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Waste office paper (WOP), was used to produce microbial lipids using Cryptococcus curvatus. Pretreatment of WOP with 1% (v/v) sulfuric acid removed the lignin without any inhibitor formation and increased the cellulose content. The optimum conditions for enzymatic hydrolysis of WOP were predicted at 92 h, 50 FPU/g cellulase, 50 CBU/g β-glucosidase, 5% substrate loading, 50 mL working volume and 156 rpm using the central composite design. The maximum sugar yield obtained in the validation experiment was 35.3 g/L. Ammonium chloride and yeast extract combination were more suitable for lipid production by C. curvatus with the carbon to nitrogen ratio of 60. A maximum biomass 11.48 ± 0.09 g/L was obtained at 120 h with a lipid yield of 4.95 ± 0.02 g/L. The lipid profile studies reveal the presence of 11 fatty acid methyl esters. These predominantly comprised of (%, w/w) 50.8% oleic acid, 25.7% palmitoleic acid, 7.1% stearic acid, and 6.5% myristic acid. The characteristic features of the biodiesel, such as cetane number, cold performance, density and iodine value met the requirements of the international standard (EN14214). Thus, the WOP could be a potential renewable feedstock to produce microbial lipids which are essential for the future sustainable production of biodiesel. • Waste office paper was used as a feedstock for microbial lipid production. • Dilute sulfuric acid pretreatment increased the cellulose content of waste paper. • Optimization of enzymatic hydrolysis yielded 35.3 g/L of glucose. • Lipid profiling of obtained FAMEs showed high similarities with vegetable oil. • The produced biodiesel properties are on par with international standards. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A new porous solid base catalyst was prepared using dewatered paper sludge and successfully employed to produce biodiesel from soybean oil. The as-prepared catalyst was characterized using X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, Fourier transforms infrared spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, thermal gravity/differential thermal gravity analysis, Brunauer-Emmet-Teller analysis, and CO2-temperature programmed analysis. The results showed that the formation of CaO and uniformly distributed porous structure should account for the high catalytic activity of the as-prepared catalyst. The optimum reaction conditions were observed at 180 ℃, 8 wt.% catalyst/oil weight ratio, 16:1 methanol/oil molar ratio, and 300 min reaction time with 91.6% biodiesel yield. After being used several times and recycled, the regenerated catalyst still exhibited effective catalytic activity without apparent deactivation. The kinetic study confirmed that the experimental data satisfied with Pseudo-first-order kinetic model controlled by reaction temperature and catalyst/oil weight ratio. The reaction activation energy was 24.98 kJ/mol. The change of enthalpy ΔH (14.98 kJ/mol), entropy ΔS (−208.57 J/mol/K), and Gibbs free energy ΔG (109.46 kJ/mol) indicated that the transesterification reaction catalyzed by the dewatered paper sludge-derived catalyst is endothermic, endergonic, and non-spontaneous. Our research finding indicated that the CaO-based catalyst derived from dewatered paper sludge was an economically promising and eco-friendly solid base catalyst for biodiesel production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Biodiesel, as a green fuel, acts as a potential candidate to supplement conventional fossil fuels. This research study targets green environment (using biodiesel) and clean environment (reduce wastewater) by producing biodiesel through oleaginous biomasses (Yarrowia lipolytica , Metschnikowia pulcherrima and Lipomyces starkeyi) grown on pulp and paper industrial wastewater. Batch culture studies were explored for the potential feedstock of the oleaginous organism by the synthesis of single cell oil and fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) yield. Response surface methodology (RSM) was used to design the optimal experimental matrix and identify the optimal process conditions that enhance the FAME yield. To determine the inherent characteristics of the growth of oleaginous biomasses on the industrial wastewater, a data-driven adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) is implemented. Y. lipolytica strain cultured shown high biomass concentration of 32.36 g/l with biomass productivity of 5.39 g/l/d was considered for further scale-up for the transesterification process. Results indicated that the maximum yield of 0.48 (g-biodiesel/g-lipid) was obtained under the 2.5 g of lipid dosage with 0.02 g/ml of catalyst concentration by constant stirring at 70 °C. The optimum conditions to achieve maximum FAME yield of 1.154 g/g was obtained at 2.485 g, 70.87 °C and 0.021 g/ml for lipid dosage, temperature and catalyst concentrations, respectively. • Growth of Y. lipolytica, M. pulcherrima and L. starkeyi yeasts on paper and pulp wastewater explored • Bagasse seepage water, bagasse wash water and hardwood wash water were used • FTIR spectroscopical analysis confirmed the presence of prime biodiesel components • Enhanced FAME yield (1.154) was accomplished by response surface methodology optimization • ANFIS demonstrated the intrinsic characteristics of transesterification process for the better prediction of FAME yield [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Worldwide pulp and paper industry is recognized as a serious threat due to the discharge of various toxic contents present in its effluent to the surrounding environment. To combat this challenge, the role of oleaginous yeast to utilize the pulp and paper industry effluent for the integrated toxic contents removal and sustainable biodiesel production were undertaken. Oleaginous yeast Rhodosporidium kratochvilovae HIMPA1 was used as a model organism for its unique ability to utilize pulp and paper industry effluent as a culture medium and accumulate high quantity of triacylglycerol or neutral lipids as large size lipid droplets of 4.56 ± 0.24 μm within its cellular compartment. The maximum cell dry weight (13.87 g/L) with total lipid yield of 8.56 g/L was obtained after 144 h of cultivation. Data showed significant reduction in effluent toxic components i.e. color, 89%; lignin, 94.27%; phenol, 99.60%; biochemical oxygen demand, 77.36%; total dissolved solids, 84.59%; and chemical oxygen demand, 94.22%. Fatty acid methyl esters profile revealed high quantity of long chain monounsaturated fatty acids (45.43%) and polyunsaturated fatty acids (15.91%) that improves biodiesel quality under low temperature condition in terms of low cold filter plugging point along with good oxidative stability