the dewatering discharge pipelines and the treatment works is located at and re-utilises a disused pumping station. This paper describes the design and construction of this innovative scheme, including the hydrogeological and groundwater modelling studies to establish yield and sustainability of the Chalk aquifer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyzes correlations in patterns of trading of different members of the London Stock Exchange. The collection of strategies associated with a member institution is defined by the sequence of signs of net volume traded by that institution in hour intervals. Using several methods we show that there are significant and persistent correlations between institutions. In addition, the correlations are structured into correlated and anti-correlated groups. Clustering techniques using the correlations as a distance metric reveal a meaningful clustering structure with two groups of institutions trading in opposite directions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Combining agency and institutional perspectives, this paper examines performance effects of two types of private equity investors (venture capitalists and business angels) in IPO firms in the UK and France. It shows that the two types of investors have a differential impact on performance, and this impact is moderated by legal institutions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Building Britain's first main-line railway for over a century—and one carrying trains at an unprecedented 300 km/h—required a completely new set of design standards for railway systems. This paper describes the signalling, trackwork and diverse range of other mechanical and electrical systems which, together with the rolling stock, make the tunnels, earthworks and structures of the second section of the Channel Tunnel Rail Link—now renamed High Speed 1—into a transport system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Section 2 of the Channel Tunnel Rail Link—now known as High Speed 1—included the construction of a new station for the existing Thameslink rail service under St Pancras International station. This paper describes the construction of the Thameslink box on the route of the existing tunnel along with a direct passenger interchange with the new international station. Two new tunnels were also constructed forming a potential connection to the existing East Coast main-line route. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The last stop before London on the Channel Tunnel Rail Link—now called High Speed 1—is Stratford International in the heart of the London 2012 Olympic park. This paper describes the design and construction of the station box, a 1 km long, and up to 55m wide and 26 m deep, open concrete structure. It initially served as the construction and portal site for four of the London tunnel drives on section 2 and now provides the location for the Stratford International station and major track junctions. Excavated material from both the tunnels and the box has been used to regenerate the old railway freight yards into a site for a major new development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]