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Existing agricultural nitrogen datasets in China are mostly developed using coarse national or provincial statistics. A crop‐specific nitrogen rate dataset based on the finest‐scale agricultural nitrogen statistics at the county level remains lacking. Here, we constructed a new dataset (CN‐N), which provides annual nitrogen rates for rice, wheat and maize in China at a 1‐km spatial resolution from 2004 to 2016. This dataset was developed by harmonizing county‐level and provincial agricultural nitrogen statistics with gridded crop distribution maps, resulting in 13 years of nitrogen rate maps for each crop covering 2004–2016. Validation against farmers' surveys by crop indicates CN‐N reliably quantifies average nitrogen rates and trends for each crop over 2004–2016, demonstrating improved spatial heterogeneity compared to previous datasets rasterized using only provincial statistics. Our study provides a crop‐specific, temporally consistent, gridded nitrogen rate dataset based on the finest‐scale county‐level agricultural nitrogen statistics. This can support future process‐based modelling for sustainable agricultural nitrogen management strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The oriental armyworm, Mythimna separata (Walker), an important migratory pest of maize and wheat, is posing a severe threat to maize production in Asian countries. As source areas of spring–summer emigratory populations, the control of M. separata in southwestern China is of great significance for East Asian maize production. To assess the toxicity of Bt maize against the pest, bioassays of Bt-(Cry1Ab+Vip3Aa) maize (event DBN3601T), Bt-Cry1Ab maize (event DBN9936), and Bt-Vip3Aa maize (event DBN9501) were conducted in Yunnan province of southwest China. There were significant differences in insecticidal activity between the three Bt maize events, and DBN3601T presented the highest insecticidal role. The results also indicated that the insecticidal effect of various Bt maize tissues took an order in leaf > kernel > silk, which is highly consistent with the expression amounts of Bt insecticidal protein in leaf (69.69 ± 1.18 μg/g), kernel (11.69 ± 0.75 μg/g), and silk (7.32 ± 0.31 μg/g). In field trials, all larval population densities, plant damage rates, and leaf damage levels of DBN3601T maize were significantly lower than the conventional maize. This research indicated that the DBN3601T event had a high control efficiency against M. separata and could be deployed in southwest China for the management of M. separata. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chromosome elimination resulting in haploids is achieved by rapid loss of chromosomes from one parent during the zygote stage and is an important procedure to produce doubled haploid (DH) lines in plants. During crosses between an emasculated wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and maize (Zea mays L.) as pollen donors, the complete loss of maize chromosomes results in wheat haploid embryos. Through embryo rescue and chromosome doubling processes, pure lines with stable traits can be quickly obtained. The technique is called the "Wheat × Maize System". Although this technology is not new, it remains a practical approach to date. In order to optimize and improve this technology and to achieve its maximum potential in the winter wheat area of China, this paper reviews the previous and ongoing research and technical procedures for the production of wheat DH lines via the maize pollen induction and presents outlooks on DH research and its application in wheat breeding. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Drought is a most prevalent environmental stress affecting the productivity of rainfed wheat and maize in the semiarid Loess Plateau of China. Sustainable agricultural practices such as intercropping are important for enhancing crop performance in terms of better physiological and biochemical characteristics under drought conditions. Enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidant enzyme activities are associated with improved abiotic tolerance in crop plants, however, its molecular mechanism remains obscure. A 2-year field study was conducted to evaluate the influence of intercropping treatment viz. wheat mono-crop (WMC), maize mono-crop (MMC), intercropping maize (IM) and wheat (IW) crops, and nitrogen (N) application rates viz. control and full-dose of N (basal application at 150 and 235 kg ha−1 for wheat and maize, respectively) on chlorophyll fluorescence, gas exchange traits, lipid peroxidation, antioxidative properties and expression patterns of six tolerance genes in both crops under rainfed conditions. As compared with their respective monocropping treatments, IW and IM increased the Fo/Fm by 18.35 and 14.33%, PS-11 efficiency by 7.90 and 13.44%, photosynthesis by 14.31 and 23.97%, C-capacity by 32.05 and 12.92%, and stomatal conductance by 41.40 and 89.95% under without- and with-N application, respectively. The reductions in instantaneous- and intrinsic-water use efficiency and MDA content in the range of 8.76–26.30% were recorded for IW and IM treatments compared with WMC and MMC, respectively. Compared with the WMC and MMC, IW and IM also triggered better antioxidant activities under both N rates. Moreover, we also noted that intercropping and N addition regulated the transcript levels of six genes encoding non-enzymatic antioxidants cycle enzymes. The better performance of intercropping treatments i.e., IW and IM were also associated with improved osmolytes accumulation under rainfed conditions. As compared with control, N addition significantly improved the chlorophyll fluorescence, gas exchange traits, lipid peroxidation, and antioxidant enzyme activities under all intercropping treatments. Our results increase our understanding of the physiological, biochemical, and molecular mechanisms of intercropping-induced water stress tolerance in wheat and maize crops. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Waterlogging disasters severely restrict crop production. The middle and lower Yangtze River region (MLYRR) is an important grain-producing region in China but suffers from severe waterlogging disasters. In this study, an agriculture-specific index called the accumulative humidity index was introduced to analyze the spatiotemporal characteristics of waterlogging during different wheat and maize growth stages in the MLYRR from 1960 to 2020. Additionally, the relationships between waterlogging intensities and crop yield fluctuations were revealed. The results showed that over the past 60 years, the intensity of wheat and maize waterlogging in the central and eastern MLYRR have increased; crop waterlogging was more intense in the 1990s–2010s than during the 1960s–1980s, and waterlogging intensity peaked in the 1990s. For both crops, waterlogging was more intense during the early growth stages, but its yield-reducing impacts were more significant during middle and late growth stages. The southern MLYRR (especially southern Anhui) was the region where both crops were most prone to waterlogging, but yields in this region were not severely affected by waterlogging. Compared with wheat, maize was more prone to waterlogging, and its yield was more significantly reduced by waterlogging. In conclusion, this study provides guidance for agricultural waterlogging risk reduction in the MLYRR. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The fall armyworm (FAW), Spodoptera frugiperda (JE Smith) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), is a major migratory invasive pest that poses a severe threat to agricultural production and food security in China. In this study, we estimated the effects of six cereal crops on the development, survival, and fecundity of FAW using the age‐stage, two‐sex life table: maize (Zea mays L.), wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench], oats (Avena sativa L.), millet (species, authority) (all Poaceae), and quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) (Amaranthaceae). In a six‐choice test using detached leaf material, FAW larvae preferentially occurred on maize, followed by sorghum, within 6–24 h, and occurred the least on millet and quinoa. After 24 h, they had consumed the most leaf material from sorghum and maize, and the least from quinoa. In no‐choice tests using detached leaf material, they performed best on maize in terms of development (e.g., short development time), survival (e.g., high larval survival and pupation rate), and fecundity (e.g., high number of oviposition days and number of eggs laid per female), resulting in the highest predicted population growth (e.g., high intrinsic rate of increase and net reproductive rate). Although maize was found to be the most appropriate host plant, FAW was able to complete its life cycle on all six tested cereals. Our findings can help in predicting population dynamics and deepening our understanding of the potential damage incurred by FAW infestation, especially in regions under maize cultivation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Crop-specific, high-resolution phosphorus rate information is essential for sustainable agricultural fertilizer management in China. However, substantial uncertainties exist in the current phosphorus fertilizer dataset because of only coarse national statistics used in dataset development and no crop-specific information provided. This study harmonized provincial and county-level phosphorus and component fertilizer statistics and crop distribution data to generate 1 km gridded maps of phosphorus rate for rice, wheat and maize in the years of 2004–2016 (CN-P). CN-P provides a comparable estimate on phosphorus rate for