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Background: Worldwide environmental pollution has called for overwhelming concern of researchers and stakeholders in the last twenty years because of the menace it unlashes on man's life. The aim of this research work is to ascertain the causation among economic advancement, Carbon emission, energy consumption and taxation. The study focused on the Nigerian economic and the period under review is thirty-three (33) years. Methods: Test was performed to explain the accurate transmission among the dependent and the independent variables. This study employed Granger estimation to ascertain the direction of the connection amongst the variables. Result: Results revealed that tax has unidirectional connection with economic advancement. The result also showed that Carbon emission has unidirectional relationship with economic growth. The result further revealed that energy consumption has a unidirectional association with taxation. This study suggests that economic growth does not affect energy consumption, taxation and carbon emission. This study recommended that for future study, intending researchers should use fuel consumption to proxy energy consumption. The study also recommended that the Nigerian government should increase tax paid by oil companies in order to curtail their excesses and generate more revenue. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: India has been the top exporter in global rice trade, accounting for more than 20% of the export in the last four years. With the increasing demand for rice globally, exports are increasing from India. This factor is helping to enhance the production capacities of rice in India. The rice production has increased by 3.5 times in the last 60 years. So, forecasting of any agricultural produce play a major role in optimal decision formulae for government and agricultural sector in India. This study aimed to increase the production of rice for next four years, by using an appropriate model. Methods: To develop an appropriate model for rice production, time series data from 1950-51 to 2016-17 have been used, through the Box Jenkins auto regressive integrated moving average (ARIMA) methodology. Result: The diagnostic tests showed that ARIMA (0 2 2) model is appropriate for forecasting on the basis of the significance of the model, parameters, Akaike Information Criteria (AIC), Schwartz Bayesian Information Criterion (SBIC) and R2. The forecasted results suggested that there are expectations of increasing the rice production in India. The proposed forecasting model will help us to estimate the rice production for future and found that rice production of India would become 110.64 MT in 2020-21. This study clearly indicates that forecasting is very useful for policy makers to anticipate future needs of rice and its export. Moreover, this would also prove helpful in shaping the national policy of economic growth and self-sufficiency in food grain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]