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The paper calls into question the development of the digital competence of future philologists, taking into account the Turkish and Ukrainian experiences. The study of digital competence development is attracting increasing interest due to a growing need for experts capable of processing the enormous streams of continuously transmitted information and experts willing to improve their digital skills for professional growth. The purpose of the study is to broaden the current knowledge about the ways of developing digital competence. In this respect, the paper investigates two systems of future philologists' training in Ukraine and Turkey in the Digital Tools for Translation course. The authors analyze the experience of the Turkish and Ukrainian higher education institutions regarding the use of appropriate ICT tools using theoretical and empirical methods. Fifty-two future philologists from Turkey and Ukraine took part in the research. The study presents the results from observing the training and interviews with Ukrainian and Turkish students. The Shapiro-Wilcoxon method (non-parametric criterion) was used to verify the results. An analysis has highlighted the positive experience of Turkish universities, which can be implemented in future philologists training in Ukrainian universities. The findings of this study support the idea that the insufficient level of digital competence development lengthens and complicates the period of adaptation of graduates to modern working conditions. The authors found that the integration of Ukrainian higher education into the European higher education area occurs in times of globalization and the digitalization of society, which radically changes the nature of many activities. This research has clearly shown that digital competence development is more effective with the implementation of a holistic approach when students enhance digital competence while acquiring all other competencies. Our research suggests that the digitalization of education reduces the gap between graduates' digital competence level and modern society's expectations.

The article traces the changes in the aesthetic conventions of Modern art in accordance with the dynamics of literary development in Great Britain. The study focuses on three key areas: the impact of “the ancients and moderns” quarrel on European philosophical and literary thought; the nuances of critical and literary discourse in Enlightenment-era Great Britain; and the reception of the Enlightenment aesthetic values and novelties in Victorian criticism, linking them to the emergence of twentieth-century modernism. The subject involves the evolution of Enlightenment aesthetics and poetics in Great Britain, particularly the departure from classical art and literature models, and the emergence of concepts like imagination, novelty, and the reader’s subjective experience of art. Seminal literary-critical essays of the eighteenth century, including works by Joseph Addison, Henry Home, Richard Hurd, and Leslie Stephen’s monograph ‘History of English Thought in the Eighteenth Century”, are analyzed. The paper also examines philosophical texts by Michel de Montaigne, Francis Bacon, René Descartes, and Marquis de Condorcet to understand the oscillatory nature of philosophical thought before and during the Age of Enlightenment. The study contextualizes “the ancients and moderns” debate on models for literary excellence and accentuates its role in shaping the discourse of aesthetics and artistic creativity. Contributions by Enlightenment figures such as Addison, Home, and Hurd are explored, emphasizing how they reshaped the discourse of aesthetics by redefining the nature of beauty, the sublime, and the principles of artistic criticism, thereby influencing the literary and artistic productions of their time and beyond. Particular attention is paid to the critical views of Stephen who wrote about the “fluctuating mode” of the literature of the second half of the eighteenth century, illustrating his peculiar subjectivism as an exponent of the Victorian worldview (Stephen saw Sterne’s novels as a serious moral threat), and simultaneously reflecting the normative aesthetic views of the second half of the nineteenth century. The paper also demonstrates how the antinomianism in aesthetic thinking, which challenged traditional norms and values as seen in “the ancients and moderns” quarrel, was further evolved in the works of Friedrich Schiller and Friedrich Schlegel, the latter articulating the antinomy of “classic versus romantic”. This tradition of antinomian thinking, coupled with the rejection of the idea of linear progression in cultural evolution, a call for a reassessment of values amidst a paradigm shift in culture and the breakdown of traditional ethic and aesthetic systems, finds a notable and unique expression in Friedrich Nietzsche’s works, that significantly influenced the transition from Modernity to Postmodernity. In summary, it is argued that the Modern Age was the time of the emergence of a new aesthetic sensibility, and its aesthetic pluralism and anti-classical literary ideas were pivotal in redefining concepts of progress, novelty, and human consciousness in art and literature. This laid the groundwork for modernist art and literature, characterized by a departure from tradition and a quest for new artistic expressions of human experience.

The paper aims to clarify the biblical image-symbols in Frank Peretti’s mystical thrillers. The problem of the detailed analysis of the lingual representation of the biblical image-symbols and their pragmatic value is solved in the article by applying a complex of methods of linguistic poetics, cognitive linguistics, stylistics and methodological tools of discourse analysis. The paper considers the biblical images-symbols, used in American mystical thrillers written by the protestant author Frank Peretti, as biblical intertexts depicting not only biblical knowledge but also author’s intentions and beliefs in conveying the most profound ideas and principles of the literary texts. Executed in the written works by lexical means, biblical image-symbols become the heart of biblically-marked contexts, which are differentiated according to their addressee orientation into author`s and character`s biblically-marked contexts and their scope – into propositional, composite, and complex biblically-marked contexts. The lingual representation of the biblical image-symbols is differentiated according to their structure into one-component (anthroponyms, toponyms, artifact, animalistic, anthropomorphic) and multicomponent, (two-component, three-component and four-component). The type of semantic transposition in the meaning of the lingual representation and pragmatic value of the biblical image-symbols determined the distinguishing of metaphoric and metonymic linguistic classification of the biblical image-symbols. Metaphoric are classified according to their structure (onecomponent and multi-component), their stylistic characteristics (language and speech metaphoric linguistic representants of the biblical image-symbols), and their denotative meaning (anthropomorphic, naturalmorphic, zoomorphic, and phytomorphic). Metonymic are differentiated according to the kinds of the metonymic transference of meaning into four groups: metonymy of belonging, metonymy of place, metonymy of signs, and metonymy of phenomenon.