and cetane number as per American Society for Testing and Materials D6751-02 and European Committee for Standardization - EN14214 guidelines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Waste paper was studied as a potential source for lipid production using the oleaginous yeast Cryptococcus curvatus for the first time. Three common types of waste paper, office paper, newspaper, and cardboard, were directly hydrolyzed by an enzyme cocktail to generate sugar-rich and nitrogen-limited hydrolysates. When these hydrolysates were used without any auxiliary nutrients by C. curvatus, the lipid content and lipid yield were higher than 50% and 200 mg/g, respectively. The nitrogen-rich enzyme cocktail exerted no negative effects on lipid production. Moreover, the integrated processes of enzymatic hydrolysis and lipid fermentation achieved comparable lipid yield to the separate hydrolysis and lipid production process. The resulting lipid samples had similar fatty acid compositional profiles to those of vegetable oils, which suggested their potential for biodiesel production. These findings strongly supported waste paper as appealing substrates for lipid production via oleaginous yeast, which provided cost-effective waste paper-to-lipids routes for sustainable biodiesel production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Waste office paper was utilized as a substrate for microbial lipid production. • A detailed optimization study has been conducted for biomass and lipid yield. • Optimization results in10.55 g/L biomass, 6.13 g/L lipid with 58% lipid content. • Biodiesel properties of the produced lipids met with the international standards. • A solution to mitigate the hazardous effects caused by waste and fossil fuel. Environmental issues caused by fossil fuel and its rapid depletion demand the need to produce biofuel from renewable energy resources. The disposal of waste paper in landfills causes air pollution and contaminates groundwater. Hence, exploiting paper waste as a renewable resource for microbial lipid production can solve these environmental issues in a greener way. Further, these microbial lipids are a reliable source for biodiesel production. In this study, waste office paper was utilized as a substrate to produce microbial lipids through fermentation by the oleaginous yeast, Rhodosporidium toruloides, using a biorefinery approach. The production conditions were optimized using the Box-Behnken design; a fermentation time of 116.16 h, a C/N ratio of 60, and an inoculum concentration of 9.67% yielded a biomass of 10.55 g/L and a lipid yield of 6.13 g/L with a total lipid content of 58%. The major lipids produced were oleic acid (42%), palmitic acid (36%), stearic acid (9.8%), and myristic acid (8%), which clearly indicates the suitability of the lipids produced by R. toruloides for biodiesel production. The predicted biodiesel properties of the transesterified product met the international standard specifications. Hence, utilizing waste office paper for biodiesel production will be an effective way of mitigating the environmental pollution caused by waste paper and the harvesting of fossil fuels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Algae-based wastewater bioremediation offers a cost-effective method for sustainably treating wastewater while simultaneously addressing global water scarcity and pollution. This study highlights the benefits of treating primary-treated (PTW) and secondary-treated (STW) paper-pulp industrial wastewaters using the microalga Tetradesmus obliquus (Turpin) Kützing. A batch culture study revealed that 50 % secondary treated wastewater can increase the biomass yield 1.8 fold to 2.51 g L−1 in 15 days with a corresponding lipid yield of 390.2 mg L−1. Upscaling this work in 200 L open raceway ponds with 50 % STW as the growth medium showed areal biomass and lipid productivities of 26.80 and 3.90 g m−2 day−1, respectively, in 15 days at 20 cm culture depth. This translates to a projected high annual biomass productivity of approximately 85.0 tons hectare−1 year−1 based on datasets spanning two consecutive years. Bioremediation efficiencies of 80.0 %, 91.51 %, and 92.10 % were achieved for COD, TOC, and NH 4 + respectively. Biodiesel produced showed a large percentage of saturated and monounsaturated fatty acids (∼90 %) and its fuel properties complied with the global biodiesel standards. This study thus shows that using paper-pulp industrial wastewater for algal growth offers a sustainable solution for energy generation and wastewater treatment, with significant implications for environmental sustainability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Presents results of research that had as main objective test the proposed integrated analysis of the distinct Science and Technology outputs (papers and patents) and simultaneously investigate the potential contribution of co-occurrences indicators - co-activity - between different actors in the innovation system of countries organizations and their typologies to better understand the contexts of generation and use of both productions, as well as the dynamic relationship between Science and Technology. It was used as empirical object, the Scientific and Technological Production in the biodiesel field. It was identified 885 published papers and 612 patents. It was found that 80% of the countries that produced patent also produce papers, with strong positive correlation (0.832). A number of organizations that have published papers in the period were 547 and the number of registered patents that was the total of 319. There is co-occurrence in 7% of organizations, which have 25% of total papers and 22% of patents. These co-active organizations are more productive than others (non co-active). With respect to the registration of patents, Companies and Private Research Institutes, co-active registered 7% and Educational Institutes and Public Research Institutes 15%, proving to be more productive.

Biodiesel is defined as a fuel which may be used as pure biofuel or at high concentration in mineral oil derivatives, in accordance with specific quality standards for transport applications. The main raw material used for biodiesel production is rapeseed, which contains mono-unsaturated acids (about 60%) and also poly-unsaturated fatty acids (C 18:1 and C 18:3) in a lower quantity, as well as some undesired saturated fatty acids (palmitic and stearic acids). Other raw materials have also been used in research and the industrial production of biodiesel (palm oil, sunflower oil, soybean oil, waste plant oil, animal fats, etc). The historical background of biodiesel production, installed industrial capacities, as well as the Directive of the European Parliament and of the Council (May 2003) regarding the promotion of the use of biofuels or other renewable fuels for transport are discussed in the first part of this article. The second part focuses on some new concepts for the future development of technology for biodiesel production, based on the application of non-catalytic transesterification under supercritical conditions or the use of lipases as an alternative catalyst for this reaction.

