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We celebrate the 50th anniversary of the Canadian Journal of Forest Research by reflecting on the considerable progress accomplished in select areas of Canadian wildland fire science over the past half century. Specifically, we discuss key developments and contributions in the creation of the Canadian Forest Fire Danger Rating System; the relationships between wildland fire and weather, climate, and climate change; fire ecology; operational decision support; and wildland fire management. We also discuss the evolution of wildland fire management in Banff National Park as a case study. We conclude by discussing some possible directions in future Canadian wildland fire research including the further evaluation of fire severity measurements and effects; the efficacy of fuel management treatments; climate change effects and mitigation; further refinement of models pertaining to fire risk analysis, fire behaviour, and fire weather; and the integration of forest management and ecological restoration with wildland fire risk reduction. Throughout the paper, we reference many contributions published in the Canadian Journal of Forest Research, which has been at the forefront of international wildland fire science. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Traditionally, forest management has focused on forestry-related practices whereas other industries have been managed separately. Forest management requires the integration of all natural resource development activities, along with other anthropogenic and natural forest disturbances (e.g., climate change, pollution, wildfire, pest disturbance) to understand how human activities can change forested ecosystems. The term cumulative effects has been used to describe these attempts to integrate all disturbances to develop an understanding of past, current, and future impacts on environmental, social, and economic components of the system. In this review, we focus on the science required to understand the past, current, and future impacts of the cumulative effects of anthropogenic and natural disturbances on forested ecosystems or their components. We have primarily focused on the terrestrial system with an emphasis on northern forests in Canada. Our paper is not intended to be a comprehensive review of all cumulative effects science but a synthesis of the challenges and approaches currently being used. Central repositories were identified as an approach to deal with issues of availability of remotely sensed data on anthropogenic and natural disturbances. Data integration projects, open data, and well-designed large-scale data collection efforts are needed to provide sufficient data on environmental responses to cumulative effects. As well, large-scale integrated, modularized ecosystem models are needed to bring stressor and environmental response data together to explore responses to, and interactions between, multiple stressors to project these effects into the future and to identify future data collection needs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Researchers and advocates have long argued that on-going engagement by broad segments of the public can help make forests and forest-based communities more sustainable and decisions more enduring. In Canada, public engagement in sustainable forest management has primarily taken one of two approaches: advisory forums through forest-sector advisory committees (FACs) and direct decision-making authority through community forest boards (CFBs). The purpose of this paper is to compare these two approaches by focusing on who participates and the values that participants bring to their deliberations. We conducted a national survey of FACs and CFBs involving 402 participants. Results showed that both models favoured well-educated, Caucasian men and fell short on the representation of women and Indigenous peoples. Additionally, despite different levels of authority in relation to forest management decisions, participants in CFBs and FACs shared similar forest values. Hence, we conclude that neither model of forest governance encourages participation from a diverse public. Our findings suggest the need to find new ways of recruiting diverse participants and to investigate more deeply whether local and extra-local pressures and power dynamics shape these processes. Such information can inform the establishment of more robust institutions for decision-making in support of sustainable forest management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Public advisory committees (PACs) are a dominant form of public participation in Canada's Crown forests, providing a venue in which members of the local public can engage and influence sustainable forest management decision-making. In this paper, we examine the experiences of Indigenous participants (relative to non-Indigenous participants) concerning the success of PAC processes. We focus on issues of fairness, equity, and inclusion of Indigenous voices along with an assessment of forest values diversity. Findings from surveys in 2004 and 2016 indicate statistically significant differences between Indigenous and non-Indigenous PAC members regarding their forest values and their evaluation of the success of PAC processes. This work draws attention to the relative experiences of survey participants and the identification of persistent challenges associated with public engagement over the last two decades. Policy recommendations include substantial changes to how we define and measure sustainable forest management in Canada. