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A multipath error is one of the main sources of GNSS positioning errors. It cannot be eliminated by forming double-difference and other methods, and it has become an issue in GNSS positioning error processing, because it is mainly related to the surrounding environment of the station. To address multipath errors, three main mitigation strategies are employed: site selection, hardware enhancements, and data processing. Among these, data processing methods have been a focal point of research due to their cost-effectiveness, impressive performance, and widespread applicability. This paper focuses on the review of data processing mitigation methods for GNSS carrier-phase multipath errors. The paper begins by elucidating the origins and mitigation strategies of multipath errors. Subsequently, it reviews the current research status pertaining to data processing methods using stochastic and functional models to counter multipath errors. The paper also provides an overview of filtering techniques for extracting multipath error models from coordinate sequences or observations. Additionally, it introduces the evolution and algorithmic workflow of sidereal filtering (SF) and multipath hemispherical mapping (MHM), from both coordinate and observation domain perspectives. Furthermore, the paper emphasizes the practical significance and research relevance of multipath error processing. It concludes by delineating future research directions in the realm of multipath error mitigation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cableways have been widely used in industrial areas, cities, and scenic spots due to their advantages, such as being a convenient mode of transportation, time-saving, labor-saving, and low cost, as well as offering environmental protection. To ensure the safe operation of a cableway, based on the characteristic that the velocity of the cableway bracket is approximately zero in a static deformation monitoring environment, a deformation monitoring method called zero velocity update (ZUPT)-based GNSS/IMU tightly coupled algorithm with the constraint of the Earth's rotation angular velocity was proposed. The proposed method can effectively solve the problem of a single GNSS being unable to output attitude, which is directly related to the status of wire ropes and cable cars. Meanwhile, ZUPT is used to restrain the Kalman filter's divergence when IMU is stationary. However, the improvements of ZUPT on attitude are not obvious, so the constraint of the Earth's rotation angular velocity was applied. The performance of the proposed method was evaluated through monitoring the cableway bracket of the Yimeng Mountain Tourism area in Shandong. Compared with the ZUPT-based GNSS/IMU tightly coupled algorithm (ZUPT-TC), the proposed method can further constrain the error accumulation of IMU while stationary and, therefore, it can provide reliable position and attitude information on cableway brackets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The BDS multipath delay error is highly related to the surrounding monitoring environment, which cannot be eliminated or mitigated by applying the double difference observation model. In the actual monitoring environment, due to the complexity of the BDS constellation, it is difficult for existing algorithms to consider GEO, IGSO, MEO and other different orbital types of satellites for real-time and efficient multipath error reduction. Therefore, we propose a novel BDS dual-frequency multipath error reduction method for real deformation monitoring for BDS considering various satellite orbit types. This method extracts the single error residual of each satellite based on the assumption of "zero mean" and divides the appropriate grid density of GEO and IGSO/MEO, respectively, to construct a dual-frequency multipath hemispherical map model suitable for BDS satellites with different orbital types. This method can realize the multipath error elimination of the observed values of different orbits and different frequencies. The results of simulation experiments and real deformation monitoring data demonstrate that this method can effectively eliminate low-frequency multipath delay errors in the observation domain and coordinate domain. After multipath correction, the precision of the horizontal coordinates and height coordinates are 1.7 mm and 4.6 mm. The precision of the horizontal coordinate and height coordinate is increased by 50% and 60%, respectively. The fixed rate of ambiguity increased by 5–7%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As a typical application of geodesy, the GNSS/INS (Global Navigation Satellite System and Inertial Navigation System) integrated navigation technique was developed and has been applied for decades. For the integrated systems with multiple sensors, data fusion is one of the key problems. As a well-known data fusion algorithm, the Kalman filter can provide optimal estimates with known parameters of the models and noises. In the literature, however, the data fusion algorithm of the GNSS/INS integrated navigation and positioning systems is performed under a certain norm, and performance of the conventional filtering algorithms are improved only under this fixed and limited frame. The mixed norm-based data