each crop over 2004–2016, and demonstrates an improved spatial heterogeneity. Existing dataset developed using national statistics tends to smooth out the variability within country and significantly underestimates actual phosphorus rate. CN-P shows that, during 2004–2016, wheat received the most phosphorus rate (8.7 g P2O5 m−2), while maize showed the rapidest increasing trend (2.36% yr−1). The CN-P dataset has the potential to be widely applied in modeling studies on sustainable agricultural fertilizer management strategies and phosphorus pollution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: In areas prone to water erosion, crop selection strategies should be based on assessment of their effects on soil structural properties. Aims: The present study compared the effects of the cultivation of forage maize (Zea mays L.) and forage oat (Avena sativa L.) and their cultivars on soil aggregation relative to potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) or wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) at a hydrothermally limited site on the Loess Plateau, China. Methods: The water‐stable aggregate (WSA) distribution in soil was measured under three cultivars in each of maize, oat, wheat, and potato (a total of 12 cultivars from four crops) in their flowering stage of three cropping seasons, when root biomass was largest. Results: In each year, the water‐stable macroaggregates (>0.25 mm) content and mean weight diameter (MWD) of WSAs in the top 20 cm of soil did not differ between tested cultivars of every crop but increased under maize and oat, compared with those under wheat or potato. The increased soil aggregation under maize and oat, compared with wheat or potato, was consistent with the pattern of change in root biomass but was not consistent with the changes in root length density, root surface area, or root mean diameter across the crops. The water‐stable macroaggregates content and MWD of soil was positively correlated with root biomass across cultivars and crop species within each cropping season. Conclusions: We suggest that increased root biomass under maize and oat relative to potato or wheat resulted in increased soil aggregation in maize and oat cultivated soils. It is demonstrated that, in areas prone to soil water erosion, planting high‐biomass‐yielding crops such as maize and oat is more beneficial for increasing soil aggregation and stability, compared with low‐biomass‐yielding crops such as wheat or potato. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Soil degradation and high environmental costs impede agricultural production in North China. A 6-year field experiment was conducted to determine the effects of tillage practice and nitrogen application rate on changes in soil fertility and wheat yield. Four tillage systems (rotary tillage without maize straw return through 6 years, RT; rotary tillage with maize straw return through 6 years, RS; deep tillage with maize straw return through 6 years, DS; and rotary tillage through 2 years followed by deep tillage next year with maize straw applied for two cycles, RS/DS) and three N levels (HN, 300 kg N ha−1, refers to traditional farming practice; MN, 0.75 × HN, 225 kg N ha−1, to recommended N rate; and LN, 0.5 × HN, 150 kg N ha−1, to reduced N rate) were tested. The soil organic carbon, labile organic carbon, inorganic N, available phosphorus, and available potassium under straw return treatments were significantly higher than RT in the 0–30 cm soil layer (p < 0.05). The microbial diversity, invertase, urease, and alkaline phosphatase activities also increased when maize straw was returned. Tillage practices could distribute maize straw in different depths of the soil and then affect soil nutrients, enzyme activity, and microbial diversity. The RS treatment presented the greatest effects in the 0–10 cm layer, while more significant impacts were observed in DS and RS/DS treatments at the 10–30 cm depths. The levels of soil nutrients and enzyme activity increased with an increased N rate. Compared to that under LN, wheat yields increased under HN and MN treatments, whereas there were no significant differences between HN and MN (p > 0.05). An increasing tendency of grain yield was observed in DS and RS/DS, while conversely so in RS. RS/DS had lower farm costs than DS during the study duration. Thus, RS/DS at 225 kg N ha−1 is the best method for improving soil fertility and wheat yield. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Cadmium soil pollution and crop accumulation are detectable on national level in China. • Mining activities and sewage irrigation dominate to Cd pollution in China. • Cd pollution in Southwest of China, Middle Yellow River region and North China plain should be taken more seriously. • Cd enrichment models differ with investigated sites and are influenced by pollution sources. Cadmium (Cd) pollution of agricultural soil is of public concern due to its high potential toxicity and mobility. This study aimed to reveal the risk of Cd accumulation in soil and wheat/maize systems, with a specific focus on the source-specific ecological risk, human health risk and Cd enrichment model. For this we investigated more than 6100 paired soil and grain samples with 216 datasets including soil Cd contents, soil pH and grain Cd contents of 85 sites from China. The results showed that mining activities, sewage irrigation, industrial activities and agricultural practices were the critical factors causing Cd accumulation in wheat and maize cultivated sites. Thereinto, mining activities contributed to a higher Cd accumulation risk in the southwest China and Middle Yellow River regions; sewage irrigation influenced the Cd accumulation in the North China Plain. In addition, the investigated sites were classified into different categories by comparing their soil and grain Cd contents with the Chinese soil screening values and food safety values, respectively. Cd enrichment models were developed to predict the Cd levels in wheat and maize grains. The results showed that the models exhibited a good performance for predicting the grain Cd contents among safe and warning sites of wheat (R2 = 0.61 and 0.72, respectively); while the well-fitted model for maize was prone to the overestimated sites (R2 = 0.77). This study will provide national viewpoints for the risk assessments and prediction of Cd accumulation in soil and wheat/maize systems. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The threat to the quality and safety of agricultural products from toxic elemental pollution is a critical contemporary problem. Extensive mining and lax management in the Xiaoqinling gold-mining area from 1986 to 2000 have increased the toxic element concentrations in soils, groundwater, and crops around the mines. Long-term excessive intake of Hg, Pb, Cd, Cr, Cu, and Zn can cause serious life-threatening human diseases, such as hydromelalgia, lead poisoning, Itai Itai disease, chronic rhinopathy, and acute hemolysis. Influenced by local environmental conditions, toxic elements in soils and crops enter the food chain and endanger human health. To determine the health risks from toxic elements introduced by mineral exploitation in Xiaoqinling, soil, wheat, and corn samples were analyzed for Hg, Pb, Cd, Cr, As, Cu, and Zn content. The contamination risks of toxic elements in soils were assessed using the single pollution index and risk assessment code method. The human health risks from toxic elements through wheat and corn consumption were evaluated using transfer factor (TF) and hazard quotient (HQ). The results indicated severe Hg, Pb, Cd, Cu, and Zn accumulation in the mining-affected soils. The TF revealed a relatively easier transformation of Cd, Zn, and Cu from soil to crops, and the HQ showed a high risk of Pb intake from wheat and corn. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Increasing urbanization and affluence have led to changes in food consumption patterns. The application of nitrogen (N) fertilizers ensures food security but also leads to environmental pollution due to N losses, through processes such as acidification, eutrophication, and greenhouse gas emissions. To clarify whether changes in food consumption patterns could increase N losses and to explore sustainable food system pathways, this study integrated the Chinese Food System Dashboard and the Nutrient Flows in Food Chains, Environment and Resources Use model to quantify and compare the link between food consumption and N losses in different agricultural regions using a case study of Bayannur City in the Yellow River Basin from 2000 to 2016. During the study period, Bayannur's food consumption pattern changed from a "high carbohydrate and pork pattern" to a "high fiber and herbivore pattern", which represents a shift from low to high N consumption. The per-capita food consumption decreased by 11.55% from 425.41 kg cap−1, whereas the per-capita N losses increased by 12.42% from 35.60 kg N cap−1. The average share of the plant-oriented and animal-oriented food supply in these losses was 53.39% and 46.61%, respectively. There were differences in the food consumption patterns and N losses in Bayannur's farming, farming–pastoral, and pastoral regions. The changes in N losses were most significant in the pastoral region. The N losses to the environment increased sharply by 112.33% from 22.75 g N cap−1 over the past 16 years. The low level of economic development in Bayannur resulted in a shift in the food consumption pattern to a high N consumption. Four measures to protect food security and reduce the food N cost were proposed: (1) increasing the wheat planting area and maintaining the existing corn one; (2) expanding the scale of high-quality alfalfa planting; (3) enhancing