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This article critical analyzes the book "Governing Without Consensus: An Irish Perspective." by Richard Rose. The importance of the book is that the author seriously attempts to tackle non-trivial problems in a non-trivial way, to relate his discussion all the time to theoretically significant issues and to make a systematic use of cross-national comparisons. His efforts can be criticized and most of this article will in fact be critical. There is possibly nobody else in Great Britain and elsewhere, with the combination of ability, drive and commitment to carry out a study of this magnitude, still less to manage an elapsed time of just over three years from the carrying out of a big survey to the publication of the book. Rose's case for thinking the Northern Ireland conflict is essentially a conflict of nationality has a number of strands, which are not drawn together in the book. First, there is a whole chapter called "The United Kingdom as a Multi-National Regime" which is concerned to attack those who have written of the homogeneity of the United Kingdom. This notion comes, he suggests, from extrapolating wildly from England, which is indeed homogeneous.

The article focuses on the intergenerational social mobility in Great Britain. It is believed that any increase in intergenerational mobility can be brought only through an increasing emphasis on educational attainment or career mobility. Although there are very little reliable historical evidence on either the total amount of career mobility or the proportion of total upward mobility. During the 1960's education grew more rapidly than secondary and higher education. The expansion of part-time education has coincided with a shrinking proportion of the population not going on with some form of full-time education after school.

Sociological concern with the social and educational origins of higher civil servants is interpreted on the basis of various explicit and implicit theses guiding such studies. The author shows that all such approaches rest on two unexamined assumptions—that pre-occupational socialization is vital for the later attitudes of higher civil servants and that it is possible to modify the social and educational origins of this group. Presenting comparative information and historical data on the British situation to show that such modification is unlikely without a radical transformation of values guiding a public bureaucracy, the author argues that research on organizational structures and on the influence of pre-occupational and post-occupational experience are essential for a sound discussion of the theses outlined, and for any future discussions of the responsiveness of public bureaucracies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper discusses recent speculation concerning the normative bond which ties the lower class to the present structure of British society. It focuses on the assertions by some theorists that the normative opposition which can arise 'spontaneously' within the lower class is inherently limited in scope, and that any future class based movements of a radical kind depend on the action of agencies 'external' to the lower class. Some preliminary results are presented from a recent survey of council tenants in Barking, East London, some of whom were on rent strike. This evidence reveals the existence of attitudes 'deviant' to dominant values concerning the ownership and rights of property. In conclusion, the nature of lower class normative opposition is reassessed and it is suggested that the lower class are not as conceptually restricted as is often suggested, and that future possibilities of radical action do not necessarily depend on the activities of the Labour Party or trade unions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The note draws attention to certain aspects in which adolescent life-histories vary from region to region. In general the likelihood of recruitment to part-time rather than full-time study is greatest in English regions which are subject to economic decline. This appears to mirror the relative availability to school-leavers of conventional apprenticeship. Scotland, Wales and South-East England show important differences from this pattern due to the extreme lack of industrial infra-structure and the influence of vestigial 'national' culture. In late adolescence the broad effect seems to be a loss of talent to London and the South-East. It is suggested that any attempt to account theoretically for regional decline should give special attention to the educational and economic constraints on adolescence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper challenges the type of interpretation of the successful political incorporation of the British working class in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries which stresses normative factors-'deference', craving for respectability, bourgeoisification, religious feelings etc. It corrects misleading statements in some of these accounts and uses historical evidence to stress the importance of objective, structural constraints on working class ability to mobilize on a class basis in the political system prior to 1918. Following this interpretation some points are made about the British political culture on theoretical grounds stemming from Durkheim. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Discusses five books on public administration in Great Britain. 'Administrators in Action,' by Gerald Rhodes; 'Specialists and Generalists,' edited by F.F. Ridley; 'Parliament and Administration, The Estimates Committee, 1945-66,' by Nevil Johnson; 'The Government Explains, A Study of the Information Services,' by Marjorie Ogilvy-Webb; 'Central Departments and Local Authorities,' by J.A.G. Griffith.

This article focuses on nationalization and the professional ideal with reference to public enterprises in Great Britain. There is no evidence that the choice of the public corporation as the preferred form of public enterprise in Great Britain was the result of a rational decision-making process. It would be rather surprising to find that, after a review of all the possible forms of public enterprise, the public corporation just happened to be the most suitable form for all industries and services that have been nationalized in the country, and that it should remain the most appropriate form. According to R.H. Tawney, capitalist industry should be taken over and reorganized by the State because it has produced an individual who lacks all moral restraint, a man who is the center of his own universe. The guiding principle of capitalist life is to increase opportunities open to individuals of obtaining the objective which they conceive to be advantageous to themselves and this is morally offensive. Public ownership is a means to a new moral order, but there are, within existing capitalist societies, several occupations which already embody elements of this new order, namely, judges, academics, doctors and soldiers and other professions.

