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Background: Microalgae's low tolerance to high CO2 concentrations presents a significant challenge for its industrial application, especially when considering the utilization of industrial exhaust gas streams with high CO2 content—an economically and environmentally attractive option. Therefore, the objectives of this study were to investigate the metabolic changes in carbon fixation and lipid accumulation of microalgae under ambient air and high CO2 conditions, deepen our understanding of the molecular mechanisms driving these processes, and identify potential target genes for metabolic engineering in microalgae. To accomplish these goals, we conducted a transcriptomic analysis of the high CO2-tolerant strain, Chlorella sp. ABC-001, under two different carbon dioxide levels (ambient air and 10% CO2) and at various growth phases. Results: Cells cultivated with 10% CO2 exhibited significantly better growth and lipid accumulation rates, achieving up to 2.5-fold higher cell density and twice the lipid content by day 7. To understand the relationship between CO2 concentrations and phenotypes, transcriptomic analysis was conducted across different CO2 conditions and growth phases. According to the analysis of differentially expressed genes and gene ontology, Chlorella sp. ABC-001 exhibited the development of chloroplast organelles during the early exponential phase under high CO2 conditions, resulting in improved CO2 fixation and enhanced photosynthesis. Cobalamin-independent methionine synthase expression was also significantly elevated during the early growth stage, likely contributing to the methionine supply required for various metabolic activities and active proliferation. Conversely, the cells showed sustained repression of carbonic anhydrase and ferredoxin hydrogenase, involved in the carbon concentrating mechanism, throughout the cultivation period under high CO2 conditions. This study also delved into the transcriptomic profiles in the Calvin cycle, nitrogen reductase, and lipid synthesis. Particularly, Chlorella sp. ABC-001 showed high expression levels of genes involved in lipid synthesis, such as glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase and phospholipid-diacylglycerol acyltransferase. These findings suggest potential targets for metabolic engineering aimed at enhancing lipid production in microalgae. Conclusions: We expect that our findings will help understand the carbon concentrating mechanism, photosynthesis, nitrogen assimilation, and lipid accumulation metabolisms of green algae according to CO2 concentrations. This study also provides insights into systems metabolic engineering of microalgae for improved performance in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The commercial production of microalgae-derived docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) has been expanding due to several advantages of algal over fish oil produced DHA. While the DHA production technology from microalgae is already economically competitive, alternatives to pure glucose and yeast extract still need to be explored to reduce the costs and increase the profits further. In the present study, orange peel waste (OPW) and various nitrogen sources were investigated as alternative nutrient sources for the economic cultivation of Aurantiochytrium sp. KRS101. The utilization of orange peel extract (OPE) supplemented with NaNO 3 showed a higher DHA yield than that supplemented with NH 4 Cl or urea, and pH 5.5 was found to be the optimum initial condition for Aurantiochytrium sp. KRS101. OPE optimized with supplemental NaNO 3 (1.2 g/L) resulted in a DHA yield of 0.63 g/L, which was 2.5 fold greater than the yield obtained using a conventional basal medium containing a similar amount of total nitrogen and 67% greater total carbon sources. This result implied not only that the conventional use of glucose and yeast extract have lower efficiency levels during nutrient metabolism but also that the types of carbon and nutrient sources have a significant effect on the DHA yield. The addition of supplemental glucose further enhanced the biomass, fatty acid methyl esters (FAME), and DHA yields, which unveiled the high C:N ratio requirement of Aurantiochytrium sp. KRS101. These results suggest that the development and optimization of microalgae fermentation using OPE and NaNO 3 is a possible route for the economical production of DHA and for the additional utilization of food waste. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The use of microalgal biomass as feedstock for biofuels has been discussed for decades as it provides a sustainable approach to producing fuels for the future. Nonetheless, its feasibility has not been established yet and various aspects of biomass applications such as CO 2 biofixation should also be explored. Therefore, in this study, the CO 2 biofixation and lipid/carbohydrate production potential of Chlorella sp. ABC-001 were examined under various nitrogen concentrations. The highest biomass productivity and CO 2 biofixation rate of 0.422 g/l/d and 0.683 g/l/d, respectively, were achieved under a nitrogen-rich condition (15 mM nitrate). Carbohydrate content was generally proportional to initial nitrate concentration and showed the highest value of 41.5% with 15 mM. However, lipid content showed an inverse relationship with nitrogen supplementation and showed the highest value of 47.4% with 2.5 mM. In consideration as feedstock for biofuels (bioethanol, biodiesel, and biogas), the sum of carbohydrate and lipid contents were examined and the highest value of 79.6% was achieved under low nitrogen condition (2.5 mM). For lipid-based biofuel production, low nitrogen supplementation should be pursued. However, considering the lower feasibility of biodiesel, pursuing CO 2 biofixation and the production of carbohydrate-based fuels under nitrogenrich condition might be more rational. Thus, nitrogen status as a cultivation strategy must be optimized according to the objective, and this was confirmed with the promising alga Chlorella sp. ABC-001.