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Co-management of forests has been reported from more than fifty countries and stakeholder advisory committees have become central to forest planning in Canada. Scientists tend to agree that local users are capable of self-organising to manage resources more effectively than state agencies alone, whether jointly with governments or with considerable autonomy. Little, however, is known about how the network of contextual influences helps, hinders, or overrides the deliberation that facilitates the development of cooperation critical for co-management success. The objectives of the paper are to identify the relative influence of contextual factors, participants' sense of control over contextual factors, and effects on performance. In a comparative case study of two stakeholder advisory committees in Ontario, Canada, the objectives are addressed by identifying and analysing advisory committee thinking about consensus building using network analysis of group cognitive maps. The paper concludes with three lessons regarding how the mix of hierarchical, market, and community institutions that influence community-based deliberation can be coordinated for effective forest management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is an increasing demand for active public involvement in forestry decision making, but there are as yet few established models for achieving this in the new sustainable forest management (SFM) context. At the level of the working forest, the fields of forest sustainability assessment, public participation, decision support, and computer technology in spatial modelling and visualization need to be integrated. This paper presents the results of a literature review of public participation and decision-support methods, with emphasis on case study examples in participatory decision support. These suggest that emerging methods, such as public multicriteria analysis of alternative forest management scenarios and allied tools, may lend themselves to public processes addressing sustainability criteria and indicators. The paper develops a conceptual framework for participatory decision support to address the special needs of SFM in tactical planning at the landscape level. This framework consists of principles, process criteria, and preliminary guidelines for designing and evaluating SFM planning processes with community input. More well-documented studies are needed to develop comprehensive, engaging, open, and accountable processes that support informed decision making in forest management, and to strengthen guidance for managers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Much of Canada's terrestrial biodiversity is supported by boreal forests. Natural resource development in boreal forests poses risks to this biodiversity. This paper reviews the scientific literature to assess the effects of natural resource development on terrestrial biodiversity in Canadian boreal forests. We address four questions: (1) To what extent have Canadian boreal forests changed due to natural resource development? (2) How has biodiversity responded to these changes? (3) Will the biodiversity of second-growth forests converge with that of primary boreal forests? (4) Are we losing species from boreal forests? We focus on trees, understory plants, insects, fungi, selected mammals, and songbirds because these groups have been most studied. We review more than 600 studies and found that changes in community composition are prevalent in response to large-scale conversion of forest types, changes in stand structures and age distributions, and altered landscape structure resulting from forest management and habitat loss associated with other developments such as oil and gas, hydroelectric, and mining. The southern boreal forest has been more highly impacted than the north due to more extensive forest management and the cumulative effects of multiple forms of development. There is abundant evidence that most species are not in danger of being extirpated from the boreal forest due to these anthropogenic changes. A few species, including woodland caribou ( Rangifer tarandus) and grizzly bear ( Ursus arctos), have, however, undergone long-term range contractions. Significant gaps in our ability to assess the effects of natural resource development on biodiversity in the boreal zone are the lack of long-term spatial and population data to monitor the impact of forest changes on ecosystems and species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Conservation efforts to sustain water resources and aquatic biodiversity in boreal watersheds will require reliable information on the