In the paper, on the basis of a multimodal critical discourse analysis of political posters and social media posts, the authors outline the complex interplay of multimodal means serving to convey a political leader’s charisma. The paper aims to advance a set of historically conventionalized features typical of the charismatic personality (such as intelligence, self-confidence, persistence, ability to inspire, sociability, dominance, narcissism, and vision), present the updated definition of this notion, and substantiate theoretical and methodological grounds for the study of the interplay of multimodal means portraying a charismatic political leader that assist in conveying a political speaker’s charisma creation through its graphical image, namely political posters and social media posts. The results of the study reveal that charisma is a complex communicative and cognitive phenomenon reflecting person’s beliefs about certain innate, obtained or promoted by media, internal or external subliminal traits of a leader. These beliefs are shaped in the recipients’ consciousness during interactive communication on the basis of the leader’s strategy, techniques, and methods used in oral or written communication, as well as a set of linguistic and extralinguistic means associated with the speaker’s ability to satisfy certain needs of the community. As a study material the authors opted for the images of Boris Johnson, a politician already acknowledged as a charismatic one by international audiences, who has been a prominent political figure for almost a decade and has recently come to the forefront of political and diplomatic support of Ukraine in the ongoing Russian-Ukrainian war. The carried out analysis proves the highly informative as well as subliminal potential of multimodal visual pictographic means aimed at creating a charismatic image of a public person. The authors outline a set of verbal (elliptical sentences, catchy slogans in imperative mood, assonance, alliteration, the use of first person plural pronoun “We”, the lexical unit together, etc.) and visual-graphical means (font of the message, symbolic colour scheme, clothes style, body posture, gestures, oculesic features, etc.), whose interaction is aimed at triggering cognitive processes in the recipient’s mind in perceiving a charismatic image of the politician. Boris Johnson’s charisma is confirmed by the survey conducted among British and Ukrainian respondents as well as by his subscribers’ reactions, comments and likes following his posts on social media. The carried out analysis allows summarising the markers of a politician’s charisma portrayed on social media as follows: the number of comments and likes for their posts; informality while addressing the Prime Minister by his first name “Boris” and presence of a “popular name” “BoJo”; high degree of the followers’ messages expressiveness actualised through verbal means (significant amount of exclamatory sentences, interjections, evaluative epithets and idiomatic expressions), as well as graphical-visual means, in particular through the usage of graphic emoticons (emojis), serving to intensify the overall expressiveness of a message. The conclusion is that social media graphical images are aimed at conveying charismatic political leaders’ vision, offering their followers support and promise of a better future, portraying them as approachable, down-to-earth, considerate but at the same time serious leaders, ready to work to endure a better future. The results of the performed study can provide grounds for interdisciplinary research of both oral and written charismatic communication within the cognitive approach framework considering verbal, nonverbal and paralingual means’ (physiological, psychological, social, etc.) interplay that allows the audience to perceive a speaker as a charismatic one.

The article represents an attempt to build and apply a linguosemiotic model of existential conflict research in modern English fictional discourse. The modern tendency of philological and socio-humanistic studies to involve the tools of semiotics, discourse theory, and multimodality in the process of complex analysis of a literary work as an artistic model of reality is highlighted. The research is based on practical blocks of illustrative material, selected discursive fragments from a literary work, which contain an existential conflict. Basically, the key point here is the analysis of intra- and interpersonal conflict based on the theoretical achievements of semiotics and linguosemiotics (Ch. Pierce, Yu. Lotman, U. Eco, G. Pocheptsov) and the theory of discourse and multimodality (G. Kress, K. O’Halloran, C . Forceville, M. Halliday). It makes it possible to provide a detailed research of existential conflict in fictional discourse with the identification of latent, ambivalent meanings and the relevant reconstruction and interpretation of the conflict by the reader. The paper aims at projecting the modern tendency towards the synergy of various aspects of conflict studies across the humanities. Therefore, the goal of the paper is to outline the advantages of an integral approach to the study of conflict in modern linguistic conflictology and to build a linguosemiotic model for the analysis and interpretation of existential conflict in fictional discourse. Thus, the paper`s core objectives involve: 1) to study the achievements of the semiotic and multimodal approach in its application to synthetic level communicative systems containing conflict; 2) to reveal the place, role and potential of the existential conflict in fictional discourse using the above-mentioned methods; 3) to present a linguosemiotic model for the study of existential conflict in modern English fictional discourse. The theoretical and methodological base of the research involves general-scientific methods of analysis, synthesis, deduction as well as the method of linguosemiotic and multimodal analysis to determine the components of semiosis of existential intrapersonal conflict in fictional discourse. The results of the research consist in the creation of an integral semiotic model of the analysis of existential conflict in modern English-language fictional discourse, which assumes the presence of a static and dynamic component in its structure, revealed, in particular, in the process of semiotic reading of the work in three successive stages of mimesis, semiosis, and synthesis. The process of conflict interpretation presupposes a comprehensive approach to semiotic reading activity developed in consecutive steps. The linguosemiotic means of representing the existential conflict at different levels of the literary work, which have a multimodal nature, have been revealed. The temporal, psychological, and sign-symbolic characteristics of the existential conflict, which make up the semiotic space or semiosphere of the literary work, are analyzed and classified. As a result of the identification and unification of the factors that determine the way of development of existential conflict in fictional discourse, the linguosemiotic model of the analysis of this type of intrapersonal conflict was reconstructed. The model covers the study of the semiotic components of the sign-symbolic, psychological and temporal space and the surface and deep levels of the semiotic reading of the literary work, at which the cognitive, behavioral and emotional aspects of the conflict are decoded and reconstructed.

