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Among all the innovative applications of immersive technologies in the sport industry, augmented reality (AR) has demanded more scholarly attention. Particularly, using AR face filters that layer computer-generated visual effects over the physical world on mobile devices became a valued marketing tactic that brands employed to attract fans. Yet, limited empirical evidence has explored the effect of AR on sport fans' digital fandom. Through an online quasi-experiment (N = 250) following a 2022 FIFA World Cup match between the U.S. and U.K. soccer (e.g., association football) teams, data suggest an important role of BIRGing (basking in reflected glory) in influencing fans' AR filter use. Specifically, fans with a stronger tendency to bask in reflected glory elicited a higher perception of affiliation and enjoyment, which tended to be more likely to use AR. These effects were heightened when fans' team identification was higher and they believed their team performed better. Theoretical and practical implications were addressed accordingly. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Following the recent advances in Industry 4.0 and the upcoming Industry 5.0, the use of multiple UAVs for indoor tasks has risen, particularly in real-time remote monitoring, wireless coverage, and remote sensing. As a result, UAVs can be viewed as proactive problem solvers and can support Internet of Things (IoT) platforms by collecting and monitoring data cost-effectively and efficiently, leading to better decision-making. Moreover, sophisticated drone operations require specialised software and data processing abilities. However, the utilisation of drones has been mainly focused on outdoor environments, thus creating a literature gap regarding indoor navigation and operation. Therefore, the design and development of a method for remote planning and control of drones based on the utilisation of AR is presented in this paper. The proposed method is based on the utilisation of drones for remote monitoring. The suggested approach involves engineers designing a sequence of actions and transmitting them wirelessly to the drone, eliminating the need for human intervention. Thus, the proposed method contributes towards enabling engineers visualise the drone path with the use of Augmented Reality and provides the flexibility of adding multiple way points. The applicability of the developed framework is tested in a laboratory-based machine shop. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper investigates the potential of the Gamified Metaverse as a platform for promoting library services. The study compares the effectiveness of a traditional library program with a Metaverse- based library program in terms of knowledge acquisition and library anxiety. The research also examines students' perceptions of implementing gamification within the context of the Gamified Metaverse platform. A mixed-methods approach was adopted, including pre- and post-test analysis, statistical analysis, and qualitative data collection. The results indicate that both the traditional and Metaverse-based library programs effectively increased the participants' knowledge, with no significant difference between the two approaches. However, the Metaverse-based program was found to be less effective in facilitating interaction with librarians and reducing library anxiety. Additionally, students expressed positive perceptions of implementing gamification in the Gamified Metaverse platform, finding it engaging and motivating. These findings contribute to the understanding of the effect of the Metaverse as a tool for promoting library services and enhancing knowledge acquisition. However, it is not as effective in reducing library anxiety, particularly in terms of interaction with librarians and staff. It should be noted that the platform may have limitations such as high costs and potential side effects of virtual reality, making it more suitable as an additional tool for promoting library services, taking into account its feasibility and potential benefits for specific student populations and larger libraries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mental simulation is an important tool for managers who want consumers to imagine what life would be like if they engaged in positive consumption behaviors. However, research has found mixed effects of mental simulation on behavior. To understand this inconsistency, the authors conduct a meta-analysis to quantify the effect of different mental simulation prompts. This multivariate three-level meta-analysis of 237 effect sizes spanning four decades (1980–2020) and representing 40,705 respondents yields a positive but small effect of mental simulation on behavioral responses. Managers and researchers can amplify this effect by using dynamic visual inductions (e.g., augmented reality), inductions involving both visuals and verbal instructions, and repeated inductions spaced over time (e.g., weekly, akin to real-world marketing campaigns). Inducing simulations repeatedly but massed (e.g., using the same message at the same time across different platforms or retargeting ads) actually reduces subsequent behavioral performance. The authors explain the implications of these findings for theory and practice and identify novel avenues for research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The light field (LF) imaging technique can capture 3D scene information in 4D by recording both 2D intensity and 2D direction of incoming light rays. Due to this capability, LF has shown a great interest in virtual reality (VR) and augmented reality (AR) for enhanced immersion, improved depth perception and reconstruction of realistic 3D environments. This paper presents a comprehensive review of LF imaging technology and other approaches used for VR content creation. The applications of LF technology beyond VR and AR are also discussed. The challenges and limitations of other approaches for VR content creation are examined. State‐of‐the‐art research has focused on how VR experiences benefit from LF technology and identified the challenges to creating comfortable, immersive and realistic VR content such as (1) image size and resolution, (2) processing speed, (3) precise calibration and (4) depth reconstruction. Recommendations that can be considered for creating immersive VR content are provided to enhance user experience. These recommendations aim to contribute to developing more comfortable and realistic VR content, extending the potential applications of LF imaging technology in diverse fields. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Microsurgical clipping is a delicate neurosurgical procedure used to treat complex Unruptured Intracranial Aneurysms (UIAs) whose outcome is dependent on surgeon's experience. Simulations are emerging as excellent complements to standard training, but their adoption is limited by the realism they provide. The aim of this study was to develop and validate a microsurgical clipping simulator platform. Methods: Physical and holographic simulators of UIA clipping have been developed. The physical phantom consisted of a 3D printed hard skull and five (n = 5) rapidly interchangeable, perfused and fluorescence compatible 3D printed aneurysm silicone phantoms. The holographic clipping simulation included a real-time finite-element-model of the aneurysm sac, allowing interaction with a virtual clip and its occlusion. Validity, usability, usefulness and applications of the simulators have been assessed through clinical scores for aneurysm occlusion and a questionnaire study involving 14 neurosurgical residents (R) and specialists (S) for both the physical (p) and holographic (h) simulators by scores going from 1 (very poor) to 5 (excellent). Results: The physical simulator allowed to replicate successfully and accurately the patient-specific anatomy. UIA phantoms were manufactured with an average dimensional deviation from design of 0.096 mm and a dome thickness of 0.41 ± 0.11 mm. The holographic simulation executed at 25–50 