Biodiesel can be produced from vegetable oils, animal fats, frying oils, and from microorganism-synthesized oils. These sources render biodiesel an easily biodegradable fuel. The aim of this work was to perform an advanced bibliometric analysis of primary studies relating to biodiesel production worldwide by identifying the key countries and regions that have shown a strong engagement in this area, and by understanding the dynamics of their collaboration and research outputs. Additionally, an assessment of the main primary feedstocks employed in this research was carried out, along with an analysis of the current and future trends that are expected to define new paths and methodologies to be used in the manufacture of biodegradable and renewable fuels. A total of 4586 academic outputs were selected, including peer-reviewed research articles, conference papers, and literature reviews related to biodiesel production, in the time period spanning from 2010 to 2021. Articles that focused on feedstocks for the production of biodiesel were also included, with a search that returned 330 papers. Lastly, 60 articles relating to biodiesel production via sewage were specifically included to allow for an analysis of this source as a promising feedstock in the future of the biofuel market. Via the geocoding and the document analyses performed, we concluded that China, Malaysia, and India are the largest writers of articles in this area, revealing a great interest in biofuels in Asia. Additionally, it was noted that environmental concerns have caused authors to conduct research on feedstocks that can address the sustainability challenges in the production of biodiesel. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Municipal wastewater activated sludge contains a mixed microbial community, which can be manipulated to produce biocrude, a lipid feedstock for biodiesel production. In this study, the potential of biocrude production by activated sludge microorganisms grown in three different types of pulp and paper mill wastewaters was investigated. A 20% (v/v) activated sludge was inoculated into pulp and paper wastewater, supplemented with glucose (60 g/L) and nutrients (nitrogen and phosphorus) to obtain a high carbon to nitrogen ratio (70:1). The culture was incubated aerobically for seven days. The results showed that the activated sludge microorganisms were able to grow and accumulate lipids when cultivated in amended wastewaters. Microorganisms growing in anaerobic settling pond effluent water showed the highest lipid accumulation of up to 40.6% cell dry weight (CDW) after five days of cultivation compared with pulp wash wastewater (PuWW) (11.7% CDW) and mixed wastewater (MWW) (8.2% CDW) after seven days of cultivation. The lipids mostly contained C16‒C18fatty acids groups with oleic acid and palmitic acid being the dominant fatty acids. The maximum biodiesel yield was about 6–8% CDW for all the wastewaters. The results showed the potential of utilizing pulp and paper mill effluents and other waste streams, such as activated sludge for the sustainable production of lipids for biofuel production. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Waste paper has a potential to serve as renewable feedstock for the biorefineries of fuels, chemicals and materials due to rich in cellulose and its abundance at low cost. In the present study, pretreated waste office paper (WOP) was enzymatically hydrolysed and used for lipid production by Cryptococcus curvatus . The results suggested that the WOP hydrolysate supplemented with ammonium sulphate (2 g/L) and yeast extract (0.5 g/L) as nitrogen source at a C/N ratio of 80 were the most suitable for high yield of lipids. The biomass, lipid yield, lipid content and lipid coefficient achieved from batch cultivation of C. curvatus using untreated and pretreated WOP hydrolysates were 6.32 and 15.20 g/L, 1.39 and 5.75 g/L, 22 and 37.8%, and 99.9 and 234.6 mg/g sugar with the productivity of 0.02 and 0.08 g/L/h, respectively. The fatty acid profile of the lipids indicated that the oleic acid was the major fatty acid followed by palmitic acid, stearic acid and linoleic acid which is quite similar to plant/vegetable oils. Thus, the results suggested that the waste office paper could be an alternative feedstock for production of microbial lipids for biodiesel. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• The valorisation of industrial wastepaper was studied. • The glucose and xylose yields were both 95 mol% respect to glucan and xylan. • The sequential utilisation of glucose and xylose for lipid production was observed. • L. starkeyi converted undetoxified hydrolysate into oil with a yield of 20.2 wt%. • The lipid profile of the microbial oil was similar to those of typical vegetable oils. Single cell oil (SCO) represents an outstanding alternative to both fossil sources and vegetable oils from food crops waste. In this work, an innovative two-step process for the conversion of cellulosic paper mill waste into SCO was proposed and optimised. Hydrolysates containing glucose and xylose were produced by enzymatic hydrolysis of the untreated waste. Under the optimised reaction conditions (Cellic® CTec2 25 FPU/g glucan, 48 h, biomass loading 20 g/L), glucose and xylose yields of 95 mol% were reached. The undetoxified hydrolysate was adopted as substrate for a batch-mode fermentation by the oleaginous yeast Lipomyces starkeyi. Lipid yield, content for single cell, production and maximum oil productivity were 20.2 wt%, 37 wt%, 3.7 g/L and 2.0 g/L/d respectively. This new generation oil, obtained from a negative value industrial waste, represents a promising platform chemical for the production of biodiesel, biosurfactants, animal feed and biobased plastics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Paper mill sludge (PMS) was assessed as cheap renewable lignocellulosic biomass for lipid production by the oleaginous yeast Cryptococcus vishniaccii (MTCC 232). The sonicated paper mill sludge extract (PMSE) exhibited enhanced lipid yield and lipid content 7.8 ± 0.57 g/l, 53.40% in comparison to 5.5 ± 0.8 g/l, 40.44% glucose synthetic medium, respectively. The accumulated triglycerides (TAG) inside the lipid droplets (LDs) were converted to biodiesel by transesterification and thoroughly