the area of oat grass and wheat replanting; and (4) using modern planting technology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Soil moisture (SM) is a key variable of the regional hydrological cycle and has important applications for water resource and agricultural drought management. Various global soil moisture products have been mostly retrieved from microwave remote sensing data. However, currently there is rarely spatially explicit and time-continuous soil moisture information with a high resolution at the national scale. In this study, we generated a 1 km soil moisture dataset for dryland wheat and maize in China (ChinaCropSM1 km) over 1993–2018 through a random forest (RF) algorithm based on numerous in situ daily observations of soil moisture. We independently used in situ observations (181 327 samples) from the agricultural meteorological stations (AMSs) across China for training (164 202 samples) and others for testing (17 125 samples). An irrigation module was first developed according to crop type (i.e., wheat, maize), soil depth (0–10, 10–20 cm) and phenology. We produced four daily datasets separately by crop type and soil depth, and their accuracies were all satisfactory (wheat r 0.93, ubRMSE 0.033 m 3 m -3 ; maize r 0.93, ubRMSE 0.035 m 3 m -3). The spatiotemporal resolutions and accuracy of ChinaCropSM1 km were significantly better than those of global soil moisture products (e.g., r increased by 116 %, ubRMSE decreased by 64 %), including the global remote-sensing-based surface soil moisture dataset (RSSSM) and the European Space Agency (ESA) Climate Change Initiative (CCI) SM. The approach developed in our study could be applied to other regions and crops in the world, and our improved datasets are very valuable for many studies and field management, such as agricultural drought monitoring and crop yield forecasting. The data are published in Zenodo at https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6834530 (wheat 0–10) (Cheng et al., 2022a), https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6822591 (wheat 10–20) (Cheng et al., 2022b), https://doi/org/10.5281/zenodo.6822581 (maize 0–10) (Cheng et al., 2022c) and https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6820166 (maize 10–20) (Cheng et al., 2022d). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Spring wheat–summer maize (SWSM) annual crop systems were formed to satisfy the maize grain mechanized harvest thermal requirement in the thermal–resource–limited region of the North China Plain. However, the nitrogen (N) application rate effect on SWSM annual yield formation, N accumulation and utilization were barely evaluated. Two–year field experiments were conducted to evaluate the effects of the N application rate on the annual yield of SWSM, observe N accumulation and utilization, and identify the optimized N application. The experiments were conducted under 5 N levels of 0 (N0), 180 (N180), 240 (N240), 300 (N300), and 360 (N360) kg ha−1. The results showed that spring wheat, summer maize and annual cereal yield under the N240 and N480 treatments obtained the highest grain yield (GY) of 5038, 1282 and 16,320 kg ha−1, respectively, and the optimal N application rate was estimated using a linear–plateau model to be 231–307, 222–337 and 463–571 kg ha−1 with maximum GY of 4654–5317, 11,727–12,003 and 16,349–16,658 kg ha−1, respectively. With the increase in the N application rate, the dry matter accumulation (DM) were significantly increased by 16.9–173.5% for spring wheat and 11.1≈–76.8% for summer maize, respectively; and the annual cereal DM was 15.1–179.7% greater than that with N0 treatment, respectively. Spring wheat, summer maize and the annual cereal total N accumulation (TN) under N360 and N720 treatments were significantly increased by 5.4–19.1%, 16.6–32.3% and 11.5–26.2%, respectively, compared to the other treatments; however, N use efficiency for biomass and grain production (NUEbms and NUEg) were decreased significantly by 10.9–13.6% and 8.9–20.7%, 6.8–13.8% and 12.2–15.6%, and 5.5–11.7% and 10.0–16.0%, respectively. Meanwhile, the N partial factor productivity (PFPN), N agronomy use efficiency (ANUE), N recovery efficiency (NRE) and N uptake efficiency (NEupk) under the N240 treatment for spring wheat and summer maize obtained high levels of 20.99 and 47.01 kg−1, 9.27 and 16.35 kg−1, 32.53% and 32.44%, and 0.85 and 0.72 kg−1, respectively. Correlation analysis showed that the N application rate, TN and NEupk played significantly positive roles on GY, spring wheat spilke grain number, summer maize ear grain number and 1000–grain weight, DM LAImax and SPADmax, while NUEbms, NUEg, PFPN and ANUE always played negative effects. These results demonstrate that spring wheat, summer maize and annual cereal obtained the highest GY being 4654–5317, 11,727–12,003 and 16,349–16,658 kg ha−1 with the optimal N application rate 231–307, 222–337 and 463–571 kg ha−1, respectively, which provide N application guidance to farmer for spring wheat–summer maize crop systems to achieve annual mechanical harvesting in the thermal–resource–limited region of the North China Plain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Because of the effect of nitrogen (N) fertilization on soil-derived N uptake, N difference (FNRDiff) and 15 N tracer (FNR15N) methods may give significantly different estimates of the fertilizer N recovery (FNR) in crops. To better understand quantitative differences in FNR (∆FNR) between the two methods, we evaluated the effect of fertilizer N input rates on ∆FNR and soil-derived N uptake by considering data from field 15 N tracer experiments of cereal crops across China, including N-unfertilized treatments. The FNRDiff was significantly higher than the corresponding FNR15N in wheat (38% vs. 36%), maize (38% vs. 31%), and rice (40% vs. 31%) under fertilizer applications of 40–500 kg N ha−1. Except in wheat at 250–500 kg N ha−1, FNRDiff was higher than FNR15N at various N input rates in the three crops, and ∆FNR decreased with increasing rates of applied N. The ∆FNR apparently occurred because added-N interaction (ANI) increased soil-derived N uptake (by 5% for wheat, 11% for maize, and 24% for rice). For wheat in particular, ANI values decreased significantly as N input rates increased, with a switch from positive to negative above 252 kg N ha−1. This result suggests that the decrease in soil-derived N uptake is mainly caused by the negative rhizosphere N priming and the law of diminishing returns (current-season non-fertilizer N input or previous-season residual fertilizer N) under high N input, but not by the N pool substitution. Finally, we propose a new method for accurately distinguishing direct and indirect pathway contributions to ∆FNR. This study helps to improve understanding of the underlying mechanisms of discrepancies between the N difference method and the 15 N tracer method for estimating the fertilizer N recovery in crops. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Straw mulching farming is currently an effective dry farming technique for improving arid soil environments. Straw mulching technology can increase the infiltration capacity of soil water and improve crop yield and water use efficiency. In this study, the aim is to improve the soil water holding capacity, water retaining capacity, and comprehensive water use efficiency of crops in dry farmland. First, the response surface model is used to study and analyse the optimal parameters of straw returning and its mulching technology, and then, the crop yield, water consumption, and comprehensive water use efficiency of spring corn under different mulching conditions during 2017-2019 are studied. The test results show that the optimized parameters obtained by the response surface model are as follows: film thickness is 0.03 mm, straw returning amount is 4500 kg/hm2, straw particle size is 5 mm, and straw returning depth is 25 mm. At this time, the maximum soil water storage can reach 404.50 mm. The results of the straw mulching test show that under 4500 kg/hm2 mulching, the soil has more water storage, higher soil water content, and a simultaneous increase in water consumption, which is conducive to the efficient use of limited precipitation by crops. The field experiment for three years shows that 4500 kg/hm2 straw (wheat) mulching in the dry farming area of southern Ningxia can better store water and protect soil moisture, promote the virtuous cycle of farmland soil water, and show outstanding performance in improving corn yield and water use efficiency, which can be popularized and implemented in spring corn production in this area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rice seedling blight is a globally occurring seedling disease caused by multiple pathogens. It is currently the most common disease affecting rice production in northeast China; hence, determining the causal agents, including its biological characteristics, host range, and fungicide efficacy is vital for its effective management. The present study obtained 45 pathogenic isolates from diseased rice seedlings in Suihua, Heilongjiang Province, China. Of these, five pathogens were identified based on their morphology and molecular identification, while 10 oomycete isolates were identified as Pythium aristosporum—the first to be reported in rice seedling blight. Its optimum growth conditions include a temperature of 25 °C, pH 6, and photoperiod of 24 h. Except for soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.), black soybean (Glycine max var.), and cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.), P. aristosporum can potentially infect and cause seedling blight on other hosts, such as wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), maize (Zea mays L.), sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench), alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.), oats (Avena sativa L.), and white clover (Trifolium repens L.). Its isolates were found to be highly sensitive to metalaxyl + propamocarb (EC50 = 0.0138 μg/mL) with 84.1% efficacy at 313 μg/mL. These results can serve as the basis for controlling P. aristosporum. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Field cultivation practices have changing the carbon and nitrogen cycles in farmland ecosystem, soil organic carbon (SOC) and total nitrogen (TN) were the important pa- rameters in maintaining soil quality and increasing agricultural productivity, however, N application's effects on the SOC and TN storage capacity under intensive wheat- maize cropping system remain unclear. Therefore, we investigated the characteristics and relationships of SOC and TN for wheat-maize cropping system under nitrogen treatments. In doing so, continuous applications of four nitrogen application rates were examined: 0, 180, 240 and 300 kg ha-1 (N0, N180, N240 and N300, respectively). Wheat yields under N180 and N240 were significantly higher than that under N300, while the maize yields under N180, N240 and N300 were significantly higher than that under N0 by 79.79, 85.23 and 86.85%, respectively; the TN content and storage were significantly higher under N240 than that under other N levels in 40-60 cm soil layer after wheat growing season; the SOC content and storage under N180 and N240 were significant higher than that under N300 in 20-40 cm after maize growing season. The correlations between SOC and TN contents (or storage) were stronger after wheat planting than maize planting. These findings provide a basis for further studies on the effect of long-term N application on SOC and TN storage, crop quality and nitrogen use efficiency under wheat-maize cropping systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To determine the effects of air pollution on crop yields, weather, air pollution, and maize and winter wheat yield data from 331 cities in China from 2014 to 2016 were collected and analysed. Furthermore, support vector regression and the crop growth model were applied to extrapolate the air pollution data of Beijing and Hetian and verify the relationship between air pollution and yield. Precisely, heavy air pollution usually occurred in North China, but less than moderate air pollution levels affected crop yields statistically insignificantly. Moreover, both the winter wheat and maize yields increased in moderate air pollution periods but decreased in heavy air pollution periods in 2014, 2015 and 2016. Importantly, a threshold value was necessary for the heavy air pollution periods to trigger a yield decrease. The threshold values of maize in 2015 and 2016 were 7 days and 5 days, respectively, while that of winter wheat was 10 days in both 2015 and 2016. Once the heavy air pollution periods exceeded the threshold value, both the winter wheat and maize yields decreased linearly with the periods. PM2.5 was the main air pollutant in Beijing in 2014, while PM2.5 and PM10 were the main air pollutants in Hetian in both 2015 and 2016. Regardless of whether the main air pollutant was PM2.5 or PM10, the simulated potential winter wheat yields by the crop growth model with moderate air pollution for the whole growth period were all higher than the yields under observed and heavy air pollution conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Agricultural system models provide an effective tool for forecasting crop productivity and nutrient budgets under future climate change. This study investigates the potential impacts of climate change on crop failure, grain yield and soil organic carbon (SOC) for both winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and maize (Zea mays L.) in northern China, using the SPACSYS model. The model was calibrated and validated with datasets from 20-year long-term experiments (1985–2004) for the Loess plateau, and then used to forecast production (2020–2049) under six sharing social-economic pathway climate scenarios for both wheat and maize crops with irrigation. Results suggested that warmer climatic scenarios might be favourable for reducing the crop failure rate and increasing the grain yield for winter wheat, while the same climatic scenarios were unfavourable for maize production in the region. Furthermore, future SOC stocks in the topsoil layer (0–30 cm) could increase but in the subsoil layer (30–100 cm) could decrease, regardless of the chosen crop. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The fluctuation characteristics of the correlations between China and the US agricultural futures markets have attracted extensive attention from academic circles and government departments. As the main factor that affects the agricultural futures price, the impact of international crude oil futures price on the correlations of the Sino-US agricultural futures markets is also worth discussing. Therefore, this paper adopts the multifractal detrended cross-correlation analysis (MF-X-DFA) and multifractal detrended partial cross-correlation analysis (MF-DPXA) to explore the fluctuation characteristics of cross-correlations for China and the US agricultural futures markets before and after removing the West Texas Intermediate (WTI) crude oil futures price as well as the impact on the cross-correlations. The results show that the fluctuation characteristics of the cross-correlations and partial cross-correlations between the corresponding varieties of China and the US agricultural futures markets as well as among the varieties within the markets are multifractal. The cross-correlation behaviors and the cross-market risks are all affected to varying degrees by the West Texas Intermediate (WTI) crude oil futures. The West Texas Intermediate (WTI) crude oil futures weaken the cross-market risk of the Sino-US soybean futures, while strengthening the cross-market risk of the Sino-US corn and wheat futures. In addition, the impact of the West Texas Intermediate (WTI) crude oil futures on the cross-market risks among China agricultural futures is greater than those among the US corresponding agricultural futures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Knowledge about the changes in soil organic carbon (SOC) stocks and grain yields under different field management practices is necessary for achieving agricultural sustainability. An 8‐yr experiment for testing different tillage and straw management practices was conducted in a wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)–maize (Zea mays L.) rotation system in the southern Loess Plateau of China. Three tillage methods (control with no‐tillage and straw removal [CK], no‐tillage with straw stubbles 30–40 cm in height [NT], and rotary tillage with straw incorporation [RT]) were applied before maize planting, and two straw treatments (straw return [SR] and no straw return [SR0]) were applied after maize harvest. Over the 8 yr, SOC stocks exhibited similar dynamic changing trends in all treatments but were higher under NT, RT, and SR than under CK‐SR0. Compared with the initial soil, SOC stock increased the most (34.1%) in NT‐SR. Compared with the CK‐SR0, the NT‐SR, RT‐SR, CK‐SR, NT‐SR0, and RT‐SR0 increased wheat grain yields by 47.2, 36.8, 24.9, 25.1, and 20.0%, respectively. Similar trends were found for maize grain yields. The NT, RT, and SR increased crop yield stability with the highest sustainable yield index in NT‐SR for both wheat (.67) and maize (.70). Overall, the combination of no‐tillage with wheat straw stubbles 30–40 cm in height and maize straw return was the best strategy for improving SOC stocks, grain yields, and agricultural sustainability for grain production in dry, sub‐humid areas of northwestern China. Core Ideas: No‐tillage (NT) and rotary tillage (RT) increased SOC stocks compared with control.NT, RT, and straw return (SR) increased crop yield stability.NT‐SR is an optimal strategy for improving agricultural sustainability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Evaluating the contribution of diverse nitrogen (N) sources in agricultural systems is pivotal for optimizing sustainable farming practices. While knowledge exists about the roles of various N sources, there's limited comprehensive data on the relative contributions of manure compost, fertilizer, and root residues to subsequent plant uptake. A comprehensive field study was conducted in Shandong Province, China, utilizing 15N labeling techniques to clarify these contributions. Four treatments were established, each incorporating four exogenous nitrogen sources (manure compost + urea + maize root + residual urea) applied concurrently at wheat seeding, with only one source being 15N labeled per treatment. Additional two treatments served as controls, one without 15N labelling and another without manure compost. During a wheat growing season, the N contribution from each individual source to subsequent wheat growth was quantified. Manure contributed 10% of the wheat seed N, while urea contributed 18% and maize root contributed 0.3%. Nitrogen recovery in distinct components of the wheat plant (seeds, straw, and roots) was assessed, revealing urea's superior use efficiency within the total wheat biomass at 55%. In contrast, both manure compost and maize root showed a recovery rate of 29%. Although this study spans only one-year, it offers fresh perspectives on the differential contribution and use efficiency of key N sources under field conditions, emphasizing their role in bolstering crop health and productivity for sustainable agriculture. [Display omitted] • Manure contributes 10% of N in wheat seeds, more than maize root (0.3%), but less than urea (18%). • Soil and other contributes 72% of the seed N, 71% of the straw N, and 65% of the root N. • N use efficiency in wheat biomass is comparable for manure and maize root (29%). • Urea shows superior N use efficiency in wheat total biomass at 55%. • Grains per spike, not spike number or grain weight, influence yield differences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