fps allowing to gain unique insights on the anatomy and testing of the application of several clips without manufacturing costs. Aneurysm closure in the physical model evaluated by fluorescence simulation and post-operative CT revealed Raymond 1 (full) occlusion respectively in 68.89% and 73.33% of the cases. For both the simulators content validity, construct validity, usability and usefulness have been observed, with the highest scores observed in clip selection usefulness Rp=4.78, Sp=5.00 and Rh=4.00, Sh=5.00 for the printed and holographic simulators. Conclusions: Both the physical and the holographic simulators were validated and resulted usable and useful in selecting valid clips and discarding unsuitable ones. Thus, they represent ideal platforms for realistic patient-specific simulation-based training of neurosurgical residents and hold the potential for further applications in preoperative planning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Artificial intelligence (AI) is revolutionizing the field of biomedical research and treatment, leveraging machine learning (ML) and advanced algorithms to analyze extensive health and medical data more efficiently. In headache disorders, particularly migraine, AI has shown promising potential in various applications, such as understanding disease mechanisms and predicting patient responses to therapies. Implementing next-generation AI in headache research and treatment could transform the field by providing precision treatments and augmenting clinical practice, thereby improving patient and public health outcomes and reducing clinician workload. AI-powered tools, such as large language models, could facilitate automated clinical notes and faster identification of effective drug combinations in headache patients, reducing cognitive burdens and physician burnout. AI diagnostic models also could enhance diagnostic accuracy for non-headache specialists, making headache management more accessible in general medical practice. Furthermore, virtual health assistants, digital applications, and wearable devices are pivotal in migraine management, enabling symptom tracking, trigger identification, and preventive measures. AI tools also could offer stress management and pain relief solutions to headache patients through digital applications. However, considerations such as technology literacy, compatibility, privacy, and regulatory standards must be adequately addressed. Overall, AI-driven advancements in headache management hold significant potential for enhancing patient care, clinical practice and research, which should encourage the headache community to adopt AI innovations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Augmented reality (AR) has been extensively applied to health science education. However, a question still remains as to the optimal way to design AR interfaces to enhance users’ understanding of information that is presented in text format. Utilising the context of indoor air pollution, the current study examines the effects of messages about particulate matter (PM) delivered using different modes of AR visualisation (i.e. overlaying AR visuals onto users’ faces [AR-overlay self] vs. overlaying AR visuals onto users’ surroundings [AR-overlay environment] vs. no use of AR [AR control]). A between-subjects online experiment (N = 306) demonstrated that the AR-overlay environment has a pronounced effect on perceived realism toward 3D-rendered PM, which induced powerful effects on increasing both issue involvement and positive attitudes toward the textual information being presented. Compared to the AR control, the AR-overlay environment demonstrated a serial and positive mediation effect on perceived realism, which subsequently influenced issue involvement and message attitudes. However, overlaying 3D-rendered PM onto one’s face turned out to be a less effective means of eliciting perceived realism. Implications are discussed in the context of how to design effective AR interfaces that can best help users understand health science information. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractIn-vehicle Augmented Reality Head-Up Displays (AR-HUDs) offer drivers integrated navigation and vehicle status information, thereby improving the driving experience. Many studies explored the effects of AR-HUD navigation design and information presentation on driving performance; however, these studies neglected the occurrence of inattentional blindness, which may lead to potential safety hazards. This study used a two-factor within-subjects design to investigate how dynamic effects (pulsation, blinking, movement) and color transparency levels (T1, T0.75, T0.5, T0.35) of AR-HUD navigation graphics influence inattentional blindness and user experience. The results indicated that color transparency significantly affects the drivers’ inattentional blindness behavior and user experience. Specifically, T0.75 resulted in the lowest inattentional blindness, while T0.5 was associated with the shortest reaction time (without blindness) and highest user satisfaction. Dynamic effects did not significantly impact inattentional blindness, but blinking reduced reaction time (without blindness). This study provides design insights for vehicle AR-HUD navigation interfaces. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Room impulse responses (RIRs) are used in several applications, such as augmented reality and virtual reality. These applications require a large number of RIRs to be convolved with audio, under strict latency constraints. In this paper, we consider the compression of RIRs, in conjunction with fast time-domain convolution. We consider three different methods of RIR approximation for the purpose of RIR compression and compare them to state-of-the-art compression. The methods are evaluated using several standard objective quality measures, both channel-based and signal-based. We also propose a novel low-rank-based algorithm for fast time-domain convolution and show how the convolution can be carried out without the need to decompress the RIR. Numerical simulations are performed using RIRs of different lengths, recorded in three different rooms. It is shown that compression using low-rank approximation is a very compelling option to the state-of-the-art Opus compression, as it performs as well or better than on all but one considered measure, with the added benefit of being amenable to fast time-domain convolution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: In the realm of trauma response preparation for prehospital teams, the combination of Augmented Reality (AR) and Virtual Reality (VR) with manikin technologies is growing in importance for creating training scenarios that closely mirror potential real-life situations. The pilot study focused on training of airway management and intubation for trauma incidents, based on a Trauma AR-VR simulator involving reserve paramedics of the National EMS service (Magen David Adom) who had not practiced for up to six years, activated during the Israel-Gaza conflict (October 2023). The trauma simulator merges the physical and virtual realms by utilizing a real manikin and instruments outfitted with sensors. This integration enables a precise one-to-one correspondence between the physical and virtual environments. Considering the importance of enhancing the preparedness of the reserve paramedics to support the prehospital system in Israel, the study aims to ascertain the impact of AR-VR Trauma simulator training on the modification of key perceptual attitudes such as self-efficacy, resilience, knowledge, and competency among reserve paramedics in Israel. Methods: A quantitative questionnaire was utilized to gauge the influence of AR-VR training on specific psychological and skill-based metrics, including self-efficacy, resilience, medical knowledge, professional competency, confidence in performing intubations, and the perceived quality of the training experience in this pilot study. The methodology entailed administering a pre-training questionnaire, delivering a targeted 30-minute AR-VR training session on airway management techniques, and collecting post-training data through a parallel questionnaire to measure the training's impact. Fifteen reserve paramedics were trained, with a response rate of 80% (n = 12) in both measurements. Results: Post-training evaluations indicated a significant uptick in all measured areas, with resilience (3.717±0.611 to 4.008±0.665) and intubation confidence (3.541±0.891 to 3.833±0.608) showing particularly robust gains. The high rating (4.438±0.419 on a scale of 5) of the training quality suggests positive response to the AR-VR integration for the enhancement of medical training, Conclusions: The application of AR-VR in the training of reserve paramedics demonstrates potential as a key tool for their swift mobilization and efficiency in crisis response. This is particularly valuable for training when quick deployment of personnel is necessary, training resources are diminished, and 'all hands on deck' is necessary. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Augmented reality (AR) technology is expanding into the restaurant industry, yet the use of AR menus has not been investigated yet. The purpose of this research is to study consumers’ perceptions of the use of AR menus in restaurants. A research model grounded in the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) was used for the study. After 368 responses were collected through an online self-administered survey, multiple regression analyses were performed to explore the impact of factors on customer intention. The results of the study indicated that perceived usefulness, perceived innovativeness, subjective norm, perceived enjoyment, and perceived benefit influenced customer intention. In addition, it was found that there are gender differences in consumer intention. Managerial and theoretical implications are discussed; limitations and recommendations for future study are also provided. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Objective Method Results and Conclusions Cultivating students' problem‐solving knowledge and skills in the workspace has been regarded as a primary goal in technical and vocational education. To this end, students are usually guided to complete the learning of workspace knowledge and skills by following the question, prompt, interaction and evaluation (QPIE) procedure.In conventional instruction, when teachers present questions of real cases to students, most of the class time is spent on the demonstration of relevant techniques and prompts. Meanwhile, trainers in conventional classrooms often have to guide multiple students simultaneously, making it challenging to provide individual guidance. Therefore, the present study proposed an AR (Augmented Reality)‐based QPIE training mode.To show the effectiveness of the proposed mode, this study recruited two classes of students from a technological university as the participants, and conducted an experiment using a unit of a professional training course. One class of 22 learners adopted the AR‐QPIE training mode, while the other class of 22 learners used the conventional QPIE (C‐QPIE) training mode.The results revealed that the AR‐QPIE training mode enhanced learners' learning achievement, self‐confidence, and several dimensions of learning perceptions more than the C‐QPIE training mode. Besides, in terms of the evaluation of case‐handling performance, the AR‐QPIE training mode could also significantly enhance learners' memory, comprehension, judgement, and calculation abilities in comparison with the C‐QPIE training mode. Yet, no significant differences in the application abilities could be found between the two groups. The proposed training mode of this study could train learners' case‐handling performance, and improve their self‐confidence in the workspace. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Transmedia skill, derived from the process of converting films into educational games using augmented reality and artificial intelligence, involves employing various languages and mediums to adapt an original narrative to another format. This transmedia practice presents an opportunity to cultivate diverse skills in teacher training by transforming film narratives into educational games with Augmented Reality (AR) and Artificial Intelligence (AI). Moreover, these educational games enable student engagement in missions or challenges, enhancing their engagement with educational activities. Thus, this research stems from an Innovation project implemented in the Degree in Early Childhood Education (N=77) with two groups of university students who developed 24 educational games in physical and digital formats. The objectives are: 1) to compare the transmedia process adopted by both groups when converting children's animation films into games, some in digital format and others combining physical and digital resources; and 2) to analyze their transmedia skill reflected in the games developed. The methodology adopted is non-experimental empirical, with a descriptive and comparative nature. Two instruments were designed and validated, one to analyze the transmedia process followed in each case and another to ascertain the level of transmedia skill of the university students. The results reveal that both groups chose different creative approaches to gamify the films, expanding their stories by leveraging the potential of AR and AI to create interactive characters and settings. From this, their transmedia capability could be inferred. Thus, the use of digital applications to collaboratively design games—utilizing film narratives—represented an innovation in their training, holistically enhancing various skills. In conclusion, this experience presents an opportunity to increase the transmedia skills of future educators. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Augmented reality navigation (ARN) enhances localization and operation by overlaying virtual guides onto realworld surgical fields. The study introduces a laser path anchor (LPA), a novel tool for ARN in surgery aimed at mitigating depth perception challenges. The LPA anchors the virtual planned path onto the physical laser beam, ensuring accurate puncture from any perspective. The tool consists of a rack, a primary laser emitter, an indicating laser emitter, and an AR marker with intrinsic and extrinsic properties validated through calibration and testing. Intrinsic validation involved measuring the parallelism between the indicating and primary laser using Cartesian graph screens. Extrinsic validation assessed the alignment and shortest distance between the virtual path and primary lasers. Results showed an angle deviation of 0.08° between the indicating and primary laser and 1.44° ± 0.47° between the virtual path and primary lasers, with a shortest distance of 7.60 mm ± 2.50 mm. The usability test demonstrated the LPA's effectiveness in guiding needle insertions without altering the perspective or distracting the surgeon. Despite some limitations, the LPA enhances the user's perception of linear objects and eliminates the need for perspective adjustments during puncture, warranting further development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study developed and evaluated a prototype for augmented reality (AR) interaction among multiple users sharing a three-dimensional hologram within a shared physical space. A systems requirements analysis was conducted to determine necessary interactions, followed by an iterative implementation plan with testing at each step. The application for the HoloLens 2 (HL2) headset was developed using Unity for 3D design, C# for programming, and Photon for multiplayer capabilities. The prototype was evaluated in a user study utilizing custom and NASA TLX questionnaires, comparing participants' self-reported task success with recorded data to assess the accuracy of selfassessments. The prototype effectively facilitated multi-user interactions within a shared environment, achieving acceptable synchronization for two users. Most participants successfully completed tasks, with TLX scores indicating low cognitive and mechanical load during AR task execution. This study demonstrates AR's viability for displaying and manipulating complex three-dimensional structures within a collaborative medical context among multiple individuals in the same physical space. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mitral valve regurgitation is one of the most common heart valve diseases that can occur when the structural composition of the mitral valve is affected. Mitral valve repair, typically performed in a minimally invasive setting, is a complex surgery that aims to reinstate the structural integrity of the valve and thereby restore normal valve function. The current practice lacks quantification of geometrical changes and interactive 3D visualization that could enhance the understanding of pathomorphological changes and impact of surgical correction. This work presents functionalities from smartMVR, a quantitative tool to measure, compare, and analyse changes in mitral valve geometry from data captured on-demand using an RGB-D camera. The feasibility of the approach is demonstrated on a silicone replica of a pathological mitral valve that is iteratively corrected using common surgical techniques. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Augmented reality navigation in liver surgery still faces technical challenges like insufficient registration accuracy. This study compared registration accuracy between local and external virtual 3D liver models (vir3DLivers) generated with different rendering techniques and the use of the left vs right main portal vein branch (LPV vs RPV) for landmark setting. The study should further examine how registration accuracy behaves with increasing distance from the ROI. Methods: Retrospective registration accuracy analysis of an optical intraoperative 3D navigation system, used in 13 liver tumor patients undergoing liver resection/thermal ablation. Results: 109 measurements in 13 patients were performed. Registration accuracy with local and external vir3DLivers was comparable (8.76 ± 0.9 mm vs 7.85 ± 0.9 mm; 95% CI = -0.73 to 2.55 mm; p = 0.272). Registrations via the LPV demonstrated significantly higher accuracy than via the RPV (6.2 ± 0.85 mm vs 10.41 ± 0.99 mm, 95% CI = 2.39 to 6.03 mm, p < 0.001). There was a statistically significant positive but weak correlation between the accuracy (dFeature) and the distance from the ROI (dROI) (r = 0.298; p = 0.002). Conclusion: Despite basing on different rendering techniques both local and external vir3DLivers have comparable registration accuracy, while LPV-based registrations significantly outperform RPV-based ones in accuracy. Higher accuracy can be assumed within distances of up to a few centimeters around the ROI. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction Decision-making is a complex process that relies on situational awareness and experience to create a potential list of actions while weighing the risks and benefits of each action. There is a paucity of data evaluating decision-making for individual service members (SM) during the performance of team-based military-relevant activities. Understanding individual performance and decision-making within the context of a team-based activity has potential to aid in the detection and management of mild traumatic brain injuries and assist with safe and timely return-to-duty decision making. The aim of this project was to evaluate cognitive and motor performance in healthy SM during an augmented reality military specific, team-based activity. Materials and Methods Data from 110 SMs from Fort Moore Georgia were analyzed for this project. Service members completed 3 augmented reality room breaching and clearing scenarios (Empty Room, Civilian/Combatant, and Incorrect Position of a unit member) with 3 avatar team members. Participants wore a Microsoft HoloLens 2 (HL2) device and used a replica M4 weapon (Haptech Defense Systems) during scenarios. Three-dimensional position data from the HL2 headset was used to compute temporal measures of room breaching and clearing events while the number and timing of weapon discharge was monitored by the M4. Temporal outcomes included time to enter room, time to fire first shot, time in fatal funnel, and total trial time while motor outcomes were distance traveled and average movement velocity. Results Pairwise comparisons between the Incorrect Position scenario and the Civilian/Combatant scenario demonstrated no difference in time to enter the room (2.36 seconds in both scenarios). Time to fire the first shot in the Civilian/Combatant scenario was longer (0.97 seconds to 0.58 seconds) while time in fatal funnel (2.58 seconds to 3.31 seconds) and time to trial completion (7.46 seconds to 8.41 seconds) were significantly longer in the Incorrect Position scenario. Conclusions Reaction time to fire the first shot, time in the fatal funnel, and total trial time reflect a change in information-processing and decision-making capabilities during military specific, ecological, team-based scenarios when altering the environment inside of the room and modifying avatar movements. Future studies are planned to evaluate the effects of mild traumatic brain injury on specific aspects of military team performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Over the past few decades, instrumentation and techniques for total knee arthroplasty have evolved from conventional manual tools to a wide range of technologies, including calibrated guides for accurate bone cuts and alignment, smart tools, dynamic intraoperative sensors for soft tissue balancing, patient-specific guides, computer navigation, and robotics. This review is intended to provide an overview of the latest advancements in total knee arthroplasty technology, address potential challenges and solutions related to the application of these technologies, and explore their limitations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Necropsy, the examination of animal carcasses to determine the cause of death, is an essential skill for many professionals. Traditional training methods, however, are costly and time-consuming. The article suggests that Web-based Augmented Reality (WebAR) can offer an immersive and cost-effective training experience for laboratory animal necropsy. It describes using photogrammetry techniques to create a virtual necropsy environment consisting of 10 necropsy steps. A questionnaire was used to evaluate the usability, educational value, and drawbacks of the designed application by students who tested it. The paper outlines best practices for developing WebAR simulations, including high-fidelity 3D models and interactive elements. Additionally, it presents methods for creating new WebAR applications using specific programs or scripts. This paper highlights the potential benefits of WebAR for laboratory animal necropsy training, emphasizing its accessibility, cost-effectiveness, and scalability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Augmented Reality (AR) is a technology that overlays virtual objects on a physical environment. The illusion afforded by AR is that these virtual artifacts can be treated like physical ones, allowing people to view them from different perspectives and point at them knowing that others see them in the same place. Despite extensive research in AR, there has been surprisingly little research into how people embrace this AR illusion, and in what ways the illusion breaks down. In this paper, we report the results of an exploratory, mixed methods study with six pairs of participants playing the novel Sightline AR game. The study showed that participants changed physical position and pose to view virtual artifacts from different perspectives and engaged in conversations around the artifacts. Being able to see the real environment allowed participants to maintain awareness of other participants’ actions and locus of attention. Players largely entered the illusion of interacting with a shared physical/virtual artifact, but some interactions broke the illusion, such as pointing into space. Some participants reported