fusion algorithm is rarely discussed. In this paper, a mixed norm-based data fusion algorithm is proposed, and the hypothesis test statistics are constructed and adopted based on the chi-square distribution. Using the land vehicle data collected through the multi-GNSS and the IMU (Inertial Measurement Unit), the proposed algorithm is tested and compared with the conventional filtering algorithms. Results show that the influences of the outlying measurements and the uncertain noises are weakened with the proposed data fusion algorithm, and the precision of the estimates is further improved. Meanwhile, the proposed algorithm provides an open issue for geodetic applications with mixed norms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The accuracy and integrity of structural deformation monitoring can be improved by the GNSS/accelerometer integrated system, and gross error detection is the key to further improving the reliability of GNSS/accelerometer monitoring. Traditional gross error detection methods assume that real-state information is known, and they need to establish state iterators, which leads to low computational efficiency. Meanwhile, in multi-sensor fusion, if the sampling rates are different, the change in the dimension of the observation matrix must be considered, and the calculation is complex. Based on state-domain consistency theory, this paper proposes the State-domain Robust Autonomous Integrity Monitoring by Extrapolation (SRAIME) method for identifying slow-growing gross errors for GNSS/accelerometer integrated deformation monitoring. Compared with the traditional gross error detection method, the proposed method constructs state test statistics based on the state estimated value and the state predicted value, and it directly performs gross error identification in the state domain. This paper deduces the feasibility of the proposed method theoretically and verifies that the proposed method does not need to consider the dimension change of the observation matrix in gross error detection. Meanwhile, in the excitation deformation experiments of the Suntuan River Bridge in Anhui and the Wilford Bridge in the United Kingdom, the slow gradient of the slope was added to the measurement domain, and the traditional AIME method and the method proposed in this paper were adopted for the gross error identification of the GNSS/accelerometer fusion process. The results demonstrate that both methods can effectively detect gross errors, but the proposed method does not need to consider the dimensional change in the observation matrix during the fusion process, which has better applicability to GNSS/accelerometer integrated deformation monitoring. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although multiple global navigation satellite systems (multi-GNSS) with more visible satellites have a high success rate, they make positioning time-consuming. Partial ambiguity resolution (PAR) can improve the efficiency of multi-GNSS; however, at present PAR cannot simultaneously achieve fast and high-precision positioning with a high success rate. Therefore, PAR based on ambiguity dilution of precision- and convex-hull-based satellite selection is proposed. The experimental results of the proposed PAR, its corresponding satellite selection algorithm, the classical PAR, and the low-cutoff-elevation-angle-based multi-GNSS show that the proposed PAR outperforms the classical PAR, i.e., it achieves fast and high-precision positioning with a success rate of 100⋅0%. Furthermore, in terms of R-ratio-test-based ambiguity validation, it improves the reliability of carrier-phase-based integrity monitoring of multi-GNSS and the corresponding satellite selection algorithms. In addition, its positioning accuracy is close to that of multi-GNSS and higher than that of the classical PAR, with maximum differences of 0⋅3 and 2⋅4 cm, respectively. The proposed single (dual) frequency-based PAR improves single/dual-frequency multi-GNSS efficiency by more than 54⋅9%/80⋅4% (42⋅0%/75⋅8%) when 14⋅4 (13⋅2) out of 24⋅4 satellites are selected. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aiming at abrupt faults in GNSS/INS integrated systems in complex environments, classical fault detection algorithms are mostly developed from the measurement domain. A robust chi-square test method based on the state domain is proposed in this paper. The fault detection statistic is built based on the difference between the prior state estimation and the posterior state estimation in Kalman filtering. To improve the calculation stability, singular value decomposition (SVD) is used to factor the covariance matrix of the difference. The relevant formulas of the proposed method were theoretically derived, and the relationship between the proposed method and the existing innovation chi-square test method was revealed. The proposed method was compared with state-of-the-art chi-square test methods and verified by GNSS/INS integrated navigation experiments using simulation data and real data. The experimental results show that the proposed method (a) directly works in the state domain, (b) does not require the known real system state, (c) has computational efficiency and good robustness, and (d) accurately detects abrupt faults. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]