How to plan crop planting under global warming is a key issue in the context of an emerging global food crisis. Although previous studies have utilized crop potential distribution for crop planting strategies, they overlooked the high and stable crop-yielding areas within the potential distribution zone, which hinders the optimal utilization of these areas. Taking China as a case, this study proposed a high and stable yield index based on crop potential yield using a hybrid model at site scale (i.e., establishing the relationship between the observed crop yield and the outputs of process-based LPJ-GUESS model as well as climate variables using the random forest method) and assessed planting suitability of China's main grain crops (i.e., maize, wheat, and rice) under future climate change using the index. According to the results, (1) the determination coefficients between observed and modeled yield in the hybrid models were 0.71, 0.49, and 0.66 for maize, wheat, and rice, respectively, suggesting that the hybrid model had an acceptable performance. Moreover, the hybrid models had much better performance than the LPJ-GUESS model in crop yield simulation at site scale. (2) Compared with the 2001–2020, future average potential yield of three crops in the actual cultivated land would decline in 2081–2100, where the declined areas for maize, wheat, and rice would account for 83.8–89.2 %, 68.2–70.2 %, and 74.2–80.9 % of cultivated land, respectively. (3) High yield and stable yield areas of each crop do not overlap completely spatially, indicating that establishment of the high and stable yield index for crop planting suitability measurement is necessary. Compared with the 2001–2020, the optimal suitability areas of each crop will decrease under future climate change, implying that future climate change will reduce and shift the high and stable yield area of each crop. (4) Spatial overlay between the actual distribution and the optimal suitability area of each crop demonstrates that the optimal suitability area of each crop has not and will not be occupied completely by actual crop planting, suggesting a large available area for the adjustment of future crop planting area. This work could facilitate spatial optimization of crop planting to adapt to future climate change in China. • A hybrid model was developed to estimate crop yield. • An index of high and stable yield for crop was established for crop planting. • Future climate will reduce potential yield and planting suitability of crops. • Optimal suitability area has not been completely occupied by actual crop planting. • Large space was detected for adjusting and newly developing crop planting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nitrogen (N) is the key nutrient for crop growth in most agricultural systems, but excessive N fertilizer applications have led to very large ammonia (NH 3) and greenhouse gas (GHG), especially nitrous oxide (N 2 O), emissions, resulting in severe air pollution and making a major contribution to global warming. To clarify the effects of improved N management on NH 3 and N 2 O emissions and crop production, a 2-year field experiment was carried out in a maize-wheat rotation in the North China Plain (NCP), testing four optimized N management practices including reducing the fertilizer (urea) N rate and using N 'synergists' with the fertilizer. NH 3 emissions were significantly reduced only by the urease inhibitor (UI) LIMUS®, with an average reduction of 66.9 % relative to emissions from the untreated urea. At the same N rate, N 2 O emissions were reduced by 30.8–76.7 % by all the synergists (UI, a nitrification inhibitor DMPP (NI) and urea with a bacterial agent (UB)), and crop yields were improved by 14.4 % and 15.2 % under the UI and UB treatments, respectively. An 15N tracer experiment showed that using N synergists decreased the total N loss by 10.9–58.7 %, and significantly increased the recovery efficiency of N (RE N) by 16.9–44.8 % over the whole rotation. Reducing the N rate reduced the GWP and yield-scaled GWP (GHGI) by 10.6 % and 8.4 %, respectively. Using the N synergists, GHGI was significantly decreased by 19.2–26.7 % (P < 0.05), while GWP was reduced by 13.2–18.1 % only by the application of DMPP or LIMUS®. Overall, the study showed that reducing N 2 O and NH 3 emissions is important for increasing N utilization and mitigating global warming. Reducing N rate and using synergists can address the joint problems of environmental pollution and agricultural efficiency. In particular, the application of the optimal amount of urea (33% reduction over rates typically applied by farmers) amended with the urease inhibitor LIMUS® to maize-wheat rotations in the NCP proved to be the most effective method for the 'green' and sustainable development of agriculture and the mitigation of global warming in that region of China. • Optimizing N rate decreased environmental impact while maintaining crop yield. • Cropland NH 3 emissions were halved by incorporating a urease inhibitor. • A nitrification inhibitor reduced cropland N 2 O emissions. • Both inhibitors increased the recovery efficiency of fertilizer N by 16.9–44.8 %. • Optimizing fertilizer N rate plus appropriate inhibitor mitigated GWP and GHGI. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Trichothecenes are mycotoxins generated by Fusarium species that are toxic to humans and animals and frequently contaminate cereals. Herein, we present an UHPLC-Q-Orbitrap-HRMS method using one-step pretreatment for simultaneous detection of 16 type A and B trichothecenes in maize and wheat. A calibration strategy based on natural isotopic distribution was adopted and validated to replace traditional time-consuming and laborious multipoint external calibration curves. Various conditions influencing the method were studied. The recoveries of spiked analytes at three different concentrations ranged from 74.2% to 105.3% and the inter-day relative standard deviations were 0.5–15.6%. The limits of quantitation were 4.4–108.8 μg/kg. Moreover, the current methodology was applied to the evaluation of type A and B trichothecenes present in samples from major wheat production areas in China. This study provides a facile methodology for type A and B trichothecenes analysis and presents promising applications for exposure risk assessment of trichothecenes in cereals. [Display omitted] • An UHPLC-Q-Orbitrap-HRMS method was developed for 16 type A and B trichothecenes and their modified mycotoxins. • One-step pretreatment method coupled with a novel isotopic multipoint calibration method was adapted. • The new method was applied to systematically evaluate the type A and B trichothecenes in wheat in China. • DON-3G exhibited a significant linear correlation with DON in wheat. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Soil CO 2 emissions respond differently to different tillage practices. However, limited information is available regarding the impact of conventional tillage (CT) and no-tillage (NT) on soil CO 2 emissions and the primary controlling factors or processes. The goal of this study is to derive the relationship of soil CO 2 emissions with soil physicochemical properties from differently tilled soils in a typical winter wheat summer maize rotation system. We hypothesized that soil tillage practices would impact the soil carbon cycle by modifying soil physical and chemical properties, which would in turn affect the soil CO 2 emissions. The study was conducted from 2018 to 2022 with two tillage practices using a randomized complete block design with three replicates. A leading international real-time monitoring system in situ was used to collect soil CO 2 emission data. Cumulative soil CO 2 emissions were reduced by 28.7% in maize and increased by 9.0% in wheat under NT as compared to CT. On an annual scale, the cumulative CO 2 emissions were decreased by 20.5% in NT as compared to CT. Maize season accounted for 70% 78% of soil CO 2 emissions. NT improved the aboveground biomass by 7.74% and 6.44%, and grain yields by 10.2% and 4.49% for maize and wheat, respectively. The soil CO 2 emission intensity of maize was reduced by 35.9% under NT as compared to CT. No significant differences were discovered under the two tillage practices for soil CO 2 emission intensity of wheat. For maize, NT increased the bulk density, subsequently decreasing soil temperature and increasing soil moisture. NT also led to higher soil organic carbon and total nitrogen content, ultimately resulting in a significant reduction in soil CO 2 emissions. For wheat, NT increased soil bulk density, further increasing soil moisture and lowering soil pH. NT thus resulted in lower soil organic carbon and total nitrogen content, ultimately leading to enhanced soil CO 2 emissions. Some of these observations might not be consistent with theoretical predictions, which indicated that the unconsidered factors of actual field conditions might have much significant effects. Overall, NT can be extensively used as an eco-friendly cropland tillage practice based on its positive effects of reducing CO 2 emissions and increasing crop yields. [Display omitted] • CO 2 emission variations by tillage were evaluated by the structural equation model. • No-tillage (NT) decreased CO 2 emissions by 28.7% in maize and increased by 8.99% in wheat. • Annual CO 2 emissions were decreased by 20.5% under NT than conventional tillage (CT). • Maize season accounted for 70% 78% of soil CO 2 emissions. • CO 2 emission intensity of maize was reduced by 35.9% under NT compared with CT. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tillage practice can change soil properties, regulate crop root development and nutrient availability, thus affecting crop growth and yield. However, the effect of no tillage (NT) and deep tillage (DT) on crop yield relative to conventional tillage (CT) under varied environmental and management conditions is unclear in China. We assessed the yield response of wheat and maize to NT and DT relative to CT based on collected field data (518 observations) with a meta-analysis. In general, NT led to negative yield response of both crops relative to CT, whereas maize presented a positive yield response (6.0 %) to NT in sandy soil, and crop yield responses to NT were not significantly different among environmental and management factors. DT significantly increased the yield of wheat (8.7 %) and maize (8.2 %) over CT. For wheat, the yield response to DT was similar across soil textures, climate conditions, experiment durations, N fertilizer rates, and residue managements; however, the interval DT every 2–3 years (13.2 %) and monoculture (13.9 %) increased yield response than the continuous DT (8.4 %) and double cropping system (8.9 %), respectively. The yield response of maize to DT was greater in semidry region (16.1 %) and under high N fertilizer rate (>300 kg N ha−1) (16.1 %), interval DT (12.4 %) compared with those in humid (7.5 %) and semi-humid (6.8 %) regions, low N fertilizer rates (<300 kg N ha−1) (6.9 %−7.5 %), and continuous DT (7.8 %), respectively; but other environmental and management factors did not affect its yield response. Overall, NT presented similar yield of wheat and maize to CT, while DT significantly enhanced their yields; this analysis revealed the crucial environmental and management factors influencing yield response to tillage practices in China, we also gave some suggestions on selecting appropriate tillage methods to realize high crop yield or/and agricultural sustainable development. • NT led to negative yield response of wheat and maize relative to CT. • DT significantly enhanced wheat and maize yields over CT. • Interval DT and monoculture presented better effects on crop yield response to DT. • Environmental and management factors should be considered to enhance yield using DT. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The green development of agriculture, the rational use of pesticides, and soil health are closely related. However, our understanding of them is still limited. Pyraclostrobin (PYRA) is one of the most popular strobilurin fungicides due to its broad-spectrum control of fungal diseases. However, PYRA has been shown to have negative effects on bacterial communities and soil enzyme activities under laboratory conditions. The effects of PYRA on soil microbes (mainly bacteria) in actual field environments still need to be addressed. In the present study, after applying PYRA in a wheat/maize rotation field for 2 years, we determined the level of residual PYRA and assessed the soil bacterial community structure, soil enzyme activity, and ammonia-oxidizing functional gene expression. The results show that the DT 50 of PYRA in agricultural soil was 2.16–38.93 days. The final residual levels of PYRA in wheat/maize grain were less than 0.01 mg kg−1, which is lower than the maximum residue limit (MRL) recommended (0.2 mg kg−1) by China and the European Union. The culturable fungi and bacteria populations were significantly reduced after applying PYRA. The genera's abundance (Sphingomonas and Lysobacter) and urease activity associated with phosphorus cycle were inhibited. The amoA genes abundance of ammonia-oxidizing archaea (AOA) and ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (AOB) showed that the N-cycle function of soil microbes was inhibited. Overall, applying PYRA for 2 years did not increase the negative response of soil microbes. However, in some indicators, such as culturable microorganism populations, more significant reductions in populations were observed in the double recommended dose group than in the recommended dose group. The results obtained in this study reflect the response of soil microbes subjected to pyraclostrobin in an actual field and provide new insights into how agricultural development influences soil health. [Display omitted] • Pyraclostrobin formulation was applied to a wheat/maize rotation field for 2 years. • Soil functions sustaining microbial life and cycling nutrients were negatively affected. • Negative effects of pyraclostrobin on soil fungi and bacteria were observed. • The genus abundance and urease activity associated with P cycle were inhibited. • Expression of functional genes associated with N cycle was downregulated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Managing reactive nitrogen (Nr) in agricultural production is crucial for addressing the triple challenges of food security, climate change and environmental degradation. Intensive work has been conducted to investigate the effects of mitigation strategies on reducing Nr losses by ammonia emission (Nr-NH 3), nitrous oxide emission (Nr-N 2 O) and nitrate leaching (Nr-NO 3 -) separately. This meta-analysis evaluated the efficiency of each strategy in mitigating Nr losses coupled with grain yield responses. The results indicate that producing one Megagram (Mg) of wheat grains caused higher Nr losses, twice that of rice and 17% that of maize. The Nr-NH 3 and Nr-NO 3 - were the dominant sources of Nr losses of the three crops (96%), while Nr-NH 3 only presented 86% of the total Nr losses for rice. Reducing the N rate strategy decreased the yield by 33% and the Nr losses by 62% compared with the conventional rate (150–250 kg N ha−1) as an average of the three crops. In contrast, increasing the N rate higher than 250 kg N ha−1 amplified the yield by 15% but also caused a 71% increase in Nr losses compared with the conventional rate. Although subsurface application decreased Nr losses by 5%, this study rejected this approach as an effective strategy due to a 4% yield decline on average of the grain crops. Slow-release fertilizers decreased Nr-NH 3 and Nr-N 2 O losses by 41–58% and 54–89%, respectively, of the highest losses under urea in the three crops, but also led to yield reductions. Organic amendments achieved the highest drop in Nr-NO 3 - loss by 66% in maize coupled with yield declines. Biochar increased wheat and maize yields by 0.3 and 0.1 Mg, respectively, coupled with 1 kg reduction in Nr losses. On average, inhibitors augmented the grain yields by 0.2 Mg ha−1 for each 1 kg decline in Nr losses. In conclusion, for sustainable agricultural intensification, biochar (for wheat only) and inhibitors (for the three crops) are strongly recommended as mitigation strategies for Nr losses from grain crop production systems in China. • Changes in grain yields with reactive nitrogen losses in China were assessed. • Wheat reactive nitrogen losses were twice higher than rice and 17% than maize. • Ammonia emission and nitrate leaching were the dominant loss sources by 96%. • Biochar reduced wheat reactive nitrogen losses, while increase grain yield. • Inhibitors reduced losses in the three crops coupled with yield increases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Even though China has increased grain output in the past decade and greatly contributed to reducing global hunger, the country is still confronted with intense food security pressure due to its huge population base and severe loss of farmland. It has become increasingly important to fully exploit yield gaps (the difference between potential and actual yields) of all staple grains and to identify priority areas in order to achieve the UN sustainable development goal of zero hunger by 2030. The objective of this study was to calculate the production and yield gaps for rice (Oryza sativa L.), wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), and corn (Zea mays L.) across 31 provinces of mainland China, and then to propose sustainable ways to exploit the production and yield gaps in relation to the availability of natural resources and the ecological conditions of the various regions. The yield potential was estimated by assuming that certificated cultivars were adopted in each agricultural ecological zone (AEZ) and that state-of-the-art technologies and best management practices were used. The results suggested that the gross potential productivity of the three staple grains of mainland China in 2016 was 8.86 × 108 tons, with a production gap of 2.99 × 108 tons. Corn exhibited the greatest yield gap. The highest potential productivity was observed in the Northeast Plain and the Huang-Huai-Hai/North China Plain, accounting for 26.35% and 35.91% of the country's total potential productivity, respectively. The greatest yield gaps were also found in these two plains. To narrow yield gaps, farmland infrastructure, especially irrigation facilities, should be improved, and field management should be strengthened for the provinces with the greatest gaps. However, in view of natural resource constraints (e.g., water shortages in Northern China), water-saving measures and techniques have been encouraged throughout mainland China and the planting of high water-consuming crops such as rice has been discouraged and should be reduced and replaced by other crops in the North China Plain and Northwest China. Using presently available cultivars and field management technologies, China still has great potential to increase grain production and improve food security by closing exploitable yield gaps through the use of suitable production methods based on existing natural resource capacity and ecological status. • To assess achievable potential productivity at present technology using a combined method of AEZ and certificated cultivars. • To analyze the space for the increase of food production, which provide decision basis for closing the yield gaps. • To put forward sustainable approaches to close yield gaps by considering natural resource and environmental restraints. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The increases in crop yield in China are linked to massive increases in fertilizer and water input, which have also accelerated the degradation of soil and environmental pollution. Nevertheless, the long-term changes in crop yield and water use efficiency (WUE) of three major cereals (maize, wheat and rice) in response to field management practices are rarely reported. This meta-analysis evaluated the effect of field management (nitrogen input (N), irrigation, fertilizer type, fertilization frequency, and irrigation method) on crop yield and WUE between 1990 and 2020 based on 3152 observations. We found that the N thresholds for maize, wheat, and rice were 150–200 kg ha−1, 140–210 kg ha−1, and 90–135 kg ha−1, respectively. N fertilization within the threshold levels increased the crop yield and WUE of maize (84% and 74%), wheat (47% and 41%), and rice (55% and 30%). The irrigation (mm) thresholds for maize and wheat were 180–240 mm and 300–400 mm and crop yield and WUE were increased by 37% and 13% for maize and by 84% and 41% for wheat. Agricultural management increased yield and WUE (% and %) through drip irrigation (23 and 13 maize; 31 and 14 wheat), alternate wetting and drying (AWD) (26 and 30 rice), split fertilization (31 and 21 maize; 64 and 40 wheat; 33 and 25 rice) and organic–inorganic fertilizer (43 and 39 maize; 68 and 66 wheat; 38 and 34 rice). With the increase in HI (humidity index) from 10 to 30, the contribution of irrigation to WUE decreased, but that of fertilization increased. This study concludes that N fertilizer and irrigation applications between threshold levels along with suitable field management is a win–win strategy to achieve climate-smart agricultural production with minimum damages to soil and environment and at lower dependence on fertilizer and irrigation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Excessive use of water resources is threatening agriculture, other business and populations in China, India and USA, and crop production is expected to play a critical role in the sustainable use of water. In China, plastic mulching is widely employed in crop production, but its impact on agricultural water footprint has not been properly described. A meta-analysis was performed to examine how plastic mulching influences volumetric water availability (VWA), global stress-weighted water footprint per unit of output energy (WFo), and per unit of net economic return in crop production (WFe). Data extracted from 394 published studies in maize (Zea mays L.), wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), and potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) were used in the meta-analysis on crop production at the regional scale and across a range of N fertilization gradients in China. Plastic mulching reduced VWA by 15.3%, 14.1%, and 16.3% in maize, wheat, and potato, respectively, when compared to non-mulching practice, with corresponding reductions of WFo by 33.3%, 28.1%, and 32.1% and of WFe by 14.8%, 31.1%, and 31.0% in maize, wheat, and potato, respectively. Water footprint for crop production increased first and then decreased over the past four decades in China, and was greater in northwest and north central regions of China than in other regions. Under moderate and high N fertilization (>100 kg N ha−1) in dry regions, plastic mulching increased the impact on VWA, thereby reducing WFo and WFe. Water footprint for the production in potato and maize was lower than that in wheat. The meta-analysis demonstrated that plastic mulching practices reduced water footprint while lowering VWA. Therefore, plastic mulching has potential for saving water resource when appropriate growing region and N fertilizer applications are considered. • Plastic mulching (PM) significantly reduced crop's water footprint. • Under moderate and high N input, PM had greater effect on water footprint. • PM was more effective in reducing water footprint in relatively drought environments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Various cropping patterns are extensively used on the North China Plain, which greatly alter various soil properties. Although these soil properties respond differently to the different cropping patterns, little is known about the possible effects of cropping patterns on desalinized soils. To assess the effects of the different cropping patterns on soil properties and enzyme activities, a long-term field experiment was conducted at the Nanpi Agro-Ecological Station in Hebei Province, China. The cropping patterns under study were the single-cropping patterns of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), spring maize (Zea mays), and spring cotton (Gossypium hirsutum), and the double-cropping pattern of winter wheat–summer maize (WW–SM), which is the predominant cropping pattern on the North China Plain. Soil samples were collected at a depth of 0–100 cm, depending on the soil properties. Our results indicated that soil available phosphorous (P) and available potassium (K) concentrations at 0–20 cm were greater than those of the subsurfaces. Soil organic matter declined with depth, and WW–SM had the highest amount in the deep levels. The WW–SM cropping pattern also generally showed greater levels of enzyme activities than did the single-cropping patterns, proving that diverse crops can enhance enzyme activities. Soil pH generally increased with depth despite there being no significant differences between the cropping patterns. No significant effects were observed on soil electrical conductivity (EC). However, EC generally increased with depth in spring cotton and winter wheat and declined in spring maize and WW–SM. Winter wheat had a significant aggregate size (<0.053 mm) at 20–40 cm depth and generally showed the lowest amount of nutrients. This study suggests that a fallow period allows the soil to regenerate its structure, whereas WW–SM enhances high soil organic matter in the deep soil layers and promotes increased soil enzyme activities. This indicates that crop rotation could sustainably exploit soil resources without reducing fertility over a long period. There is a need to incorporate different soil management practices for single-cropping patterns to increase their productivity, especially in spring maize, whose organic matter declined the most. Our results also show a need to diversify to different crop rotations to utilize their benefits and enhance soil productivity while increasing crop output. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Image analysis of the Yellow River beach area since 1987 provided land use and water body patterns to support effective agricultural and environmental management. Landsat and Sentinel-2A/B images, and data from the Third National Land Survey, were used to examine the water body and land use patterns. The continuous beach land since 1987 was calculated from annual vegetation and water body indexes while that of cultivated land was extracted from the Third National Land Survey. Object-Oriented Feature Extraction was used to extract staple crops. The results showed that 58.26% of the beach area was cultivated land. Continuous beach land covered an area of 1630.98 km2 and was consisted of scattered patches that were unevenly distributed between the north and south banks of the Yellow River. The staple crop types in the beach area, winter wheat and summer corn accounted for 72.37% and 68.03% of the total cultivated land. Affected by the strategy on the Yellow River basin in China, as the ecological space and protection continue to increase, this study provides basic scientific references for the correct use of cultivated land resources and protection of the balance of soil and water resources dynamic utilization and balance of cultivated land protection and ecological protection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Guanzhong Plain is a critical food production area in the Yellow River Basin that frequently suffers from water shortages. In this study, long-term (June 2013 to June 2018) water and energy fluxes were observed, and path analysis was conducted over an irrigated winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) / summer maize (Zea mays L.) rotation field to identify the controlling factors of evapotranspiration (ET). Total ET for each crop year ranged from 627 to 775 mm, with an average growing season ET of 398 mm for wheat and 310 mm for maize. There is significant seasonal variation in both ET and surface conductance (G s). Daily ET varied from 0.0 to 6.0 mm d–1 for wheat and 0.0 to 6.7 mm d–1 for maize. The peak daily values of G s were 29.5 mm s–1 for wheat and 19.5 mm s–1 for maize. The direct and indirect effects of environmental and biological factors—net radiation (R n), surface conductance (G s), saturation vapor pressure deficit (VPD), leaf area index (LAI), air temperature (T air), and volumetric soil water content (VWC)—on ET were calculated using the path analysis method. R n was determined to be the primary controlling factor of ET for both the summer maize and winter wheat growing seasons. Also, G s was found to be another controlling factor that has more controlling power in the summer maize growing season than in the winter wheat season. VPD had a significant positive and direct effect on ET for both of the crop seasons, while it had a significant negative and indirect effect on ET through G s in the summer maize season. VWC and T air only directly affected the wheat ET. In addition, VWC had two significant paths that can indirectly affect ET through LAI and G s. The revealed seasonal patterns and controlling factors of evapotranspiration in this agroecosystem provide a theoretical basis for optimizing water resources management of the Yellow River. • A 5-year dataset of energy fluxes in winter wheat/summer maize system is presented. • Seasonal variations in evapotranspiration (ET) and energy partitioning are investigated. • Net radiation and surface conductance (G s) control the ET directly. • Vapor pressure deficit have a significant indirect effect on ET through G s. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The sustainability of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) − summer maize (Zea mays L.) rotation (W − M), which is commonly practiced in the North China Plain (NCP), is threatened by severe groundwater deficits and environmental pollution due to excessive nitrogen (N) applications. Considering the need for protein-rich forages by local livestock operations and the environmental benefits of growing perennial legumes, we propose that an alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.)-based system is worth introducing for field practice in the NCP. An integrated evaluation was used in this four-year study to compare the agronomic, economic, and environmental performances of the following four cropping patterns: alfalfa monoculture (AA), alfalfa and silage maize intercropping with or without N input which is designed for local climate condition, maize monoculture with or without N input which is much-discussed as a resources-saving substitution and commonly practiced W − M. W − M obtained the highest aboveground dry matter (DM) productivity (P < 0.05) based on the highest irrigation water and N fertilizer consumption (P < 0.05) which caused considerable soil mineral N (Nmin) accumulation. The production cost of maize monoculture was the lowest as well as the DM yield, nitrogen accumulation and the net revenue compared with other systems (P < 0.05), moreover, there was a great risk of N losses during the offseason period. The alfalfa and silage maize intercropping with a low N input (120 kg ha−1 which is close to local practice for maize season) achieved 26.6%–34.9% more DM yield compared with AA and maize monoculture, and 12.5%–163.9% more N output compared with W − M and maize monoculture during four experimental years with same total economic revenue as W − M and AA did. The N input in alfalfa and silage maize intercropping dramatically improved the system productivity by assisting intercropped maize growth while did not lead to excessive Nmin accumulation within 0–210 soil layer compared with the intercropping system without N addition. The planting of alfalfa would not affect the water storage in the 0–60 soil layer after maize harvesting each year. For the effects of interspecific competition, the production of the intercropped alfalfa and maize was significantly decreased in 2020 and a three-year period of production is recommended for optimal use of the alfalfa and silage maize intercropping. Alfalfa and silage maize intercropping with an appropriate N input, which acquired comprehensive performances in terms of productivity, environmental impacts as well as economic profits, would be an optimal alternative system in the NCP. The alfalfa and silage maize intercropping with an appropriate N input (A + M), which achieved high dry matter yield, nitrogen uptake and net revenue with the lowest irrigation water and nitrogen fertilizer use, would be an optimal alternative system in the North China Plain. [Display omitted] • The wheat–maize rotation (W – M) in the North China plain is profitable but has inevitable negative environmental impacts. • Alfalfa and maize intercropping (A + M) was proposed for the high protein productivity and the adaptability to climate. • The agronomic, economic, and environmental performances were compared among A + M, W – M, and monoculture systems. • A + M was more productive than monoculture, and consumed lower groundwater and nitrogen than W–M without net revenue loss. • A + M would be an optimal alternative system in the North China Plain for its comprehensive performances. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Nutrient Expert (NE), is designed through adoption of 4R nutrient stewardship. • Results show that NE achieved higher yields, higher profitability, and lower environmental risks. • An outstanding advantage of NE is user-friendly and can be easily acquired by all farmers with smartphones. Fertilizer has revolutionized crop production, but a lack of evidence-based fertilizer usage has resulted in negative economic and environmental ramifications, particularly for smallholder farmers. This study aimed at developing an innovative nutrient recommendation approach, Nutrient Expert (NE), for improving yields of maize, wheat, and rice while optimizing fertilizer input through adoption of 4R (applying the right source of nutrients at the right rate, time and place) nutrient stewardship technologies, and evaluating the large-scale performance on crop productivity and the environmental impact of cropping systems. Thus, we compared NE to current farmers' practice (FP) and soil test-based fertilizer application (ST) for 1,534 farm field experiments in order to validate the benefits of NE on both crop productivity and environmental protection in the main cereal production areas in China. Overall, the NE treatment achieved 4.4 % higher grain yield and 5.8 % more profit over FP, more yield for rice, but no differences for maize and wheat over ST. Nutrient Expert required 29.0 % and 14.7 % less fertilizer N than FP and ST, respectively. The NE recommendations improved the nitrogen (N) recovery efficiency by 10.8–13.4 percent points over FP across the 1,534 sites. Using the NE approach, on average, reactive N losses and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions were reduced by 36.2 % and 21.5 % over FP, 16.0 % and 9.9 % over ST, respectively. The NE, as a user-friendly tool, is widely applicable across farm types and climatic regions. It could be beneficial for improving fertilizer use efficiency and maintaining strategic food security for smallholder production areas in China where N fertilizer is inappropriate and usually over applied. This approach could potentially be expanded to help reduce N losses and GHG emissions in other regions globally. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• A water-energy-food relative index for cropping systems at the field scale is proposed. • Synergy among water, energy and food in the North China Plain is evaluated. • Sustainable systems can balance crop production while reducing resource depletion. Extreme climate change, rapid population growth and economic development drive a growing demand for resources, which lead to energy, food, water and their intertwined nexus becoming increasingly important. Agricultural decisions considering the interconnections among water, energy, and food are critical. The consumption of large amounts groundwater and non-renewable energy by the predominant traditional wheat-maize cropping system has caused a serious water shortage in the North China Plain (NCP), which is a large food production region in China. This situation has strained the relationship between water/energy consumption and food production. It is important to seek synergy in the water-energy-food nexus. This paper proposed a relative index of water-energy-food (WEF RI) based on different values of resource consumption and use efficiency between treatment systems and control system to analyze the synergy between water utilization, energy consumption and food supply in different cropping systems at the field scale. The goal is to seek a sustainable cropping system to balance crop production while reducing energy consumption and water depletion. In this case, different systems including monocropped maize (Zea mays) (MM), intercropped maize and soybean (Glycine max) (MS), relay cropped of maize with pea (Pisum sativum) (MP) and potato (Solanum tuberosum) (MO), rotation of maize with spinach (Spinacia oleracea) (MI) and ryegrass (Secale cereale) (MR), and using traditional wheat-maize (Triticum aestivum) (MW) as a control. MM, MS, MP and MO were the best systems within a particular range of food supply reduction. The WEF RI of the MM/MS system was the highest (2.96/2.78). Compared to the MW system, the groundwater consumption of MM/MS was reduced by 73.84%/73.84%, and non-renewable energy inputs were reduced by 48.01%/48.30%; however, the food supply decreased by 48.05%/51.70%. The WEF RI of the MP system was 1.98. In comparison with the MW system, the groundwater consumption of the MP system was reduced by 28.46%, and the non-renewable energy inputs were reduced by 42.68%. However, the food supply decreased by 37.13%. The WEF RI of MO system was 1.92. Compared to the MW system, the groundwater consumption of MO was reduced by 11.47%, non-renewable energy inputs were reduced by 32.14%, and the food supply only decreased by 26.27%. In conclusion, we theoretically proposed the following references for cropping systems in the NCP: MM and MS are implemented when the areas has extreme water shortages, MO is implemented when a less than 30% reduction in the food supply capacity is acceptable, and MP is recommended if a 30%–40% reduction in the food supply is acceptable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]