fatigue around holding their tablet devices and taking on uncomfortable poses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The near-eye display (NED) systems, designed to project content into the human eye, are pivotal in the realms of augmented reality (AR) and virtual reality (VR), offering users immersive experiences. A small volume is the key for a fashionable, easy-to-wear, comfortable NED system for industrial and consumer use. Freeform surfaces can significantly reduce the system volume and weight while improving the system specifications. However, great challenges still exist in further reducing the volume of near-eye display systems as there is also a limit when using only freeform optics. This paper introduces a novel method for designing compact freeform NED systems through a powerful optical-digital joint design. The method integrates a geometrical freeform optical design with deep learning of an image compensation neural network, addressing off-axis nonsymmetric structures with complex freeform surfaces. A design example is presented to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method. Specifically, the volume of a freeform NED system is reduced by approximately 63% compared to the system designed by the traditional method, while still maintaining high-quality display performance. The proposed method opens a new pathway for the design of a next-generation ultra-compact NED system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dr. Buttenfield led the user evaluation and user interface design/improvement tasks in the Alexandra Digital Library (ADL) Project from 1994 to 1998 funded by the National Science Foundation in the U.S. Her research efforts in the ADL extended the role of cartographers from traditional map designers to web-based user interface and user experiences (UI/UX) designers. This paper will highlight key concepts and design principles (including user center design (UCD), usability testing, and user interface evaluation) in the ADL project and re-investigate these pioneering research topics in cartography with recent development of the Metaverse and human-computer interaction (HCI) using Extended Reality (XR), including Virtual Reality, (VR), Augmented Reality (AR), and Mixed Reality (MR). The new role of cartographers today includes user interface designers and usability evaluators using XR-enabled mapping tools and technologies. This paper will discuss cartographic research challenges and opportunities in the era of the Metaverse and highlight some software issues for cartographers to develop 3D or 4D web GIS applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gait speed is increasingly recognized as an important health indicator. However, gait analysis in clinical settings often encounters inconsistencies due to methodological variability and resource constraints. To address these challenges, GaitKeeper uses artificial intelligence (AI) and augmented reality (AR) to standardize gait speed assessments. In laboratory conditions, GaitKeeper demonstrates close alignment with the Vicon system and, in clinical environments, it strongly correlates with the Gaitrite system. The integration of a cloud-based processing platform and robust data security positions GaitKeeper as an accurate, cost-effective, and user-friendly tool for gait assessment in diverse clinical settings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

State-of-the-art augmented reality (AR) glasses record their 3D pose in space, enabling measurements and analyses of clinical gait and balance tests. This study's objective was to evaluate concurrent validity and test–retest reliability for common clinical gait and balance tests in people with Parkinson's disease: Five Times Sit To Stand (FTSTS) and Timed Up and Go (TUG) tests. Position and orientation data were collected in 22 participants with Parkinson's disease using HoloLens 2 and Magic Leap 2 AR glasses, from which test completion durations and durations of distinct sub-parts (e.g., sit to stand, turning) were derived and compared to reference systems and over test repetitions. Regarding concurrent validity, for both tests, an excellent between-systems agreement was found for position and orientation time series (ICC(C,1) > 0.933) and test completion durations (ICC(A,1) > 0.984). Between-systems agreement for FTSTS (sub-)durations were all excellent (ICC(A,1) > 0.921). TUG turning sub-durations were excellent (turn 1, ICC(A,1) = 0.913) and moderate (turn 2, ICC(A,1) = 0.589). Regarding test–retest reliability, the within-system test–retest variation in test completion times and sub-durations was always much greater than the between-systems variation, implying that (sub-)durations may be derived interchangeably from AR and reference system data. In conclusion, AR data are of sufficient quality to evaluate gait and balance aspects in people with Parkinson's disease, with valid quantification of test completion durations and sub-durations of distinct FTSTS and TUG sub-parts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

RGB-D image mapping is an important tool in applications such as robotics, 3D reconstruction, autonomous navigation, and augmented reality (AR). Efficient and reliable mapping methods can improve the accuracy, real-time performance, and flexibility of sensors in various fields. However, the currently widely used Truncated Signed Distance Field (TSDF) still suffers from the problem of inefficient memory management, making it difficult to directly use it for large-scale 3D reconstruction. In order to address this problem, this paper proposes a highly efficient and accurate TSDF voxel fusion method, RGBTSDF. First, based on the sparse characteristics of the volume, an improved grid octree is used to manage the whole scene, and a hard coding method is proposed for indexing. Second, during the depth map fusion process, the depth map is interpolated to achieve a more accurate voxel fusion effect. Finally, a mesh extraction method with texture constraints is proposed to overcome the effects of noise and holes and improve the smoothness and refinement of the extracted surface. We comprehensively evaluate RGBTSDF and similar methods through experiments on public datasets and the datasets collected by commercial scanning devices. Experimental results show that RGBTSDF requires less memory and can achieve real-time performance experience using only the CPU. It also improves fusion accuracy and achieves finer grid details. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Integrating AR technology: explored the use of augmented reality (AR) to enhance Tang Dynasty tomb mural preservation efforts. • Digital restoration innovation: applied two-dimensional and three-dimensional digital restoration to severely deteriorated mural segments. • Cultural insights: scrutinized the impact of religious and customs on Zhao Yigong Tomb murals. • Cloud-based AR platform: successfully integrated scenes from seven murals into a cloud-based AR platform for analysis and presentation. • Foundation for heritage safeguarding: established a model for safeguarding intangible heritage, focusing on Tang Dynasty tomb murals. Tomb murals are a precious amalgamation of tangible and intangible heritage, encapsulating profound historical significance and aesthetic value. While tangible heritage often gains more attention than intangible heritage in cultural protection, it is still imperative to acknowledge that intangible heritage complements and substantiates the historical, cultural and artistic context. Tomb murals contain intangible heritage elements such as religious practices, customs and artistic techniques. Tomb murals from the Tang Dynasty of China showcase the cultural richness of both tangible and intangible heritage. Nevertheless, there are many challenges to the protection of Tang Dynasty tomb murals. In light of these challenges, the current study aims to protect the intangible heritage embodied in Tang Dynasty tomb murals through augmented reality technology. A Tang Dynasty tomb, the Zhao Yigong Tomb, has been selected as the research