recent status of various indicator species and an improved understanding of the risks to aquatic biodiversity posed by resource development activities. We reviewed the recent state of knowledge on the responses of aquatic biodiversity to forest management, pulp and paper mill effluents, hydroelectric impoundments, mining of minerals and metals, oil sands extractions, and peat mining and offer a prognosis for aquatic biodiversity under each of these environmental stressors. Despite the prevalence of natural resource development in Canada's largest forest ecosystem, there was a limited amount of published literature on the effects of many of the disturbance types on various indicators of aquatic biodiversity, making it difficult to produce a current and reliable status assessment. Across most of the boreal zone, there is a lack of coordinated, consistent data collection for many of the bioindicators and disturbance types discussed in this review. Forecasting the future state of aquatic biodiversity across the boreal zone is challenged by increasing natural resource development and its interactions with other stressors, especially climate change. The cumulative effects of multiple stressors coupled with resource development activities in boreal watersheds remain largely unknown. More importantly, the ecological thresholds for these cumulative effects (that is, the point at which aquatic ecosystems and their biodiversity cannot recover to a desired state within a reasonable time frame) are also unknown and remain gaps in our knowledge. The recent literature identifies a number of risks to aquatic biodiversity at local (tens of square kilometres) to regional (hundreds of square kilometres) scales associated with natural resource development. There are indications that many of these risks can be minimized by 'greener' technologies for resource development and reclamation, practical conservation planning and regulation, and increased stewardship in watershed management, although the effectiveness of many of these measures cannot yet be assessed from the published literature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main objective of this paper is to evaluate whether future climate change would trigger an increase in the fire activity of the Waswanipi area, central Quebec. First, we used regression analyses to model the historical (1973–2002) link between weather conditions and fire activity. Then, we calculated Fire Weather Index system components using 1961–2100 daily weather variables from the Canadian Regional Climate Model for the A2 climate change scenario. We tested linear trends in 1961–2100 fire activity and calculated rates of change in fire activity between 1975–2005, 2030–2060, and 2070–2100. Our results suggest that the August fire risk would double (+110%) for 2100, while the May fire risk would slightly decrease (–20%), moving the fire season peak later in the season. Future climate change would trigger weather conditions more favourable to forest fires and a slight increase in regional fire activity (+7%). While considering this long-term increase, interannual variations of fire activity remain a major challenge for the development of sustainable forest management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The term “aboriginal forestry” is used increasingly to describe the evolving role of First Nations peoples in Canadian forestry over the last 30 years. This paper reviews a diversity of experiences and identifies issues that have important implications for governments, forest planners, and First Nations: a forestry regime that reflects the interests of governments and industry rather than those of First Nations; variable implementation of aboriginal rights in forestry practice; benefits and problems of economic partnerships; limitations on consultation, traditional knowledge, and comanagement in forestry; and finally, different forestry paradigms. Among these experiences and issues, we recognise different visions for the participation of First Nations peoples in Canadian forestry. At one end of the spectrum, “forestry excluding First Nations” is no longer accepted. The most common form may be “forestry by First Nations,” representing a role for First Nations within existing forestry regimes. Other options include “forestry for First Nations,” in which forest managers seek to incorporate aboriginal values and knowledge in management activities and “forestry with First Nations,” in which aboriginal peoples are equal partners in forest management. However, aboriginal forestry is better understood as a potential new form of forestry that uses knowledge and techniques drawn from both traditions and conventional forestry and is based on aboriginal rights, values, and institutions. Au Canada, le terme « foresterie autochtone »gagne en popularité pour décrire le rôle grandissant des Premières nations en foresterie au cours des trente dernières années. Cet article passe en revue de nombreuses expériences et identifie des enjeux aux conséquences importantes pour les gouvernements, les gestionnaires forestiers et les Premières nations. Un régime forestier