This paper presents an historical and statistical analysis of the pre-professional education of officers of various sectors and levels of the British Army between 1800 and 1971. 'Four eras' in the evolution of educational selectivity in the army commissioning system are identified: 1800-1849---educational criteria irrelevant; 1849-I 870-partial educational selectivity; 1870-1939-examination-dominated selection; 1941 onwards- `scientific' selection. In the light of this historical pattern, it was anticipated that the officer corps would show a heavy dependence on the elite sector of education, although also, over time, a reduction in this dependence. Examination of figures for membership of Woolwich (1855-1939), of Sandhurst (1890-1967), of the army elite (1870-1971), and of the officer corps as a whole (1969) verified these predictions. Officership proves to have been a virtual monopoly of the public schools-amongst whom the major boarding schools were predominant at least up to the Second World War, and even since then public school boys have predominated at every level of the army until quite recently. However, it is also clear that an irreversible decline in the role of the public schools has now set in, and that state sector schools are now taking over the major role in the supply of new officers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A survey of the extent of electoral opposition for top posts in 31 British, and 51 American unions of manual workers reveals great differences between and within the two countries, with more competition or opposition than might have been expected. An examination of organizational differences between the two sets of unions leads to the conclusion that most of the formal differences might be expected to generate more opposition in the British cases than in the American. While there are somewhat more defeats of incumbents in American unions, there is significantly more opposition in British unions as measured by the closeness of electoral contests, for vacant posts in particular. However, openly organized factionalism in the American case proliferates to a degree unknown in British unions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper begins by examining the typology of educational systems outlined by Earl Hopper m Sociology (vol. 2, no. I, 1968) and argues against the attempt to reduce the comparative study of education to varieties of occupational selection. On the other hand, accepting that a central part of the sociology of education must be with ideology and the generation and transmission of learning, it outlines a framework for examining this in Britain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An attempt to construct a measure of differences among occupations in degrees of professionalization was prompted by the literature on the process of professionalization. Data were obtained on a sample of 43 'qualifying associations'; so that, in effect, the study is limited to those occupations sufficiently professionalized to have an association which aims to examine individuals wishing to practise. The data were subjected to a cumulative scaling procedure which gave a mean scale value of 0.73. This suggests that there is a substantial unitary variable within the concept of professionalization as it is usually defined. Within the limits of the data and sample, the items linked by the scale may be held to denote the characteristics of a profession. The professionalization scores of qualifying associations in various fields of work are examined. A positive correlation with the age of the association is found. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The relationship between occupationally working-class persons and the Labour Party since 1900 is considered in terms of the recruitment of political leaders, mobilization of working-class electors and material and symbolic policies. No consistent relationship between class and party on these three dimensions is found, nor is there evidence of a trend toward or from convergence. Secondary analysis of Gallup Poll data from the 1964 general election shows the relative influence of indices of social position other than occupational class, including that cluster of characteristics possessed by the 'ideal-typical' working-class voter. Deviant case analysis and comparison of Britain with other European countries supports the hypothesis that class is important in Britain because of the composition of society (i.e., the absence of stronger grounds of cleavage) rather than because of distinctive or unique cultural values. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A constructed type "professionalism" is presented. Data collected from three groups of physicians are analyzed in relation to three dimensions of professional satisfaction-"personal," "state of the profession," and "professional roles and relationships." The American and Australian physicians were found to express their highest satisfaction in the personal dimension whereas the English physicians found most satisfaction in their professional roles and relationships. It is concluded that this order brings the English group into a closer correspondence with the constructed type, although the Americans and Australians reveal a somewhat higher total satisfaction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents information related to various universities, colleges and associations of Great Britain. The Department of Sociology and Social Anthropology of University of Hull aims in its undergraduate teaching, at an integrated training in sociology and social anthropology. Most undergraduates still pursue Joint honours degrees, though the first Special honours degree students will graduate in 1972. With the death of A.H. Hanson on 27th April, the Department of Social Studies at the University of Leeds lost a man who, as professor of politics and recently as head of the Combined Department, had won the affection as well as the admiration of his colleagues, and who stood firmly for the unity of the Social Sciences. Department of Sociology of University of Manchester has now become formally separated from the Department of Social Anthropology. The Simon visiting professors for the spring term 1972, are H.A. Landberger and Anselm Strauss.

The article presents information on teaching and research in universities and other The article presents information on teaching and research in universities and other institutions of higher education and research in Great Britain. Names of some universities mentioned in the article are the University of Aberdeen, the University of Dundee, the University of Glasgow, the University of Edinburgh and the Heriot-Watt University in Edinburgh. At the University of Aberdeen, the sociology teaching staff of King's College is responsible for undergraduate and postgraduate teaching. There are approximately 450 students taking an introductory course and up to 200 students taking an advanced course, as part of the Degree Course in Arts and Social Science. Approximately 50 students each year take the Honours Degree in Sociology a further two years of full-time study. The Department offers wide range of optional courses within Honours Degree. A Research Programme based on the Highlands and Islands of Scotland is being planned to include political, religious, developmental, community and other aspects. Other research projects are on the Transition from School to Work and the Impact of Mass Media Upon Young People.

The article focuses on the standard of teachers training for handicapped children in Great Britain. There are two kinds of teachers for special education, the first category refers to regular class teachers with less severe handicapped students and those with specialization on one of the major handicaps such as blindness, deafness, maladjustment and delicate. Teachers qualifications include service training experience and theoretical and practical examinations passers. The English Ministry of Education had improved the training by establishing short courses for specialist teachers for handicapped pupils.

This article presents information on various conventions related to the field of sociology. A one day working conference was held at the University of York on 1 November, 1969 with the aim of starting a bibliography and a series of abstracts in the general field of sociology of religion in Great Britain. The conference was largely taken up with a discussion of the scope of such a project. There will be a meeting of the North-East Section of the B.S.A. on Saturday, 5 September, 1970 during the meeting of the British Association in Durham.

This article presents information about the book "Schools for Young Offenders," by Gordon Rose. The book describes the history and organization of the approved school system in England and Wales and also discusses its more urgent problems. It has some useful chapters on population, staffing, classification, success rates and financial control, and there is also some very interesting, if sparse, comparative information from the U.S., Japan, Poland and eleven European countries. There is also an interesting section on those institutional cinderellas, the female establishments. This is a useful book for everyone concerned about approved schools who prefers sober appraisal to fireworks.