object. Seven murals from this tomb were restored using a process involving two-dimensional and three-dimensional modelling combined with augmented reality (AR) technology. Throughout the restoration process, the current study explores the impact of religious customs associated with the Zhao Yigong Tomb on mural contents and artistic techniques. The scenes depicted in these seven murals were integrated into an on-cloud AR platform to establish an effective process for protecting intangible heritage in tomb murals and stimulate further research, design and development. This study identifies the target audience as researchers, educators and college students interested in history, art and culture. To evaluate the current study, researchers and educators with relevant working backgrounds and college student participants with different backgrounds and interests were invited to test the AR application in the field, followed by one-to-one interviews for a usability assessment. The usability assessment shows that the AR application is widely accepted. In addition to adding information interactively, it helps the audience to improve their understanding of Tang Dynasty art and culture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Palaeolithic art is an unknown and often difficult to see cultural manifestation. • The conditions for viewing the rock art have been improved through augmented reality. • The light variation of the decorated panel has been overcome with LiDAR technology. • The LiDAR project has been successful implemented in caves and open-air stations. • The app democratises rock art and enhances the on-site experience. By developing new recording methodologies, current rock art studies generate a large amount of graphic information about sites (tracings, photographs, three-dimensional reproductions) providing visibility of this fragile and little-known heritage, whose accessibility is often difficult or impossible for the general public. In addition, many rock art depictions are challenging to observe, due to the very nature of the artistic entities (fine engravings or faded paintings in karst environments or open-air sites with poor or changing light conditions), or to conservation problems derived from natural factors such as erosion and geological and biological processes, as well as from anthropic factors. These conditions make rock art depictions nearly indistinguishable in many places and on many objects today, except for experts. This difficulty of accessing and visualising rock art heritage, located in fragile environments and often challenging places such as caves or difficult-to-reach open-air sites, makes the information and knowledge generated by investigation of this heritage asset difficult to transfer to society in general, which is frequently unaware of the priceless value of this heritage. The present study proposes generating several mechanisms to transfer the results of research, restitution and documentation of rock art to society in general. An AR (Augmented Reality) application has been developed using LiDAR (Light Detection and Ranging) technology to address current challenges in implementing AR technologies in low-light environments. So far, this app has been developed in a Proof-of-Concept project at Spanish archaeological sites such as Hornos de la Peña (Cantabria), Domingo García (Segovia) and La Salud (Salamanca). This application will be particularly interesting for sites currently visited with or without a guide, allowing user interactivity and real-time reconstruction, for example, of the visibility of graphic motifs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The use of simulation has the potential to accelerate the learning curves and increase the efficiency of surgeons. However, there is currently a scarcity in models dedicated to skull base surgical approaches. Thus, the objective of this study was to develop a cost-effective mixed reality system consisting of an ultrarealistic physical model and augmented reality and evaluate its use in training surgeons on the retrosigmoid approach. The virtual models were developed from images of patients with vestibular schwannoma. The tumor was mirrored to allow bilateral approaches and the model has drawers for repositioning structures, allowing reuse of the material and cost reduction. Pre and posttest assessments were applied to 10 residents and young neurosurgeons, divided into control and test groups. Only the control group was exposed to the model. The difference in scores obtained by participants before and after exposure to the models was considered for analysis and participants in the control group answered self-satisfaction questionnaires. The mean differences were 4.80 in the control group (95% credibility intervals = 1.08–9.79) and 5.43 in the test group (95% credibility intervals = 1.67–8.20). The average score of the self-satisfaction questionnaires was 24.0 (23–25). The ultrarealistic model efficiently allowed retromastoid access to the cerebellopontine angle. A tendency toward greater gains in performance in the group exposed to the model was verified. Scores from the self-satisfaction questionnaires demonstrated that participants considered the model relevant for neurosurgical training and increased confidence among surgeons. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ventriculostomy, one of the most common neurosurgical procedures, involves inserting a draining catheter into the brain's ventricular system to alleviate excessive cerebrospinal fluid accumulation. Traditionally, this procedure has relied on freehand techniques guided by anatomical landmarks, which have shown a high rate of misplacement. Recent advancements in virtual reality (VR) and augmented reality (AR) technologies have opened up new possibilities in the field. This comprehensive review aims to analyze the existing literature, examine the diverse applications of VR and AR in ventriculostomy procedures, address their limitations, and propose potential future directions. A systematic search was conducted in Web of Science and PubMed databases to identify studies employing VR and AR technologies in ventriculostomy procedures. Review papers, non-English records, studies unrelated to VR/AR technologies in ventriculostomy, and supplementary documents were excluded. In total 29 papers were included in the review. The development of various VR and AR systems aimed at enhancing the ventriculostomy procedure are categorized according to the Data, Visualization and View taxonomy. The study investigates the data utilized by these systems, the visualizations employed, and the virtual or augmented environments created. Furthermore, the surgical scenarios and applications of each method, as well as the validation and evaluation metrics used, are discussed. The review delves into the fundamental challenges encountered in the implementation of VR and AR systems in ventriculostomy. Additionally, potential future directions and areas for improvement are proposed, addressing the identified limitations and paving the way for further advancements in the field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study aims to identify the impact of digital means such as virtual reality (VR) and augmented reality (AR) on educational and historical-cultural processes related to the traditional Manchu lifestyle and culture. To achieve this goal, it developed a research scheme based on the example of the Manchu traditions and culture. Accordingly, the research included two-phase testing. Thus, the testing determined the optimal means of creating virtual expositions with augmented reality elements. The study showed the potential of using digital means based on VR and AR in the study of historical and cultural concepts and paradigms related to the traditional Manchu lifestyle and culture. The survey results revealed that the use of VR in the context of studying the traditions and culture of the Manchus increased the learning effectiveness by 50,000 per cent compared to the median initial indicators of the total sample and by 26,316 per cent compared to the median initial indicators of the general focus group. The results of the study have practical value for educational institutions. The research gives insight into the most optimal use of digital means of VR and AR for improving learning effectiveness and student interest. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction The uses of on-demand, interactive tablet-based surgical training environments are of interest as potential resources for both the acquisition and maintenance of rarely performed, critical procedures for expeditionary surgical care. This study examined the effectiveness of a tablet-based augmented reality (AR) procedural training environment for lower leg fasciotomy with a cohort of novice surgical trainees in (1) procedural knowledge, (2) tablet-based procedural skills, (3) tablet-based procedural time, and (4) procedural performance on a cadaver. We hypothesized that engaging with the AR procedural training would increase procedural knowledge and tablet-based skills and procedural time. We hypothesized that the tablet-based AR training environment would be insufficient to acquire the ability to perform lower leg fasciotomy on a cadaver. Materials and Methods This study was approved as exempt by the Institutional Review Board at USU. Surgical interns, sub-interns, and independent duty corpsman (n  = 30) with no prior lower leg fasciotomy experience voluntarily participated. Tablet-based training activities included pre-training assessment, engagement with instruction, interactive procedural practice, and post-training assessment. Tablet-based knowledge assessment included 17 multiple choice questions covering concepts, reasoning, and judgment associated with the procedure. Tablet-based procedural completion and time were assessed within the training environment. Within 1 week of completing the tablet activities, participants were assessed by fellowship-trained trauma surgeons while performing cadaver-based lower leg fasciotomy. Statistical analysis included paired t -tests and effect size (Cohen's d). Statistical significance was set at P  < .05. Results Tablet-based AR procedural training significantly improved procedural knowledge (P  < .001), tablet-based procedural skills (P  < .001), and reduced tablet-based procedural time (P  < .002). Effect sizes were very large for tablet-based procedural knowledge (d  = 1.75) and skills (d  = 3.2) and small (d  = 0.42) for procedural time. There were no significant effects of procedural knowledge, tablet-based procedural skills, or time on cadaver-based performance. No participant was able to accurately and independently complete lower leg fasciotomy procedure on a cadaver. Conclusions Tablet-based AR procedural training improved procedural knowledge and tablet-based skills; however, those gains did not transfer to the ability to perform the procedure on a cadaver. The tablet's limited AR interface did not support the acquisition of requisite surgical technique, tissue handling, and decision-making in novice surgical trainees. Experienced surgeons may have different outcomes because their mature understanding of surgical constructs would allow extrapolation of abilities to other procedural contexts. Further investigation of the tablet-based training environments for surgical care is necessary before distributing such resources to support clinical readiness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction Variability in return-to-duty (RTD) decision-making following mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) is a threat to troop readiness. Current RTD assessments lack military-specific tasks and quantitative outcomes to inform stakeholders of a service member's (SM) capacity to successfully perform military duties. Augmented reality (AR), which places digital assets in a user's physical environment, provides a technological vehicle to deliver military-relevant tasks to a SM to be used in the RTD decision-making process. In addition to delivering digital content, AR headsets provide biomechanical data that can be used to assess the integrity of the central nervous system in movement control following mTBI. The objective of this study was to quantify cognitive and motor performance on an AR rifle qualification test (RQT) in a group of neurologically healthy military SMs. Materials and Methods Data were collected from 111 healthy SMs who completed a basic (single-task) and complex (dual-task) RQT with a simulated M4 rifle. The complex scenario required the SM to perform the RQT while simultaneously answering arithmetic problems. Position data from the AR headset were used to capture postural sway, and the built-in microphone gathered responses to the arithmetic problems. Results There were no differences in the number of targets hit, trigger pull reaction time, and transition time from kneeling to standing between the basic and complex scenarios. A significant worsening in postural sway following kneel-to-stand transition was observed in the complex scenario. The average reaction time to answer the arithmetic problems was nearly 2 times slower than the average reaction time to pull the trigger to a displayed target in the complex scenario. Conclusion The complex scenario provoked dual-task interference in SMs as evidenced by worsening postural sway and reaction time differences between the cognitive and motor tasks. An AR RQT provides objective and quantitative outcomes during a military-specific task. Greater precision in evaluating cognitive and motor performance during a military-relevant task has the potential to aid in the detection and management of SMs and their RTD following MTBI. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Augmented reality (AR) is a technological tool that superimposes two-dimensional virtual images onto three-dimensional real-world scenarios through the integration of neuronavigation and a surgical microscope. The aim of this study was to demonstrate our initial experience with AR and to assess its application in oncological neurosurgery. This is a case series with 31 patients who underwent surgery at Santa Casa BH for the treatment of intracranial tumors in the period from March 4, 2022, to July 14, 2023. The application of AR was evaluated in each case through three parameters: whether the virtual images auxiliated in the incision and craniotomy and whether the virtual images aided in intraoperative microsurgery decisions. Of the 31 patients, 5 patients developed new neurological deficits postoperatively. One patient died, with a mortality rate of 3.0%. Complete tumor resection was achieved in 22 patients, and partial resection was achieved in 6 patients. In all patients, AR was used to guide the incision and craniotomy in each case, leading to improved and precise surgical approaches. As intraoperative microsurgery guidance, it proved to be useful in 29 cases. The application of AR seems to enhance surgical safety for both the patient and the surgeon. It allows a more refined immediate operative planning, from head positioning to skin incision and craniotomy. Additionally, it helps decision-making in the intraoperative microsurgery phase with a potentially positive impact on surgical outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Manual assembly in blind areas is impeded by unknown assembly area paths and the assembler's obstructed vision, which greatly affects assembly efficiency and accuracy. To solve this type of difficult blind area assembly problem, a visual guidance method for blind area manual assembly using augmented reality assistance combined with path planning and pose solving has been proposed. In the proposed framework, a Denavit-Hartenberg (D-H) parameter model of the human arm and the arm shape angle was first constructed to solve the forward and inverse kinematics, and the changes in joint angles during motion were obtained. Using the designed Rapidly exploring Random Tree*-Artificial Potential Field (RRT*-APF) algorithm, feasible collision-free arm movement paths were then searched in the assembly area, and the path points and scene models