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The most important hydrogen energy storage technologies, developed between 1974 and 2022, now enable the quality operation of global power grids that integrate alternative energy facilities (wind power, solar power, geothermal power, etc.). With the continuous large-scale penetration of converter-interfaced generation (CIG), based on the combined use of renewable energy sources (RES) and hydrogen energy storage systems (ESS), into practical power systems, the dynamic characteristics of the latter change significantly. New challenges with the power system control and stability arise due to the specific CIG properties. A positive-sequence time-domain simulation is frequently used to solve them. However, the known simplifications and limitations are inevitably applied in case of such simulation. These become critical for the CIG with RES and hydrogen ESS models due to their fast dynamics. Therefore, the validation of such simulation results becomes relevant. This paper proposes a novel validation approach based on the use of a benchmark tool Hybrid Real-Time Power System Simulator (HRTSim) instead of field measurements. A major feature of the proposed approach is the possibility of a guaranteed validation of the benchmark tool using any state of the modeled power system. A hybrid implementation of a detailed three-phase model of CIG is also developed for the HRTSim, which provides an adequate simulation of the full range of dynamic processes. The results of validation of a positive-sequence simulation of a practical power system with CIG, which includes both RES and hydrogen ESS, using the developed approach presented in this paper have allowed to identify the causes of calculation errors, as well as factors affecting them. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The penetration of renewable-based converter-interfaced generation and flexible alternating current transmission systems significantly changes properties and dynamic characteristics of modern electric power systems, which leads to the need to take measures to ensure security of their operation. These measures may consist in using the capabilities of new penetrated units or in adapting conventional means. Such adaptation consists in reconfiguration of control systems, development of new systems or approaches to settings determination, which include tuning of automatic voltage regulators with power system stabilizers of conventional synchronous generation. This paper proposes a new approach to tuning of automatic voltage regulators, based on the use of the most complete and reliable information about processes in modern power systems. This approach allows to get settings that are most adequate to practical conditions of operation as part of power systems. For this purpose, the hybrid real-time power system simulator and concept of hybrid modeling are used, and within this paper, and the hybrid modeling tools necessary for the tuning process have been developed. The result of the study is a comprehensive assessment of the reliability of the simulation results obtained using the developed tools, which allows to conclude about the possibility of their application. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to propose an alternative hybrid approach to model renewable energy sources (RESs), which provide the most reliable results in comparison with the existing simulating tools. Within the framework of this approach, a specialized hybrid processor for modeling converter-interfaced generation (CIG) is developed. This study describes its structure and validation in the test system by comparing the results with commercial modeling tools, and also presents experimental studies of its operation as parts of the practical power system. The results obtained confirm the adequacy of the developed tools. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Novel approach for relays tuning using detailed mathematical model. • Hybrid Real-Time Power System Simulator is used as a source of necessary data. • Proposed approach allows to adapt protection settings to practical conditions. The correct operation of relay protection (RP) devices largely determines the security of electric power systems (EPS). The key point that in turn determines the behavior of protection in various emergency modes is a determination of their settings. The existing methodologies and tools often do not allow to provide RP settings adequate to the practical conditions of their functioning. This statement is confirmed by the statistics of faults in EPSs. The main reason for this issue is the inability to reliably reproduce transients in EPS via the software programs used in practice to calculate the RP settings. The Hybrid Real-Time Power System Simulator (HRTSim), developed by the authors, allows to reliably reproduce the entire range of normal and emergency modes and processes in EPS of any scale, topology and configuration by using detailed three-phase models of all power system components. Taking into account this possibility and features of the HRTSim, the task of detailed modeling of RP devices, including instrument current and voltage transformers, becomes relevant. The implemented special tools for RP modeling and the HRTSim in general allow to develop a new methodology for RP tuning. At the same time, the typical elements – relays – can be identified for each type of RP that determine their operation algorithm. This paper presents an analysis of the main relays of the most modern microprocessor-based RP devices and proposed principles of their tuning. The developed approach allows to adapt the RP settings to the practical conditions of their functioning in EPSs and to minimize the probability of RP maloperation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]