characterized using GC–MS technique. The fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) profile obtained reveals elevated content of oleic acid followed by palmitic acid, linoleic acid and stearic acid with improved oxidative stability related to biodiesel quality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, pretreated organic wastes such as waste paper cups, cardboard waste, and vegetable waste were screened for the growth and lipid production of oleaginous bacteria DS-7 (isolated from the dairy effluent scum). The pretreated vegetable waste was found to be the best feedstock for biomass and lipid production by the DS-7. Further, process parameters such as inoculation time, substrate concentration (w/v) (amount of pretreated vegetable waste), pH, and inoculum size were optimized using a multi-objective optimization technique to enhance the biomass and lipid productions. The optimization study successfully enhanced the biomass concentration (g/L) and lipid content (%) by 47.9% and 15.84%, respectively in comparison with the unoptimized state. The biomass and lipid productivities were 42% (1.449 g/L/d) and 51% (1.267 g/L/d) greater than unoptimized conditions. The characteristics of the biodiesel obtained from the valorization of vegetable waste were comparable to the standard. Thus, the vegetable waste can be utilized as a potential feedstock for microbial biodiesel production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The various benefits of biofuels versus fossil fuels due to recent global challenges and issues are the best approach toward low-cost economic production of renewable energy. This study is trying to obtain economic catalysts with easy fabrication technology. The synthesized catalysts were obtained using calcium oxide/nanoclay catalysts by an initial ion-exchange reaction of calcium oxide and nanoclays (montmorillonite). These catalysts have been synthesized for the first time by being stirred for 5 h at a temperature of 80 °C, and the colloidal supernatant is obtained and kept in an ultrasonic bath for 20 min. The solution was filtered, washed several times, the residual mixture on filter paper was dried in the oven at 50 °C for few hours, and the powder was calcined for 8 h in a furnace at 600 °C. After identification and characterization, using XRD, BET, and SEM, the results approved the formation of a new nanostructure in synthesized catalysts, which were suitable to be used in biodiesel production from waste oils with high free fatty acids content. The results of this study indicate that the catalysts production process is not complicated, and methyl ester production rates in all biodiesel samples were more than 97% (97.1–98.8%). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: In this study, performance of solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) connected with paper-structured catalyst (PSC) was evaluated in the direct feed of wet oleic fatty acid methyl ester (oleic-FAME, C19H36O2), which is a mono-unsaturated component of practical biodiesel fuels (BDFs), in the steam to carbon ratio (S/C) range between 2.0 and 3.5, and high current density of 1 A cm−2 (at 0.7 V) was recorded at 800 °C. Long term stability of oleic-FAME fueled SOFC was achieved by the incorporation of PSC into SOFC even under severe operating condition prone to coking (direct feed of unsaturated hydrocarbon with carbon number 19 and low S/C ratio of 2.0). After 100 h test, coking was not observed in both SOFC anode and PSC. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

A cheap and simple procedure for the simultaneous colorimetric determination of glycerol, magnesium and calcium in biodiesel samples using a paper-based analytical device (PAD) was developed. A reversed-phase air-assisted dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction (RP-AA-DLLME) approach was proposed and used for glycerol, magnesium and calcium separation from biodiesel samples into aqueous phase (sodium periodate solution). After RP-AA-DLLME the obtained hydrophilic emulsion (biodiesel fuel in water) containing target analytes was introduced to a sample zone of the PAD, and as the emulsion penetrated through hydrophilic cellulose fibers to detection zones its destruction was observed. Colorimetric detection of calcium and magnesium with Eriochrome Black T and derivative of glycerol (formaldehyde) with acetylacetone on the detection zones of the PAD was implemented using conventional scanner and Corel® PHOTO-PAINT™ X7 software. Under optimal conditions, the calibration curves were linear in the ranges 100–300 μg g−1 for glycerol and 1–15 μg g−1 for calcium and magnesium. The limits of detection, calculated from a blank test based on 3σ, were 30 μg g−1 for glycerol and 0.3 μg g−1 for calcium and magnesium. The PAD was successfully applied for biodiesel samples analysis. A first paper-based analytical device for the simultaneous colorimetric determination of glycerol, calcium and magnesium in biodiesel samples was successfully developed. A novel approach for biodiesel samples pretreatment based on a reversed-phase air-assisted dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction was also proposed for the first time. The reversed-phase air-assisted dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction was coupled with paper-based analytical device and applied for the simultaneous colorimetric determination of glycerol, calcium and magnesium in biodiesel samples. In this study, it was found, that glycerol extraction kinetics from biodiesel samples to aqueous phase can be accelerated in the presence of periodate-ions due to analyte oxidation to water-soluble formaldehyde. This feature allowed improving glycerol extraction efficiency. The proposed procedure has several advantages including miniaturization, cost effectiveness and simplicity. Unlabelled Image • First paper-based analytical device (PAD) for biodiesel analysis • Reversed-phase air-assisted dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction (RP-AA-DLLME) • RP-AA-DLLME coupled with PAD • Cheap and simple glycerol, Ca, Mg determination in biodiesel using PAD [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective. To indicate the condition of the wastewater treatment with microalgae (WTwM) research. Methodology. The words treatment, wastewater, and microalgae, were entered as keywords in a search under “article title” in SCOPUS. The documents found were saved and exported as a file with a .bb extension. From R Studio, the BIBLIOMETRIX interface was linked to R Statistics. The interface was opened from MOZILLA to import the .bb file. Results. There is a significant increase in the number of papers published since 2013, up to 68 articles in 2022. The authors