containing assembly position information were entered into augmented reality devices for visualization. At the same time, to obtain the real-time status of the arm end during blind area assembly, the Inertial Measurement Unit (IMU) fusion-extended Kalman filtering algorithm was used to analyze and solve the spatial geometric pose of the simplified rigid link model of the arm, thus achieving assisted positioning of the end of the arm in blind area scenarios. Finally, a comprehensive experiment was conducted by constructing a blind area assembly test scenario. Experimental results showed that this method can significantly improve the efficiency of blind area assembly operations and effectively reduce assembly error rates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Markers are the backbone of various cross-domain augmented reality (AR) applications available to the research community. However, the use of markers may limit anywhere augmentation. As smart sensors are being deployed across the large spectrum of consumer electronic (CE) products, it is becoming inevitable to rely upon natural gestures to render and interact with such CE products. It provides limitless options for augmented reality applications. This paper focuses on the use of the human palm as the natural target to render 3D virtual objects and interact with the virtual objects in a typical AR set-up. While printed markers are comparatively easier to detect for camera pose estimation, palm detection can be challenging as a replacement for physical markers. To mitigate this, we have used a two-stage palm detection model that helps to track multiple palms and the related key-points in real-time. The detected key-points help to calculate the camera pose before rendering the 3D objects. After successfully rendering the virtual objects, we use intuitive, one-handed (uni-manual) natural gestures to interact with them. A finite state machine (FSM) has been proposed to detect the change in gestures during interactions. We have validated the proposed interaction framework using a few well-known 3D virtual objects that are often used to demonstrate scientific concepts to students in various grades. Our framework has been found to perform better as compared to SOTA methods. Average precision of 96.5% (82.9% SSD+Mobilenet) and FPS of 58.27 (37.93 SSD+Mobilenet) have been achieved. Also, to widen the scope of the work, we have used a versatile gesture dataset and tested it with neural network-based models to detect gestures. The approach fits perfectly into the proposed AR pipeline at 46.83 FPS to work in real-time. This reveals that the proposed method has good potential to mitigate some of the challenges faced by the research community in the interactive AR space. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Augmented reality (AR) has received increasing attention and has been utilized to enhance the customer experience in museums. This study employs the Information System (IS) success model, immersion theory, and Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) to investigate the impact of AR quality on various dimensions of immersion and the effects of different dimensions of immersion on perceived usefulness and ease of use. Quantitative research was conducted on 295 visitors surveyed at the Wuhan Natural History Museum. Partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) was utilized to test the model. The results indicate that higher-quality AR enhances immersion and that aesthetic experience can enhance the escapist experience within the AR environment. Both dimensions of immersion contribute to perceived usefulness, while the aesthetic experience of museum visits contributes to perceived ease of use. The results obtained from the experiments provide insights into designing AR systems for use in museums. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The applicability of augmented reality (AR) as a tool for geospatial data analysis and urban environment interaction relies on developing robust and accurate systems capable of aligning the virtual reference frame with the geographic one. In this article, we introduce our work toward the conceptualization and realization of Geographic-Aware Augmented Reality (GeoAR), including an evaluated framework for the automatic registration of georeferenced AR content. The proposed framework uses a novel calibration method that enables highly accurate placement of augmentations at their assigned geographic coordinate. Moreover, it introduces four calibration approaches suitable for different user needs. The framework was evaluated to assess the robustness of the augmentation's positional accuracy in three areas with different environmental characteristics, using references up to 50 m away while the user moves around. The results demonstrate that this framework supports novel outdoor AR applications, extending the possibilities in research and urban applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Although studies have been conducted using virtual reality (VR) in nursing education, evidence distinguishing the benefits and barriers of adopting VR pedagogical methods to teach undergraduate nursing students is not well-defined in nursing literature. Purpose: To identify current evidence on the benefits and barriers of adopting VR as a pedagogical method in nursing education. Methods: A scoping review of 6 databases using PRISMA-ScR reporting guidelines. Data were managed using Covidence® software. Table of Evidence illustrates the themes. Results: Seventeen articles identified 5 thematic benefits of VR (knowledge acquisition, student engagement, improved selfconfidence, teaching strategy, and cost factors) and 4 barriers (physical discomfort, learning outcome challenges, challenges to integrating into curricula, and technology challenges). Conclusions: VR is an effective teaching-learning strategy to reinforce nursing concepts and build competencies. It is not a substitute for clinical education. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Extended reality has brought new opportunities for medical imaging visualization and analysis. It regroups various subfields, including virtual reality, augmented reality, and mixed reality. Various applications have been proposed for surgical practice, as well as education and training. The aim of this review was to summarize current applications of extended reality and augmented reality in vascular surgery, highlighting potential benefits, pitfalls, limitations, and perspectives on improvement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The air spring for railway vehicles uses the air pressure inside the bellows to absorb vibration and shock to improve ride comfort and adjust the height of the underframe with a leveling valve to control stable driving of the train. This study developed augmented reality content that proposes a novel visual technology to effectively support the training of air spring maintenance tasks. In this study, a special effect algorithm that displays the dispersion and diffusion of fluid, and an algorithm that allows objects to be rotated at various angles, were proposed to increase the visual learning effect of fluid flow for maintenance. The FDG algorithm can increase the training effect by visualizing the leakage of air at a specific location when the air spring is damaged. In addition, the OAR algorithm allows an axisymmetric model, which is difficult to rotate by gestures, to be rotated at various angles, using a touch cube. Using these algorithms, maintenance personnel can effectively learn complex maintenance tasks. The UMUX and CSUQ surveys were conducted with 40 railway maintenance workers to evaluate the effectiveness of the developed educational content. The results showed that the UMUX, across 4 items, averaged as score of 81.56. Likewise, the CSUQ survey score, consisting of 19 questions in 4 categories, was very high, at 80.83. These results show that this AR content is usable for air spring maintenance and field training support. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]