In this paper we have analysed a graphic novel “Maus. A survivor tale” by Art Spiegelman as well as some variants of its translations in the framework of theory of multimodal discourse analysis (ADM) (O`Halloran). The article focuses on analysing the corpus of investigation on its language and nonlanguage level. The aim of the research is to explain in terms of the multimodal discourse analysis theory of main principles of graphic novel translation while observing the way of source language graphic novel transmutation and reconstructing its architecture in the target novel. The methods having been applied in the present paper are those of linguistic observation and description, empiric comparison of translation variants and translation results analysis using ADM tools. Applying methods of ADM in the process of analysing graphic novel results from the necessity to respond to the main challenges of ADM theory for the studies in theory and practice of translation, as well as semiotics and general linguistics. The objectives of the article are to outline the iconic-textual structure of the graphic novel under the analysis, to characterise the visual level of the investigated graphic novel, to generalise arising problems to the translator. The concept of multimodality derived from semiotics is being studied in the article explaining the reason for applying the multimodal approach in the study of the graphic novel. Modalities represented in the graphic novel on non-language level are systematised through different types of multimodal phenomena and their relevance for target text meanings transcreation is described. Both visual and language modalities, which are important for the construction of the meaning, are focused attention to and the multimodal phenomena are piled and systematised in the article. The relationship between the visual and written modalities are discussed and the role and importance for the translation process are explained. Until now there are different investigations of the Maus, but there is no investigation from the multimodal perspective. The investigators focuse on the discursive and pragmatic part, as well as on the expressive value of the work, compare the characteristics of the translation; draw attention to the problems of the literary style of the work Maus; study the role of images in the creation of the work. However, there is still no study of graphic novels from the perspective of multimodal discourse analysis. By means of a series of operations of translation techniques the original text is reconstructed in the translation variant. It involves compressing or widening of the original text, removing inconsistencies between different modalities, reinterpreting “language shell” so that a semiotic content could be preserved and the author’s message transmitted without corruption, for that redrawing some characters or chapters, removing, or replacing some visual symbols with different ones. Illustrative material shows a certain logic scheme to follow the process of translation taking into consideration different multimodal phenomena, as well as the absence of some of its constituents. On the one hand, extralinguistic objects engraved in pictures of the graphic novel may present the reason for the translation technique of addition, and on the other hand the absence of some details in the pictures may justify the translation technique of omission. Evaluating functional types of multimodal phenomena also may lead one to adequate selection of synonyms or a phrase to choose in a process of translation having as a “guide” visual image supporting language level of a graphic novel. The term “graphic novel” is specified as well as the difference between terms “comic” and “graphic novel” is outlined. Graphic novel format is proved to assimilate to the literary novel with the content of memoirs, autobiography, history, documentary reports etc. Maus is the first graphic novel dealing with Holocaust theme aimed at the adult audience. According to the definition of the graphic novel, Maus is seen to share discursive mechanisms with visual narrative instruments, embedded in multimodal phenomena. The types of multimodal phenomena are selected in the present investigation and grouped with illustrative examples taken from the corpus. In the framework of ADM theory, the selection of translation techniques and operations are justified, and the reasons for certain translation variants are explained. As it is shown in the paper, graphic novel translation differs from literal one. The most important characteristics of graphic novel translation distinguishing this genre of literature have been outlined: 1) the graphic novel translation unit obligatory consists of both verbal and visual parts; 2) the intonation of the characters of the graphic novel is a part of a style and is taken into consideration in the course of translation; 3) visual part of the graphic novel is presented by multimodal phenomena that influence the strategies of translation. General recommendations for the translation of the historic graphic novel have been given, mainly: 1) for the purpose of collecting information from the visual part. It is recommended to read and discover the entire content of the novel before starting the translation, paying attention to the multimodal phenomena and their types mentioned in this article. Attention is paid to past events, other extralinguistic meaningful objects. An individual language style is translated with the same style and is maintained throughout the text; 2) on the language level, it is recommended to choose at least the sentence as the minimum translation unit of the graphic novel using substitution techniques within the unit as long as the final sentence reflects the same message. However, the largest translation unit can be chosen. Appropriate options are a speech bubble (speech bubbles) or the entire page. Bubbles (speech balloons) often contain colloquial speech, which differs much more between languages than literal text of a book. The ease of colloquial speech is nearly impossible to achieve without the freedom to change the order, composition, and number of sentences. Often, it is not the character-specific phrases that need to be translated, but rather the emotion of outrage or joy, recreating it using the character’s language (such as the speech of the immigrant, the main character, Vladek, or his wife); 3) the use of bold. It is understood that it is not necessary to use bold type in the same units that appear in the original. The most important thing is to convey the same meaning and intonation in the translation avoiding the “word for word” translation; 4) the language style of the author and the characters. The author and the characters of the graphic novel have their own language style, which is part of the meaning. Characters may have their own characteristic expressions and circumstances that explain the choice of phrase translations. After reading the text and visualising the novel, it becomes clearer what type of the target text of the protagonist should be created to remain truthful and sound natural; 5) “Litmus paper”. It is recommended to read the translation after a couple of days without looking at the original text thinking about whether or not the author would choose the same words, style, intonation; 6) Culture references create a certain atmosphere and are translated (6.1) literally as in the example of gefiltefish translation or (6.2) simplification is used the culture in case of translation of the same unit into Russian рыбафиш; 7) translation of anthroponyms and proper names. It is not recommended to translate the proper names of the historical graphic novel taking into account the documentary part of the novel. The same variants of anthroponyms are maintained throughout the text; 8) accuracy is the second priority after avoiding meaning corruption. One should try to preserve accuracy if it is possible, respecting the condition of preserving the meaning without corrupting it. To achieve the effect of equal perception of the novel by the reader both in the original language and in the translation language, two things are needed: understanding what is said in the original text and reconstructing it in the target text. The ADM theory, in this respect, is the tool to achieve the most adequacy and the most accuracy at the same time.

The paper is aimed at filling the gap in learning the formative image peculiarities of the English and American Imagistic poetry by analyzing the correspondence of the internal and the external and their correlation. This is where the answer lies, why T.S. Eliot called Imagism “an opening salvo” of English/ American Modernist poetry. It also explains the reason for a long-term effect of this short-term “school” in the English poetry of the twentieth century. Imagism hasn’t left any extended or profound theory as far as the criteria for producing “hard, dry images” (T.E.Hulme) are concerned. Since then the problem has been under-studied and calls for more in-depth analysis. The modern theoretical background of the paper includes the ideas of S. Averintsev and M. Gasparov, Paul Ricoeur and Gaston Bachelard; the criticism of the Imagism founders (T.E. Hulme and E. Pound) as well as its present-day English and American researchers. The major theoretical points highlight the important features of image transformation in Imagism: the dual (semantic and psychological) nature of an image (P. Ricoeur); loss of its axiological constituent thus forfeiting its wholeness (M. Girshman); its non-permanent essence (G. Bachelard). All these “new” sides underlie too general and vague definition of an image as “an intellectual and emotional complex in an instant of time” given by Ezra Pound, his definitive denial of using images as “ornaments” and the emphasis on the image affiliation with speech, not language. The fight doesn’t have to be limited only to opposing Romanticism (as in Hulme’s “Romanticism and Classicism”). Equally significant and far more sophisticated is the distinction between Symbolic and Imagistic essence of an image (Pound’s “Retrospect” and “Gaudier Brzeska”). For Pound, the main criterion is the receptive potential of an image, its semantic openness which offsets its meaning as finally fixed in some symbol. The paper examines the possibility to apply Roland Barthes’s idea (“L`imagination du signe”, 1962) of the crucial influence of the interior (symbolic) relationship and two exterior (paradigmatic and syntagmatic) relationships on the formation of both single image and the total imagery of a certain type of art conscience – consequently, of Symbolism, Romanticism and Imagism. In the early period of Imagism development (the poetry of F. Flint, E. Storer, to a lesser extent, of T.E. Hulme) the images still preserve the inner affinity with the signified objects (concepts) as seen in Romantic and Symbolic image “patterns”. And throughout Imagism development, this inner affinity is being weakened until a distant outer resemblance is left. It is clearly seen in Hulme’s “Autumn”, Pound’s “In a Station of the Metro”, H.D.’s “Oread”, “Hermes of the Ways” et al. The close reading of the W.C. Williams’s poem “The Red Wheelbarrow” is carried out in front of the “Tall Nettles” by Edward Thomas (1878–1917), his contemporary, who is now considered to be one of the “non-Modernist modern” poets. It is stated that the central image of the red wheelbarrow in its every detail constitutes a modern pastoral while Thomas’s nettles stand for psychological matrix of personal melancholy and despair. Syntagmatic relations also involve the further interaction of signs in the form of “superposition”, forming montage as one of the important Мodernist techniques not only in poetry, but also in Мodernist prose. And it becomes evident that it is not a mechanically borrowed cinema technique, as it is commonly viewed, but a deeper, “syntagmatic” similarity. The result of the research, based on the analysis undertaken, seems to prove its initial point: the poems of T.E. Hulme, Ezra Pound, W. Carlos Williams, Hilda Doolittle (H.D.) taken as models, manifest that the image in Imagism is every time constructed as a new actual syntagma of the common imagination of a poet and a reader to become the unique image for every single poem without its further “universal” use in any virtual paradigm.