with the highest number of contributions on the subject are Ivet Ferrer and Joan García. The countries most involved in this issue are China, Spain, India and Brazil; China is the one with the highest number of publications. The WTwM studies in 2023 are concerned with investigating biomass accumulation and nutrient removal as a way to make sustainable use of the process. Conclusions. WTwM is a research topic that is studying and disseminating knowledge since the 80’s. The author who stands out the most is Ivet Ferrer. China has little collaboration with scientists from other countries. The most recent WTwM studies address issues related to biodiesel production and biogas production. The topics to be addressed in future research will be related to the study of temperature, osmotic capacity, pH and O2 levels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Producing biodiesel via transesterification of waste oils or fats with short-chain alcohol is one of the possible ways to alleviate global energy and environmental issues, and further reducing the cost of transesterification catalyst is the essential strategy to enhance the competitiveness of biodiesel, such as applying industrial solid wastes as the source of catalyst active species. Thus in this work, via one-step pyrolysis of the calcium-rich residue, a byproduct from the hydrothermal treating (140–180 °C for 2–4 h) of paper mill sludge (PMS), a novel walnut-shaped calcium oxide-cancrinite based catalyst was prepared and applied to the transesterification of waste frying oil. The hydrothermal condition (changed from 140 oC-2 h to 180 oC-4 h) of PMS slightly influenced the yield of fatty acid methyl ester (Y FAME), which ranged from 98.87% to 96.95% due to the slight decrease of the total basicity of strong basic sites (TSB β+γ) from 149.6 to 102.9 μmol g−1. On the contrary, the pyrolysis temperature had a much greater effect on the transesterification performance of obtained catalysts. The optimum pyrolysis temperature was 750 °C and when it was increased to 850 °C, the increased bonding tendency of Si with Ca passivated the activity of calcium species and reduced the basic intensity and basicity of PS C -850, thus lowering its transesterification activity. Besides, the key process parameters were optimized and at the conditions of 70 °C, 3 h, 6.0 wt% of catalyst dosage, 10:1 of molar ratio of methanol to oil, over 95% of Y FAME can be reached. The work herein not only provided a feasible way to recycle the inorganic solid residue of PMS but further lowered the cost of preparing biodiesel. [Display omitted] • The consistency analysis model and algorithm of grinding roundness error of workpiece journal are proposed. • The rationality of the proposed model is verified by experiments. • The Influence of roundness error batch consistency of workpiece journal grinding is studied. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In spite of the surge in solar and wind energy in the recent years, the IC engines, particularly the diesel engines may be expected to stay on for the next 30 years at least. In this context, it is imperative to find alternative fuel sources for petro diesel, at least in part. Inedible oil based biodiesels are one good option for India. There is a slight decrease in performance of a diesel engine when run with biodiesel blends. It is also feared by some that pollution from exhaust gas by using biodiesel blends may be higher. This paper summarizes the results of experiments carried out on biodiesel blends with diesel to determine the amounts and particle sizes of carbon particulate matter emissions in engine exhaust. Blends of two esterified oils, viz., Honge (Pongamia Pinnata) and Jatropha, with petro diesel were used to operate a single-cylinder, four-stroke diesel engine. Blend ratios used were 5%, 10%, 15%, and 20%. The carbon particles in exhaust were collected on an INDICA filter paper for 5 minutes. The carbon content was ascertained by the standard procedure, and the size of particles was found by microscopic examination. Further ANOVA of the data was carried out separately for the Honge and Jatropha blends. The results from the experiments are clear and interesting. Both Honge and Jatropha blends increase the amount of carbon particulates in engine exhaust when compared with diesel. Carbon particulates increase with increase in load on the engine. Increase of blend ratio generally increases the carbon in exhaust in case of Jatropha blends. The behaviour with Honge blends is different. While blend H5 has highest carbon in exhaust at low loads, at high loads, H10 has the maximum carbon in exhaust. Blending with Honge or Jatropha biodiesel increases the carbon particle size in exhaust. While the size of carbon particles with diesel is < 20 µm, it is > 20 µm with all blends, increasing with load or blend ratio. In all cases, lower loads result in finer carbon particles in exhaust. The study helps in concluding that both Honge and Jatropha blends could be used in diesel engines, Honge being superior. Though the PM level in the exhaust will be higher with blending, the particle sizes will be much larger and hence causing less health hazard. Further, idling (no load), or low loads should be avoided since these result in smaller carbon particles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Biodiesel is a non-toxic and environmentally friendly fuel that is made from renewable biological sources. It can replace petrochemical diesel and has very broad application prospects. However, the main raw materials in biodiesel are animal and plant oils, which present the problems of high costs and a lack of resources. The current research primarily emphasizes the transesterification process, with comparatively less focus on the esterification of fatty acids. In this paper, a series of phosphotungstic acid (PTA)-functionalized hydrophobic MCM–41 catalysts, OTS–PTA–MCM–41(Cx), were synthesized and used to catalyze the esterification of long-chain fatty acids with methanol in water. The experimental results show that the yield of esterification reached a maximum when catalyzed by OTS–PTA–MCM–41(Cx) and synthesized with a template agent with two carbon atoms less than the number of carbon atoms of a fatty acid. The effects of different reaction variables were investigated to optimize the reaction conditions for the maximum conversion. The stability of the catalyst was also verified. Finally, a mixed catalyst was used to catalyze in situ the esterification of fatty acids in a fermentation broth, which reached a high level (close to 90%). This paper provides references for the synthesis of a hydrophobic solid acid catalyst and green synthesis by esterification reactions in an aqueous