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Recent proxies suggest that, at the end of the last glacial, there was a significant increase in the injection of Agulhas rings into the South Atlantic (SA). This brought about a dramatic increase in the salt-influx (from the Indian Ocean) into the SA helping re-start the then-collapsed meridional overturning cell (MOC), leading to the termination of the Younger Dryas (YD). Here, we propose a mechanism through which large variations in ring production take place. Using nonlinear analytical solutions for eddy shedding, we show that there are restricted possibilities for ring detachment when the coast is oriented in the north-south direction. We define a critical coastline angle below which there is rings shedding and above which there is almost no shedding. In the case of the Agulhas region, the particular shape of the African continent implies that rings can be produced only when the retroflection occurs beyond a specific latitude where the angle is critical. During glaciation, the wind stress curl (WSC) vanished at a latitude lower than that of the critical angle, which prohibited the retroflection from producing rings. When the latitude at which the WSC vanishes migrated poleward towards its present day position, the corresponding coastline angle decreased below the critical angle and allowed for a vigorous production of rings. Simple process-oriented numerical simulations (using the Bleck and Boudra model) are in satisfactory agreement with our results and enable us to affirm that, during the glacials, the behavior of the Agulhas Current (AC) was similar to that of the modern East Australian Current (EAC), for which the coastline slant is supercritical. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A new high-resolution, alkenone-derived record of sea-surface temperature (SST) change covering the last 26000 years was obtained from the east-equatorial Atlantic off the Congo River. Temperature fluctuations correspond to climate change recorded in other marine and terrestrial archives of the region. The maximum temperature difference between 26000 years BP ago and the Holocene climate optimum around 6000 years Be was 4.3°C, corroborating other SST estimates from the same area. The coldest conditions were followed by a warming that began at 24000 calendar years BP, a time when Northern Hemisphere ice sheets were still at their maximal position. This comparatively early warming is in agreement with previous findings from the east-equatorial South Atlantic. After a relatively stable period between 21500 and 14500 calendar years Be, a second warming began at 14500 calendar years Be which coincides with the onset of the African Humid Period. A cool period at 11500 calendar years 8P halted this warming but the trend of increasing temperatures began again at 10000 calendar years BP, this time through large-scale oscillations. The warmest time, around 6000 calendar years BP, was followed by a modest cooling that coincides with the end of the African Humid Period and the onset of Neoglaciation on the African continent. Following this the record shows two distinct warming-cooling cycles during the late Holocene. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents a commentary on the paper about the development of a theory to explain reduced Agulhas Ring shedding and reduced inflow of Agulhas leakage into the Atlantic during the glacials and resumption afterwards. The author says that the main result of this paper about the nonlinear relation between Ring shedding from a retroflecting current and the coastline angle where the WBC retroflects are interesting. He emphasizes that the motivation of the semi-analytical model is nonsense, thus, it should be rewritten. He stresses the invalidity of the researchers argument that removal of the Agulhas influx will lower the MOC-salinity.

The article presents an interactive comment on the article "Agulhas Ring Injection Into the South Atlantic During Glacials and Interglacials." It notes that this article has many speculations about the consequent effect on the salinity of the North Atlantic and on the Atlantic meridional overturning cell, which needs more justification. It suggests that the substantial part of the paper should take a considerable revision to make it more concise and easier to follow with an improvement to English. It defines retroflection as the zonal position of the separated current several deformation radii away from the coastline. It points out that this article has very interesting ideas worth to be published in "Ocean Science."