This academic article offers a model of the English-Ukrainian sub-corpus of texts of official and business documents of NATO, UN, and WTO (hereinafter referred to as the EUS) as a supplement to the Ukrainian National Corpus (hereinafter referred to as the UNC), where texts are presented as a hierarchical structure. In an effort to provide a more comprehensive view of NATO, UN, and WTO official and business documents, a mechanism of use of our model envisages determination of the exact position of a text in all UNC corporas, what essentially simplifies the practical process of search and automated translation of texts and special terminology in particular. In consequence, the author offers to increase the number of unique texts that will ensure the representativeness of the EUS in the Ukrainian National Corpus, and to divide the whole process of the EUS formation into elementary tasks that will increase the UNC efficiency. The practical value of the research lies in a possibility to use the EUS for texts parallel translation and terminological phrases separation on the basis of such texts. The methodological potential of our research is based on the works of well-known Ukrainian and foreign scholars (V. Bohorodytskyi, I. Baudouin de Courtenay, K. Brugman, W. Wundt, B. Delbruck, G. Paul, O. Potebnia, P. Fortunatov, W. Scherer, H. Steinthal, A. Schleicher et al.), who strengthened the scientific interest to the problem of translation and corpus of texts in particular. The object of the research is a model of the English-Ukrainian sub-corpus of texts of official and business documents of NATO, UN, and WTO. The purpose of the research is to prove that the model of the English-Ukrainian sub-corpus of official and business documents texts can become a full-fledged informational foundation for the formation of texts parallel corpus within the Ukrainian National Corpus. The methods of observation and experiment were applied to analyze empirical, review, conceptual analytical tools that specify the meaning of described objects and phenomena given their qualitative affiliation to the UNC. The study focuses on a number of tasks, in particular: - to determine a theoretical and linguistic basis of the concept “English-Ukrainian sub-corpus of texts of official and business documents of NATO, UN, and WTO”; - to determine the mechanism of updating of the English-Ukrainian sub-corpus of texts of official and business documents of NATO, UN, WTO within the UNC; - to find out the specifics of formation and filling-in of the EUS; - to substantiate the relevant methodology of examination of official and business texts of NATO, UN, and WTO in the English-Ukrainian sub-corpus of texts of official and business documents; - to single out and itemize the advantages of the English-Ukrainian sub-corpus of texts of official and business documents of NATO, UN, and WTO within the UNC. Analysis of the English-Ukrainian sub-corpus of texts of official and business documents of NATO, UN, and WTO as a construct of the parallel corpus of texts of the UNC was carried out in several stages. The first stage envisaged description and inventory. Theoretical works on the history of the Ukrainian National Corpus were reviewed and generalized, and the concept of “English-Ukrainian sub-corpus of texts of official and business documents of NATO, UN, and WTO” was determined. It was found out that the UNC is the object of research in such areas of linguistic studies as the applied and corpus linguistics that construe the corpus of texts as a translator’s tool. This encourages us to highlight the advantages and disadvantages of the UNC and justify the expediency of our proposal to develop the English-Ukrainian sub-corpus of texts of official and business documents of NATO, UN, and WTO. Definition of the UNC as a national corpus of texts that contains only Ukrainian texts and does not envisage a parallel translation evidenced the need to create a proposal of a parallel corpus of texts with an updated English-language database. The selection of lexical items with the official and business semantics is based on documents of international organizations, such as NATO, UN, and WTO. At the same stage, we determine the purpose of the research, in particular, the formation of the English-Ukrainian sub-corpus of texts of official and business documents, which envisages a parallel translation of NATO, UN, WTO texts. This sequence of procedures allowed us to carry out consideration and interpretation of existing theoretical provisions and inventory of factual research materials. Theoretical and corpus analysis methods were used in the research. The second stage envisaged analysis and differentiation. Special aspects of filling-up of the EUS with official and business texts of NATO, UN, and WTO were characterized. Theoretical analysis of the EUS was carried out in order to establish a clear hierarchy of the UNC structure. The main types of participants of the EUS formation (students, teaching staff) were differentiated and the behavioral model of every participant in the process was developed. The specifics of presentation of the English-Ukrainian sub-corpus of texts of official and business documents of NATO, UN, and WTO in the UNC was established. This final stage, where methods of observation and experiment were used, evidenced determination of an exact place of a text in the EUS (belonging to a certain category of homogeneous texts) that becomes a crucial factor in choosing a translation option. Numerous terminological phrases and expressions in the analyzed official and business documents of UN, NATO, WTO, which act as identifiers in the EUS, were systematized. An increase in the number of unique texts (official and business texts) was noted, which ensures the representativeness of not only the English-Ukrainian sub-corpus of official and business documents texts, but of the UNC in general. The final stage of the research confirmed the expediency of the division of the whole process of sub-corpus formation into elementary tasks. We generalized the statement that the EUS is a dynamic, context-dependent sub-corpus (only official and business texts of international organizations, such as NATO, UN, WTO) and an optimal algorithm designed to be easily downloaded and used. Conclusion. The analysis conducted in the present paper is meant to illustrate a new approach to forming a modern model of the sub-corpus of texts of official and business documents. The model of the English-Ukrainian sub-corpus of official and business documents texts of NATO, UN, and WTO provides for a clear division into categories of homogeneous texts and a quick search for special terminology of international organizations, such as NATO, UN, and WTO, in the EUS. In the context of the texts analyzed in the current paper numerous separated words and expressions-identifiers can help to carry out search and refer to a relevant text in the sub-corpus. Compilation of terminological nominations glossary, their functional and stylistic labeling and assimilation into the commonly used vocabulary of the EUS and later on in the UNC are currently at the stage of formation and approval. To this end, the current research manifests the concept of the EUS as a sub-corpus of the UNC that allows the prompt presentation of relevant texts of the official business style and coverage of the broadest range of interested readers.

