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The article discusses issues related to the paper of philosopher John McDowell, being a good objection to the argument of Bernard Williams against externalism. It mentions the significant contribution of the paper to the debate over the existence of external reasons. It presents the author's view concerning the appeal to conversion by McDowell and the latter's positive account which do not seriously engage with the views of Williams about reasons and explanations. The article further examines McDowell's reply to the argument of William.

The author reflects on the philosophical concept of French philosopher René Descartes. He expresses how much knowledge Descartes takes for granted in the Second Meditation, which Descartes has deceived about the existence of an external world. Furthermore, the author focuses on the plausibility that a human mind in that deceived situation could have the knowledge Descartes takes himself to have.

The article discusses the justification that the people who thinks justified belief is possible is committed to thinking that epistemically circular (EC) beliefs can be justified. It notes the objection of philosophers to externalism in epistemology in the grounds that it commits one to thinking that EC-beliefs can be justified, in which one views as an unhappy consequence of externalism. The author also highlights the benign and malignant kinds of EC-beliefs.