qui reflète les intérêts des gouvernements et des industriels plutôt que ceux des Premières nations, la reconnaissance inégale des droits autochtones dans les pratiques forestières, les bénéfices et les problèmes associés aux partenariats d’affaires, les limites propres à la consultation, la place des savoirs traditionnels et de la cogestion en foresterie et enfin, la variété des paradigmes forestiers composent ces enjeux. Parmi ces expériences et enjeux, nous reconnaissons l’expression de différentes façons de concevoir la participation autochtone à la foresterie canadienne. À un bout du spectre, « une foresterie qui exclut les Premières nations »n’est plus une option acceptable. La vision la plus répandue est probablement celle d’« une foresterie par les Premières nations »signifiant que celles-ci ont un rôle à jouer dans les régimes forestiers existants. Une autre conception est celle de « la foresterie pour les Premières nations »lorsque les gestionnaires forestiers tentent d’intégrer des valeurs et des savoirs autochtones à leurs activités d’aménagement. Enfin, les situations où les autochtones sont partenaires à part entière dans l’aménagement de la forêt s’inscrivent sous la rubrique « la foresterie avec les Premières nations ». Cependant, la foresterie autochtone est mieux comprise lorsqu’elle implique la possibilité d’une nouvelle foresterie qui a recours à des savoirs et des techniques inspirés à la fois des traditions et de la foresterie conventionnelle et qui est fondée sur des droits, des valeurs et des institutions autochtones. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Light detection and ranging (lidar) is becoming an increasingly popular technology among scientists for the development of predictive models of forest biophysical variables. However, before this technology can be adopted with confidence for long-term monitoring applications in Canada, robust models must be developed that can be applied and validated over large and complex forested areas. This will require "scaling-up" from current models developed from high-density lidar data to low-density data collected at higher altitudes. This paper investigates the effect of lowering the average point spacing of discrete lidar returns on models of forest biophysical variables. Validation of results revealed that high-density models are well correlated with mean dominant height, basal area, crown closure, and average aboveground biomass (R2 = 0.84, 0.89, 0.60, and 0.91, respectively). Low-density models could not accurately predict crown closure (R2 = 0.36). However, they did provide slightly improved estimates for mean dominant height, basal area, and average aboveground biomass (R2 = 0.90, 0.91, and 0.92, respectively). Maps were generated and validated for the entire study area from the low-density models. The ability of low-density models to accurately map key biophysical variables is a positive indicator for the utility of lidar data for monitoring large forested areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper synthesizes data extracted from the literature and data collected in various studies by the author on the quantity, characteristics, and functional importance of coarse woody debris (CWD) in the old-growth forests of British Columbia (B.C.). There is little agreement in the literature about the minimum diameter of CWD or the number of decay classes recognized. In western North America, five decay classes are commonly used, but recent studies suggest fewer decay classes are preferable. Comparisons among decay classes and biogeoclimatic zones and subzones in B.C. reveal that quantities and volumes are greatest (up to approximately 60 kg/m[sup 2] and approximately 1800 m[sup 3] /ha, respectively), and CWD persists the longest (sometimes in excess of 1000 years) in the Coastal Western Hemlock (CWH) biogeoclimatic zone. The quantity and ground cover of CWD increase with forest productivity. Persistence of CWD has varied from less than 100 to over 800 years in two coastal (CWH and Mountain Hemlock (MH)) and three interior (Interior Douglas-fir (IDF), Interior Cedar–Hemlock (ICH), and Engelmann Spruce – Subalpine Fir (ESSF)) biogeoclimatic zones. Trends in CWD quantity with forest age in managed coastal B.C. forests suggest a U-shaped curve, with greater quantities occurring in recent cutovers than in old-growth forests, and lowest quantities occurring in middle-aged forests. This may be the normal trend in CWD with forest age, with departures from this trend resulting from disturbance- or environment-specific factors. Relatively large amounts of data exist on the characteristics of CWD in the CWH, IDF, ICH, ESSF, and Boreal White and Black Spruce (BWBS) biogeoclimatic zones, but such data for the Coastal Douglas-fir, Sub-Boreal Pine–Spruce, Sub-Boreal Spruce (SBS), and Spruce–Willow–Birch biogeoclimatic zones appear relatively sparse. There have been few studies of the functional role of CWD in B.C. forests, but those studies that have been completed indicate that CWD is an important habitat component for some plant and animal species. A total of 169 plant species, including >95% of all lichens and liverworts, were found to grow on CWD in old-growth forests in the CWH, MH, IDF, ICH, and ESSF biogeoclimatic zones. One third of these species were restricted to CWD. Studies in several biogeoclimatic zones have found that CWD provided preferred habitat for and was associated with higher populations of some small animal species, such as shrews, some voles, and some salamanders, in old-growth forests, but the effects varied with species and biogeoclimatic zone. The nutrient cycling role of CWD is not yet well known, but it currently appears to be relatively insignificant in B.C. old-growth forests. Although it has been considered that CWD could increase mineral soil acidification and eluviation, no evidence for this was found in a study of the CWH, MH, IDF, ICH, ESSF, BWBS, and SBS biogeoclimatic zones. Future studies of the functional role of CWD should consider both scale (square metre vs. hectare) and temporal (changes in CWD with forest age) issues, as studies including these are sparse and both may be important. Key words: biogeoclimatic zones, British Columbia, coarse woody debris, old-growth forests.Cette communication résume les données tirées de la littérature et celles recueillies par l'auteur dans diverses études sur la quantité, les caractéristiques et l'importance fonctionnelle des débris ligneux grossiers (DLG) dans les forêts anciennes de la Colombie-Britannique (C.-B.). Dans la littérature, on ne s'entend pas sur le diamètre minimum des DLG, ou le nombre de classes de décomposition. Dans l'ouest de l'Amérique du Nord, on emploie le plus souvent cinq classes, mais des études récentes portent à croire qu'un nombre de classes inférieur serait préférable. Les comparaisons entre les classes de décomposition et les zones et sous-zones biogéoclimatiques de la C.-B. révèlent que les DLG sont plus abondants (pouvant atteindre environ 60 kg/m[sup 2] et 1800 m[sup 3] /ha) et persistent le plus longtemps (parfois pendant plus de 1000 ans) dans la zone biogéoclimatique cótière de la pruche de l'Ouest (CWH). L'abondance des DLG et la superficie de sol qu'ils couvrent augmentent avec la productivité de la forêt. La persistance des DLG varie de moins de 100 ans à plus de 800 ans dans cinq zones biogéoclimatiques : deux zones côtières (la CWH et la zone de la pruche subalpine (MH)) et trois zones intérieures (celle du douglas taxifolié de l'intérieur (IDF), celle des cèdres et des pruches de l'intérieur (ICH) et celle de l'épinette d'Engelmann et du sapin subalpin (ESSF)). Dans les forêts côtières aménagées de la C.-B., l'abondance des DLG en fonction de l'âge de la forêt suivrait une courbe en U, les débris étant plus abondants sur les parterres de coupe récents que dans les forêts anciennes, et moins abondants dans les forêts d'âge moyen. Cette relation entre les DLG et l'âge de la forêt est peut-être la tendance normale, et les écarts par rapport à celle-ci pourraient être le résultat de facteurs propres à chaque perturbation ou milieu. Il existe beaucoup de données sur les caractéristiques des DLG dans la CWH, la IDF, la ICH, la ESSF et la zone boréale des épinettes blanche et noire (BWBS), mais il en existe relativement peu pour la zone côtière du douglas taxifolié, la zone subboréale des pins et des épinettes, la zone subboréale de l'épinette (SBS) et la zone de l'épinette, du saule et du bouleau. Peu d'études ont été consacrées au rôle fonctionnel des DLG dans les forêts de la Colombie-Britannique, mais d'après celles qui ont été réalisées, les DLG constitueraient une composante importante de l'habitat de certaines espèces végétales et animales. On a recensé 169 espèces végétales poussant sur ces débris, dont plus de 95 % de tous les lichens et hépatiques, dans les forêts anciennes de la CWH, de la MH, de la IDF, de la ICH et de la ESSF. Le tiers de ces espèces ne poussent que sur les DLG. D'après des études effectuées dans plusieurs zones biogéoclimatiques, ces débris constituent l'habitat préféré de certains petits animaux présents dans les forêts anciennes, tels que les musaraignes, certains campagnols et certaines salamandres, et sont associés à de plus fortes populations de ces animaux, mais les effets varient selon l'espèce et la zone biogéoclimatique. Le rôle des DLG dans le recyclage des éléments nutritifs n'est pas bien connu, mais il semble qu'il soit relativement négligeable dans les forêts anciennes de la C.-B. Il a été avancé que les débris ligneux grossiers pourraient accroître l'acidification et le lessivage des sols minéraux, mais de tels effets n'ont pas été mis en évidence dans une étude de la zone CWH, de la MH, de la IDF, de la ICH, de la ESSF, de la BWBS et de la SBS. À l'avenir, les études sur le rôle fonctionnel des DLG devraient tenir compte des aspects liés à l'échelle (m[sup 2] ou ha) et temporels (modifications des DLG avec le vieillissement de la forêt) puisque les études impliquent ces paramètres potentiellement importants sont rares. Mots clés : zones biogéoclimatiques, Colombie-Britannique, débris ligneux grossiers, forêts anciennes. [Traduit par la rédaction] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]