The article aims to study the poetics evolution of a great Polish poet and prose writer, Nobel prize winner Czesław Miłosz towards a fundamentally new comprehensive literary form: from “Piesek Przydrożny” (“Roadside Dog” 1997) to “Abecadło” (“Milosz`s ABC`s” 1997) and “Inne Abecadło” (“A Further Alphabet” 1998). The purpose stimulates the usage of the analytical, hermeneutics and receptive methodology, as well as textual analysis. It is stressed that the years of this work publication indicate the writerєі success in his determined search for a form that would be capable, containing immense life material, countless events, lives and artistic-philosophical reflections, to create the picture of the 20th century. The paper highlights why “Piesek Przydrożny” does not meet any requirements for containing the unlimited number of life facts within a text. We’ve noted the organizing function of Piesek in the system of a fictional unity. Moving freely, Piesek made it possible for Miłosz to create a certain series of philosophical pieces (“Ubóstwo wyobraźni”, “Wzniosłość”, “Pieśń dziadowsku”, “Со upadek”, “Powieść”, “Gombrowicz”, “Polski literat”) and several tragic essays – “Ojcowskie kłopoty”, “Zmartwienia historyka” and others. It is proven that while the form of this book contains a variety of material, it still cannot give Miłosz the absolute freedom he was striving for. The writer was determined to find the form which would, according to him, “allow for much freedom”, “not pursue beauty but just register facts”. Considering Е. Brazgovskaya’s findings, the productivity of the alphabet (аbecadło) is proved. The paper expresses the idea that one can treat the alphabet (аbecadło) as a kind of a memoir genre. The innovative structure of “Abecadło”, consisting of essays-novels, is analyzed. The article traces the associative connections which cement 200 essays into a single entity, creating the image of the epoch.

The present paper is aimed at studying the artistic mind of the modern English writer John Fowles as the creator of the original worldview in its postmodern style. It has been specified that British artistic culture does not demonstrate neither the extremes, peculiar to the art of “transition” or “frontier” nor sharp denial of everything that seemed inviolable. Inclining towards realistic forms of the English classics, a lot of postmodern authors, including Fowles, prefer a synthesis of the old with the new. This applies both to postmodernism and all avant-garde and neo-avant-garde movements, aimed at fundamental changing of the general ideas about the beauty and ugliness. “The French Lieutenant’s Woman”, written by John Fowles, proposes such a postmodern synthesis in the context of the “playing with the past” thesis. In his novel, the author presents a special type of “new reality”, corresponding to the period of the profound changes inside the movement during the period starting from the end of the 19th century till the end of the 20th century. Instead of the typical for English literature “hero in search”, the novel under consideration demonstrates an existential type of a man. The above-mentioned hero, who is embodied in the images of Charles and Sarah, seeks his individual freedom and “corrects” his own destiny. It should be emphasized that gaining true freedom is possible only through overcoming various life and social obstacles associated with breaking class and social ties, as well as with great internal suffering. Fowles’s peculiar style of narration helps to reveal the main theme of the novel. The author uses postmodern irony, which is meta-irony, and pastiche. The method of “overlapping epochs” forms an original intertext whereby the semantic field of the novel increases. The literary significance of the outlined method is multifaceted: an elitist reader perceives text-subtext-intertext; a “mass” reader gets acquainted with the work at the level of an entertaining storyline. The author of the article also analyses a mythological component of the novel “The French Lieutenant’s Woman”. A mention should also be made that Fowles in the analysed work acts both as a creator and a destroyer of the socio-ethical and literary myth of the Victorian era. Of primary interest to the writer was the literary myth of the time of Queen Victoria, which in the minds of readers has long been romanticized and become a legend. Therefore, the article shows the connection of everything that happens according to the tradition of English romantic narration and the principles of reformation of characters and situations that no longer correspond to the romantic worldview. The ironic understanding of the gentleman’s code of honor and the object of his passion, the reduction of love conflicts and places of romantic meetings are illustrated by specific examples from the text of the novel. The present paper has also devoted considerable attention to the psychology of the protagonists as well as the problem of the plot and compositional unity of the novel “The French Lieutenant’s Woman”. It is proved that the development of the storyline of the novel is a polystructural and polysemantic phenomenon. If Sarah’s character combines the traditional features of both “woman with a secret” and “infernal woman”, then respect for Charles’s traditional aristocracy is being called into question: it is repeatedly mentioned that he did not receive a Cambridge diploma, that he is an amateur paleontologist, that he considers the possibility of getting married for money, and that there is a very strong element of carnal passion in his romantic relationship with Sarah. The article offers the author’s commentary on the compositional completion of the novel. It is argued that the trinity of the epilogue, first of all, explains the “world-chaos” antithesis. The formula of the dissipating world, according to the author of the article, was supposed to become the basis of the postmodernist text in the original version of the novel “The French Lieutenant’s Woman”.