solution and a fermentation broth system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper focuses on the preparation of environmentally friendly biomass carbon-based solid acid catalysts from black soldier fly larvae (BSFL) shells. The effective catalysts were prepared by incomplete carbonization of BSFL shells and then the p-toluenesulfonic acid (PTSA) groups were introduced to obtain catalysts. The synthesized composite catalysts were characterized by XPS, FT-IR, SEM, XRD, and BET analysis to reveal the physiochemical properties. Meanwhile, the effects of various reaction conditions on the yield of biodiesel with oleic acid (OA) and methanol were studied in detail. The results showed that the conversion rate reached 93.2% under the optimal conditions in this paper: carbonization temperature = 400 °C, carbonization time = 2 h, sulfonation temperature = 100 °C, and reaction time = 4 h, respectively. Furthermore, the stability and reusability of the prepared catalysts were also demonstrated. At last, the possible catalytic mechanism of the prepared catalyst was comprehensively described. Moreover, the results showed that the synthesized biomass-based solid acid catalyst under these conditions had good catalytic activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Efficient conversion of various low-cost substrates into lipid is pivotal for better techno-economics of the microbial lipid technology. In this study, lipid production by Cutaneotrichosporon oleaginosum from glucose, glycerol, and their mixture at various mass ratios was investigated. Co-existence of glucose and glycerol rendered higher lipid productivity and yield, supporting synergetic effects of the two agents. Interestingly, the theoretical lipid yield was not improved through combination utilization of glucose and glycerol based on the prediction using a small-scale metabolic model. The synergy was probably owing to the improvement of substrate transportation efficiency through simultaneous assimilation of glucose and glycerol. When waste paper enzymatic hydrolysates and crude glycerol were co-utilized, lipid content, yield, and productivity attained 62.3%, 18.9 g/100 g, and 4.1 g/L/d, separately. The lipid samples showed fatty acid compositions comparable to that of rapeseed oil. The prediction of biodiesel properties demonstrated the feasibility for high-quality fuel production. These results showed that the co-fermentation strategy could serve as an efficient way to advance microbial lipid production, which has bright prospects expanding to low-cost substrates including cellulosic biomass and crude glycerol. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Wastepaper was converted into VFAs through anaerobic open culture fermentation. • VFAs derived from wastepaper were utilized for microbial lipid production. • No additional nutrients/chemicals added for the lipid production. • Fatty acid profile of lipids were similar to the plant/vegetable oils used for biodiesel. • Wastepaper could be converted as VFAs to use for lipids production, usable as biodiesel feedstock. Volatile fatty acids (VFAs) derived from organic wastes are being considered as low-cost feedstock for microbial lipid production as a valuable alternative to plant derived oils/biodiesel. In this study, VFAs were produced from anaerobic open culture fermentation of wastepaper and subsequently, used as a feedstock for lipid production by Cryptococcus curvatus. Total VFAs, yield and productivity achieved from waste office paper (WOP) and waste newspaper (WNP) were 17.3 and 10.2 g/L, 0.17 and 0.10 g/g TS, and 0.86 and 0.51 g/L/day, respectively. Biomass, lipid content and productivity achieved utilizing VFAs derived from WOP and WNP were 4.3 and 2.9 g/L, 41.2 and 27.7% DCW, and 0.037 and 0.033 g/L/h, respectively. The dominance of fatty acids such as oleic, palmitic, stearic and linoleic acid in the lipids suggests a high level of similarity with plant/vegetable oils used for biodiesel production. Therefore, VFAs derived from wastepaper could be potentially used as feedstock to produce microbial lipids towards cost-effective production of biodiesel. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The imperative of utilising alternative fuels for the operation of internal combustion engines stems from the requirements to reduce the emissions of greenhouse gases and other contaminants, the substantial demand for fuels, and the diminishing reserves of natural resources. The global inclination towards sustainable development necessitates the employment of biofuels as a substitute for fossil fuels. Nonetheless, the expenditures on raw materials for the manufacture of biodiesel remain substantial, thus underlining the importance of exploring solutions for reducing them. An instance of this could be the utilisation of plant and animal by-products, such as used frying oils and slaughterhouse waste, as feedstock for biodiesel production. Not only will this facilitate the creation of less costly biofuel, but it will also provide an effective solution for the management of post-production waste. The objective of the research delineated in this paper was to ascertain select physicochemical attributes of second-generation biodiesel, derived from spent frying oil, as well as mixtures of this biodiesel with diesel and biodiesel concentrations of 10, 20, and 30% (v/v). The biodiesel produced is the waste frying oil methyl esters WFOME. The proprietary GW-201 reactor was employed in the production of biodiesel. For WFOME biodiesel, DF diesel, and their blends—B10, B20, and B30—properties that influence the formation process of the combustible mixture, autoignition, and combustion of fuel–air mixtures in self-ignition engines were determined. The conducted research has established that "B" type fuels prepared from WFOME and DF present a viable alternative to fossil fuels. Pure biodiesel exhibited a marginally reduced lower heating value, however, in the case of fuel mixtures comprising up to 30% (v/v) biodiesel and diesel, the lower heating values approximated that of diesel. An elevated cetane number alongside an increased flash point of pure B100 biodiesel have been noted. The values of cetane number for WFOME and DF mixtures were found to be either comparable or marginally higher than those of pure DF diesel fuel. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As an emerging environmentally friendly fuel, biodiesel has excellent fuel properties comparable to those of petrochemical diesel. Oleic acid methyl ester, as the main component of biodiesel, has the characteristics of high cetane number and low emission rate of harmful gases. However, the comprehensive chemical conversion pathway of oleic acid methyl ester is not clear. In this paper, the reactive force field molecular dynamics simulation (ReaxFF-MD) method is used to construct a model of oleic acid methyl ester pyrolysis and combustion system. Further, the chemical conversion kinetics process at high temperatures (2500 K–3500 K) was studied, and a chemical reaction network was drawn. The research results show that the density of the system has almost no effect on the decomposition activation energy of oleic acid methyl ester, and the activation energies of its pyrolysis and combustion processes are 190.02 kJ/mol and 144.89 kJ/mol, respectively. Ethylene, water and carbon dioxide are the dominant and most accumulated products. From the specific reaction mechanism, the main pyrolysis path of oleic acid methyl ester is the breakage of the C-C bond to produce small molecule intermediates, and subsequent transformation of the ester group radical into carbon oxides. The combustion path is the evolution of long-chain alkanes into short-carbon-chain gaseous products, and these species are further burned to form stable CO2 and H2O. This study further discusses the microscopic combustion kinetics of biodiesel, providing a reference for the construction of biodiesel combustion models. Based on this theoretical study, the understanding of free radicals, intermediates, and products in the pyrolysis and combustion of biomass can be deepened. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As the world aims to address the UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), it is becoming more urgent for heavy transportation sectors, such as shipping and aviation, to decarbonise in an economically feasible way. This review paper investigates the potential fuels of the future and their capability to mitigate the carbon footprint when other technologies fail to do so. This review looks at the technologies available today, including, primarily, transesterification, hydrocracking, and selective deoxygenation. It also investigates the potential of fish waste from the salmon industry as a fuel blend stock. From this, various kinetic models are investigated to find a suitable base for simulating the production and economics of biodiesel (i.e., fatty acid alkyl esters) and renewable diesel production from fish waste. Whilst most waste-oil-derived biofuels are traditionally produced using transesterification, hydrotreating looks to be a promising method to produce drop-in biofuels, which can be blended with conventional petroleum fuels without any volume percentage limitation. Using hydrotreatment, it is possible to produce renewable diesel in a few steps, and the final liquid product mixture includes paraffins, i.e., linear, branched, and cyclo-alkanes, with fuel properties in compliance with international fuel standards. There is a wide range of theoretical models based on the hydrodeoxygenation of fatty acids as well as a clear economic analysis that a model could be based on. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The advantages offered by biomass-based heterogeneous catalysts, such as being easily separated from reaction products, being used many times, having low production costs, and being widely available in nature. One of the heterogeneous catalysts that can be used is a sodium silicate catalyst, especially one obtained by impregnating Na metal on a SiO2 matrix derived from biomass ash. In this study, palm leaves have the potential to be used as raw material for the SiO2 matrix because their utilization has yet to be optimal. This research aims to synthesize, characterize, and apply a sodium silicate catalyst based on palm leaves ash in the production of biodiesel from Refined, Bleached, Deodorized, Palm Oil (RBDPO). SiO2 was obtained by calcining palm leaves at a temperature of 700 °C for 3 hours, followed by washing using 1 N HCl solution. In this research, variations in the mole ratio of NaOH: SiO² were carried out in the synthesis of sodium silicate, namely 1:1, 1.5:1, 2:1, and 2.5:1. This research also evaluates the reusability of the sodium silicate catalyst and the effect of washing using methanol on the biodiesel yield produced. The best sodium silicate catalyst was obtained at a NaOH: SiO2 molar ratio of 1.5:1, with a biodiesel yield of 74.485 % and an ester content of 97.293 %. SEM analysis shows the presence of a porous structure on the catalyst. The existence of the Si-O-Na group has been confirmed using FTIR. BET-BJH analysis has confirmed the presence of a mesoporous structure in the catalyst, with a surface area of 6.4343 m²/g and a pore size of 5.3127 nm. The resulting sodium silicate catalyst can be used up to three times, with a yield of 62.388 %. Catalyst regeneration using methanol is capable of producing biodiesel with a yield of 45.198 %. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The rapid increase in fossil fuel depletion, environmental degradations, and industrialization have encouraged the need and production of sustainable fuel alternatives. This has led to the increase in interest in biofuels, especially third-generation biofuels produced from microalgae since they do not compete with food and land supplies. However, the global share for these biofuels has been inadequate recently, especially due to the ongoing global pandemic. Therefore, this paper offers a review of the state-of-the-art study of the production field of third-generation biofuel from microalgae. The current review aims to focus on the different aspects of algal biofuel production that requires further attention to produce it at a large scale. It was found that several strategies during the life cycle of algal biofuel production can significantly increase its quality and yield while reducing cost, energy, and other related attributes. This paper also focuses on the challenges for large-scale production of third-generation biofuels pre and post COVID-19 to better understand the barriers. The high cost of this fuel's production and sale tends to be the major reason behind the lack of large-scale production, hence, inadequacy to meet the global need. Third-generation biofuel has so much to offer including many integrated applications and advanced uses in the future fuel industry. Therefore, it is important to cope with the ongoing circumstances and emphasize the future of algal biofuel as a sustainable source. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The 2-methylfuran (MF) is widely used as a surrogate fuel for internal combustion engines. However, the chemical kinetics model of MF for engine combustion simulations remains scarce. In this paper, a reduced MF/biodiesel mechanism consisting of 82 species and 226 reactions was proposed and used to simulate the combustion process of MF and biodiesel dual-fuel diesel engine. First, a detailed chemical reaction mechanism of MF was selected and then mechanism reduction methods were used to reduce the detailed mechanism under engine conditions. Second, the reduced MF mechanism was coupled with a biodiesel mechanism to form a four-component chemistry mechanism, consisting of MD, MD9D, n-heptane, and MF. Third, the combined mechanism was optimized by using rate of production analysis and sensitivity analysis. Finally, the proposed four-component mechanism was verified by comparing the calculated values of ignition delay and species concentrations with the experimental values. Meanwhile, a new dual-fuel diesel engine test was carried out, and the experiments were used to evaluate the reliability of the combination mechanism. Overall, the simulated results of the proposed four-component mechanism in this paper are basically consistent with the experimental results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Biodiesel is a renewable and ecofriendly fuel for internal combustion engines. However, fuel standards need to be adapted for efficiency and commercial use. This paper deals with a novel process of its production using a purification step that counters the high costs of production and experimental analysis using multiresponse optimization. Methods: Soybean oil was chosen as a biodiesel of 5%, 10%, and 15% blend with common diesel fuel and is experimentally tested in a variable compression ratio compression ignition engine. The biodiesel is blended with common diesel fuel to run the engine without any modification in its setup, which also solves most of the operational problems. The functional relationship between the input parameters and the performance characteristics of the engine is evaluated by statistical response surface methodology using the Box–Behnken design model, which generates a design of experiment resulting in an optimum experimental run that reduces the overall cost of the experimental investigation. Uncertainty analysis is done to minimize the gap between the results considering the errors of each piece of equipment. Validation of the results is also carried out. Results: The analysis of variance is used to measure the acceptability of the model and the competency of the model to predict output performance. The optimum value of input parameters which are obtained are 4.5 kg for the load, the compression ratio of 18, and B05 for the fuel blend, which results in maximum performance of brake power of 3 kW, minimum fuel consumption and emissions of CO and NOx, which are 0.39 kg/kWh, 0.01%, and 50 ppm. Conclusions: Cost analysis reveals that biodiesel produced from the novel process of transesterification is reasonable as compared with the conventional process. It is also environmentally more sustainable, which cannot be ignored. This technique can be used in future research for cost-effective production fields such as combustion parameters and biofuels produced from waste, which need to be explored. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Waste fats and oils contain many toxic and harmful components, and the number of waste fats and oils discharged each year at home and abroad is huge. The production of second-generation biodiesel from waste oils and fats is an effective way to curb "toxic oil," which is of great significance to reduce carbon emissions, improve atmospheric quality and ecological environment, increase the proportion of green and clean fuel applications, and achieve carbon peaking and carbon neutrality. At present, the production of second-generation biodiesel at home and abroad is mainly carried out by the fixed-bed hydrogenation process, but the fixed-bed hydrogenation process still has some problems and limitations in terms of raw materials, catalysts, and production processes. To address the shortcomings of the fixed-bed hydrogenation process for the production of second-generation biodiesel, this paper proposes a new combined process of suspended-bed hydrogenation and fixed-bed hydrogenation. The results show that the new combined suspended-bed hydrogenation-fixed-bed hydrogenation process can solve the problems and limitations of the conventional fixed-bed hydrogenation process and has unique technical advantages, with the yield of the second-generation biodiesel product > 80%, which is 10–15% higher than that of the conventional fixed-bed hydrogenation process. The quality index of the product meets the EU standard BS EN 15,940 and can realize the waste oil and grease "eat up and squeeze clean," with remarkable economic and social benefits. The new process of producing second-generation biodiesel from waste oils and fats is a green and efficient technology for the continuous conversion of waste oils and fats into renewable energy, which is conducive to the promotion of a circular economy and meets the requirements of the EU Renewable Energy Directive (RED II) for sustainable development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Alternative fuels especially those produced in a green way are essential for meeting supplying the world's growing energy needs. Biodiesel is becoming more prominent to meet international maritime organization regulations, minimize reliance on fossil fuels, and lessen the rising harmful emissions in the maritime sector. Four different generations have been investigated in the production stage in which a wide range of fuel types have existed including biodiesel, bioethanol, and renewable diesel. To investigate all facets of biodiesel usage as a marine fuel, the SWOT-AHP method is utilized in this paper in which 16 maritime experts with an average of 10.5 years of experience participated. SWOT factors and sub-factors have been developed in light of the literature review focused on biomass and alternative fuels. The AHP method is utilized for data acquisition from specified factors and sub-factors according to their superiority to each other. The analysis demonstrates the main factors 'PW and sub-factors' IPW values, and CR values to calculate the local and global rank of factors. Results highlighted that "Opportunity" has the highest prominence among the main factors; however, "Threats" remain at the lowest level. Moreover, "Tax privilege on green and alternative fuels supported by the authorities" (O4) is the one with the highest weight compared to the other sub-factors. Noteworthy energy consumption will be fulfilled in the maritime industry in addition to the development of new-generation biodiesel and other alternative fuels. This paper will be a quite valuable resource for experts, academics, and industry stakeholders to lessen the ambiguity around biodiesel. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]