The article outlines three lexical-semantic fields of word-formation rows with the suffix -ment. The aim of the paper is to investigate three lexical-semantic fields which consist of the lexical-semantic field denoting improvement, confinement and feelings. To achieve this aim, the following tasks should be completed such as investigating motivation relations in derived words with the suffix -ment and analyzing their structure with the help of the applicative generative model. The methods of componential and comparative analysis and the relator language of the applicative generative model were applied for fulfilling the above-mentioned tasks. To build word-formation rows, the words are segmented according to their motivation relations. Etymological aspect is not taken into account. Every field consists of lexical-semantic groups. The lexical-semantic field denoting the action of improvement consists of fifty-eight words, which are classified into seven lexical-semantic groups. This field is represented by thirteen R-structures. The lexical-semantic field of feelings includes two lexicalsemantic groups which contain six R-structures. The lexical-semantic field of confinement includes twenty-one words represented by six R-structures. Paradigmatic relations in lexical-semantic groups were analyzed in order to illustrate interfiled connections. Synonymic rows and antonymic pairs in lexical-semantic groups and hyperonyms distinguished in lexical-semantic fields prove paradigmatic relations. Lexical-semantic fields consist of nouns because the suffix -ment generates, mainly, nomina actionis. The term word-formation row is described in the paper as this notion which is a complex unit of word-formation hasn’t been studied thoroughly yet. The word-formation row in every lexicalsemantic field is highlighted in the article. The more lexical-semantic groups comprise the lexical-semantic field, the more R-structures the word-formation row has in a lexical-semantic field. Besides, this fact proves that English words with the suffix -ment are polysemous and variable. The polysemy of these words is illustrated via interfiled connections, e.g., the word fulfillment with the meaning “a feeling of satisfaction” belongs to the lexical-semantic field of feelings, and with the meaning “the act of doing smth. that you have promised or intended to do” this word can be involved in the lexical-semantic group of achievement which belongs to the lexical-semantic field of improvement. The relator language of the applicative generative model is used to investigate R-structure of English words with the suffix -ment. This analysis helps to create word-formation rows. R=rows of artificial language and L=rows of natural language are described. The research results lead to the conclusion that three lexical-semantic fields can be characterized by polysemous character of English words with the suffix -ment which are represented by interfiled connections. The variety of R-structures comprising wordformation rows shows the variativity of the investigated words and proves the idea that words may be derived not only from verbs but also nouns and adjectives. Interfield connections in three lexicalsemantic fields demonstrate that all words with the suffix -ment can be grouped into lexical-semantic fields. It can be useful and significant for linguists to create different English dictionaries. So, the aim of the further study is to arrange all existing words with the suffix -ment into lexical-semantic fields and make an attempt to create the dictionary of R-words and L=words with the suffix -ment.

The current paper presents an overview of phonostylistic devices (alliteration, assonance, rhyme, onomatopoeia) most commonly used in slogans and taglines of the modern car industry. The advertising slogan, being limited by space and time, is viewed as an important part of any marketing campaign. In a similar manner to previous studies, this paper confirms that a slogan is an effective type of storytelling for brands. However, it differs from the tagline, which is supposed to be long lasting. In an endeavour to convey some characteristics or information about the product and make it memorable for the consumer, brand designers resort to various linguistic devices that make the advertising language effective. The analysis of commercial advertising slogans and taglines demonstrated that such phonological devices as assonance and rhyme are infrequent, while alliteration is the most productive sound technique. As for onomatopoeia, it appeared to be the rarest device in the analysed bulk of slogans and taglines. The obtained results show the capacity of these sound techniques to enhance brand image. Numerous examples provided in the paper are tailored to support this statement. Moreover, the paper addresses the issue of sound symbolism, since the interest in its manifestation in marketing is on the rise. Thus, from a phonosemantic vantage point, the most productive phonemes are sibilants, plosives and sonorants. Their recurrent character contributes to the creation of a brand image. The overall results may have significant implications for marketing teams that seek to create ear-catching and memorable slogans and taglines as well as shed light on the consumer’s psychology.

Formalization of natural language metaphors is a notorious problem in artificial intelligence and in other overlapping domains. It is semantic vagueness that makes metaphors resistant to formulaic or algorithmic descriptions. Great effort has been invested into modeling metaphors computationally but the issue remains methodologically uncertain and needs further research. This paper works on a practical solution to the problem how metaphorical meaning can be represented in a way suitable for computation. The research agenda of this paper is interdisciplinary; it brings together an algebraic heuristic-driven theory for metaphors developed in artificial intelligence and an applied theory of meaning that comes from cognitive linguistics. This agenda postpones theoretical speculation and argument and is solely solution-focused, which contributes to the value of this paper’s attempt to bridge the cognitive science disciplines whose compatibility, though declared, is seldom demonstrated in a piece of practical research. This paper works with metaphors of human emotions that are linguistically manifested in modern English discourse. Emotions by virtue of their ineffability as qualia are rich in metaphorical conceptualizations and serve the research agenda well. This paper in a meaningful way exposes and ranks designated properties of the FEAR, SADNESS, HAPPINESS, and RELAXATION/SERENITY concepts and arranges these properties into general-purpose ontologies that explicitly specify metaphorically preferred emotion conceptualizations and are good candidates for computation. In prospect, this paper will account for some theoretical aspects of the research and probe the algorithmic and repetitive nature of schemas that license metaphorical expressions in natural language.

The paper is focused on the intercultural communicative competence as an integral part of vocational training of journalism students. The aim of the paper is: 1) to define the intercultural communicative competence dimensions; 2) to outline the ways of development of intercultural communicative competence of journalism students; 3) to find out the attitudes of journalism students to intercultural communicative competence development; 4) to assess the levels of journalism students’ intercultural communicative competence and develop recommendations for its development. A mixed research design was employed which involved 14 ESP teachers and 26 bachelor students of Ivan Franko National University of Lviv during the autumn trimester of 2021. The study shows that the students are fully aware of the necessity to develop intercultural communicative competence. Based on the survey of the ESP teachers, we outlined the dimensions of journalism students’ intercultural communicative competence development and suggested the ways of building intercultural communicative competence in journalism students. The levels of assessment of intercultural communicative competence of journalism students were outlined and defined. The final results indicate that journalism students whose study was more practice than theory oriented (group 1) showed better learning outcomes than those who were mostly focused on the acquisition of theoretical knowledge (group 2). Methodical guidelines for ESP teachers were developed.

Despite longitudinal studies conducted along written and oral codeswitching linguistic prevalence considering ESL context, none of the ensuing studies has attempted to propose a theory delineating the preceding occurrence committed by L2 interlocutors which add to the novelty aspect of this paper. The quantitative analysis redounds to the formation of philosophical data on the constructive aspects associated to codeswitching occurrence in ESL classroom despite its adverse impressions in the context of pedagogy. This paper predominantly explores codeswitching from L1 to L2 in a multifaceted milieu as it has hidden purposes and functions along the channels of communication. For instance, codeswitching for equivalence (Mam the villain in the story is “masama”, because uhmmm…. She done bad thing to the main character). After careful scrutiny, the study emphasizes that the highlighted linguistic prevalence should uncover its positive aspects for communicative competence sake. The paramount goal must always be the understanding of the text and glitches along the channels of communication must be deemed secondary. This practice has functions and purposes in the context of the interlocutors of the language itself. They do such for clarity, emphasis, emotion expression, and equivalence for the most part. The role of ESL teachers counts a lot to bring the students to a high level of communicative competence. L1 shall serve as a bridge to reach L2 fluency.

Every year, more and more foreign students are enrolled at the Faculty of Manufacturing Technologies in Prešov of the Technical University in Kosice. For this reason, Slovak Language for Foreign Students was introduced as a compulsory subject in the 1st year of bachelor’s study. The purpose of the paper was to emphasize the teaching of Slovak as a foreign language and thus help to overcome the problems of foreign students in studying professional subjects. The aim is to provide them with suitable tailor-made study material within the blended form of teaching. Slovak language teachers at the Department of Social Sciences and Humanities used mixed innovative methods and forms of study and tried to increase the language and communication skills of students. The paper compares the results of e-exercises and the final e-test of 140 foreign students from different study programmes in the first year of their bachelor study in the winter semester 2021. Slovak language teachers were able to identify students’ strengths and weaknesses based on the results of experimental research. Elimination of the most frequent mistakes will help students to increase the level of technical Slovak language, which they can apply during the study of professional subjects and in future practice in Slovak companies. The university-wide Moodle platform was used for blended learning in teaching Slovak as a foreign language at the Faculty.

The pandemic situation in Slovakia has shown that e-learning teaching within educational institutions has not received sufficient attention so far. The purpose of the paper is to stress the importance of e-learning application in foreign language teaching as well as show the possibilities of creating new educational portals for university students using professional foreign language texts. The KEGA project “Innovative Methods and Forms of Education for Needs and Development of Language and Communication Skills within Technical Professional Foreign Language Study Material” is still ongoing at the Department of Social Sciences and Humanities. The aim is to emphasize the importance of foreign language training for future engineers, and at the same time to look for modern and innovative mixed methods of education, which includes the use of e-learning. The paper compares the study results of more than 200 students in different study programmes at the Faculty of Manufacturing Technologies in Prešov Technical University of Košice achieved during the academic year 2020/2021. The research findings prove that the experimental group of students from different study programmes achieved the best study results in those manufacturing technologies e-tests which are closely connected with their study programme. The results confirm that English teaching focused on tailor-made professional texts and topics within the engineering levels of studies was effective. Teachers also identified the strengths and weaknesses of students within tasks to practice language competencies. By applying e-tests students were able to improve their language skills, which can be practised in selected foreign companies or in their future careers as engineers, technicians, managers or computer programmers.

The study of course leadership in higher education focusses on an understudied area of research, with a limited number of publications discussing the role of the course leader in higher education, and a distinct lack of research on how course leaders in higher education undertake their professional practice. This lack of a pre-existing theory points the researcher towards grounded theory to investigate and generate a new theory on course leaders’ experiences. Since leadership, and therefore course leadership, is an inherent complex social process, selection of grounded theory as a research methodology to explain how course leaders in higher education practice seems a logical choice. Grounded theory has been successfully used to investigate phenomena in education and in leadership practice in other disciplines. We therefore argue that grounded theory is an appropriate selection for research in education and higher education settings for areas of research where no theory currently exists. Moreover, grounded theories focussing on professional practice have been published in various contexts demonstrating that it is an appropriate method for investigating course leaders’ professional practice. Finally, this paper outlines some perceived weaknesses of using a grounded theory approach for researching course leadership, and offers means to navigate these.

Different linguistic classifications of Spanish and Slovak make the differences between these two languages. The genetic criterion classifies languages, clustering them into language families, the largest among which is the Indoeuropean one. The typological criterion divides languages according to their grammatical structures. Meanwhile, Slovak is genetically a Slavonic language, and Spanish is a Romance language. Therefore, they both belong to different language families. Also, according to the typological criterion, Slovak is a synthetic language, and Spanish is an analytic language. Based on a theoretical study of the standard features and differences between the Slovak and Spanish verb systems, we formulated the hypotheses about language interferences, which are accepted or rejected at the end of the research. The current research aims to examine the errors in the use of past tenses by Slovak university students who study Spanish as a foreign language, and then analyze where these errors are due to interference with their native language. The present paper observes what errors students make in using past tenses in Spanish. The research question is: What interferences do Slovak learners of the Spanish language experience in the use of past tenses? We applied scientific methods (an observation, a textual analysis, a synthesis) to conduct the study. The first method was an observation. Applying this method made it possible to gather data by watching the process of doing grammatical exercises in Spanish during classes held from September 2020 to May 2022 for the first- and second-year students at the Faculty of Applied Languages of the University of Economics in Bratislava. These students knew English and were generally better at it than Spanish. We also conducted a textual analysis that primarily looked at the learners’ short-text writing skills. We used a form with 30 phrases the respondents needed to complete using past tenses. Then, we assessed the written and spoken communication skills of students. The analysis results show that, on the one hand, most respondents needed help distinguishing between the past continuous and simple past tenses, resulting in misuse. On the other hand, we found some slight errors in phrases in which the present perfect tense was supposed to be used.

The article studies the translation of the Ancient Greek literature into Ukrainian as an important and historically conditioned process that influenced the translation tradition in Ukraine. The authors trace the history of translation dating from the period of Kyivan Rus to modern times by applying linguistic, chronological and thematic approaches. As a result of the conducted study the authors define main directions and trends of assimilation of the classical Ancient Greek literature by the Ukrainian context through translation in its cultural and historical dimension, as well as characterize the translations of the Ukrainian scientists and outline their contribution into the classical literature corpus formation. It has been revealed that in different historical periods, translated literature performed definite functions (it was used in religious worship, as the material for original literature creation, in intellectual discussions). Since the 19th century, there existed a tendency when translators (M. Zerov, I. Franko, Lesya Ukrainka, V. Svidzinskyi, P. Nishchynskyi, M. Rylskyi, G. Kochur, Borys Ten, M. Lukash, M. Moskalenko, A. Sodomora, etc.), guided by their own preferences, cultural trends, national needs, political attitudes, consciously chose original texts for translation, carried out scientific investigations and added commentaries to their publications, thereby creating a scientific discussion in the Ukrainian society. It was also found out that translations of Homer's works into Ukrainian led to the emergence of a certain translational tradition (the same phenomenon is observed in Western Europe), when Ukrainian translators developed a methodology that allowed them not only to convey the ideological and content component of the original poems, but also to reproduce the rhyming of ancient poetry. The paper concludes that modern translators from the Ancient Greek language continue to popularize ancient literature and the legacy of the holy fathers, thereby supporting the continuity of the Ukrainian school of translation.

The purpose of the paper is to develop the basic methodological principles of slow reading of literary works with deeply veiled subtextual content. The subject of the research is the short story “Cat in the Rain” by E. Hemingway, whose literary style is clearly manifested by the Iceberg Theory as a well-known way of artistic expression of the implicit meanings. Research questions are to analyze E.Hemingway’s “Cat in the Rain”, using slow reading in order to demonstrate its basic principles; as well as to develop the main methodological principles of the analysis of a literary work, the application of which enable both the identification of the means by which the author creates the implicit plan of the text and mechanisms for decoding subtext meanings by the reader. The considered scientific coverage of the problem of slow reading in the works by M. Adler, D. Mikiks, J. Miedema, and others. The impact of the features of the computer era on the nature of reading is analyzed, the need to counteract the superficial perception of texts caused by clip thinking is indicated. M. Adler revealed in detail the concept of reading comprehension. D.Mikiks developed a number of methodological principles for slow reading of literary works of various genres (novels, short stories, dramatic works, and even essays). J. Miedema explained the importance of a slow way of perceiving texts from the perspective of psychophysiological science. Slow reading of a literary work is the slowest pace of its analysis, an effective method for penetrating the depths of content and the implicit level of the text. It is appropriate when the object of analysis is a highly artistic literary work that implies the depth of its content and the effectiveness of expressive techniques that create an aesthetic impact on the recipients. The slow reading methodology requires the application of certain basic methodological principles. Since there is an implicit level of a text, the interpreter must decode information that is not explicitly stated. This decoding process is based on three main points. Firstly, slow reading requires a conditional division of the text into episodes, each of which expresses an artistic meaning, all of which together form the main idea of the work. In turn, the method of analysing each episode involves identifying the artistic meanings expressed in its visualised moments, as well as dialogues (polylogues, internal monologues). In a highly artistic text, each image contains an implicit meaning. The ability to analyse the visual leads to decoding the unspoken. This also applies to the language of the characters. To demonstrate the method of slow reading, the short story “Cat in the Rain” by E. Hemingway was chosen, which exemplifies the “Iceberg Principle” cultivated by the author. The conditional division of the story into episodes allowed delving into the artistic world of the story and understanding how the meanings and motives of individual episodes form the main artistic meaning of the story. A detailed analysis of the visualised moments of the work made it possible to trace how the writer introduces the reader to his artistic world, creates the illusion of being present in it. This increases the level of the reader’s empathy – his/her ability to feel the internal emotional states of the characters. Nevertheless, the analysis of dialogues lets the reader reveal the psychological content, create a psychological behavioural model, and understand the internal psychological states of the characters. Such a dual interaction of the text components “visualisation – dialogue” forms the subtextual meaning of the work. The slow method of reading the short story “Cat in the Rain” makes it possible to reveal the hidden artistic meanings of the work. It raises the problem of family happiness that requires mutual understanding and spiritual intimacy between spouses. The story deals mainly with the inner states of an American woman. They centre around one single idea, which is the desire to have a real family and a home. Likewise, the method of slow reading allows us to understand the image of George as a representative of the “Lost Generation” which was one of the objects of artistic reflection in Hemingway’s works. George is a typical representative of that generation. He is one of those young people who, having survived the war, cannot find themselves in the post-war world. At the same time, the main artistic meaning of the story can also be interpreted as an expression of the idea of the global loneliness of people, the alienation of human existence, that is embodied in the images of the American couple, the hotel owner, and the writer himself as an “image of the author.” Slow reading should be based on an understanding of the theory of a literary work as a systemintegrated entity. The main categories of this theory are the concepts of the integrity of a literary work, the system-forming factor, and the system of artistic means interpreted as “techniques”, each of which has its own function. Thus, the aesthetic impact of the literary text is revealed that is the main goal of true art.

The cultural turn makes translation shift from word – text to cultural register. According to the view of cultural translation, culture serves as the translational unit. The lacunarity phenomenon, which is a linguistic and cultural occurrence when two languages are compared, has grown into a significant issue that translators must resolve. Therefore, the urgency of this research has changed to how to eliminate cultural conflict and fill up lexical lacunas. In this paper, we first clarify the similarities and differences of terms related to the lacunarity phenomenon from the perspective of their relevance. Then, aiming at the compensation of linguistic lacunas (semantic and pragmatic) in literary works, we adopt inductive, deductive, and modeling research methods according to the adequacy principle of translation, and put forward for the first time the concept of constructing the lacuna’s translation model in modern linguistics (novelty), with the purpose of building a complete set of systematic solutions to the translation problem of this phenomenon, so as to make the translation harmonious and unified in three aspects: aesthetic value, text equivalence, and functional correspondence. We can draw this conclusion from the meta-theoretical analysis of the lacuna’s translation model in modern linguistics and its use in the translation of the book “Tales of Hulan River” by Chinese author Xiao Hong: The model is a systematic innovation and endeavor in the field of translation based on linguistic research, and it has practical methodological importance. It can provide a set of formulaic reference standards for translators to interpret lexical lacunas. The following are the justifications for the conclusion: First, the model’s foundation is linguistic research on the concept of “lacuna”, including the examination of the relationships between terms such as “reality”, “non-equivalent words”, and “lacuna”, as well as the investigation of their definition, nature, classification, and semantic range; Second, the model adheres to the “adequacy” principle of translation, which comprises acceptability, similarity, and transmissibility while taking into account both the reader-translator and original-author orientations. This approach is robust and universal exactly because it takes into account every side involved in the translation process; Third, the model’s three theories work well together. L. S. Barchudarov developed 6 levels of semantic equivalence for language translation units, which focused more on the text’s equivalent in translation and disregarded the text’s communicative and aesthetic purposes. As a pragmatic addition to the equivalency theory of the former, the 7 functional dimensions outlined by Juliane House in the idea of functional correspondence of text can be applied. Meanwhile, by using the 6 organization principles of Gestalt psychology, the lacuna’s translation model in modern linguistics incorporates the translation form and subjective feelings into the reference mechanism from the needs of the reader as the subject of aesthetic meaning. It can be said that the triple theory offers a variety of reference indicators for translators, and they are free to combine suitable reference indicators in the filling of lexical lacunas represented by material culture, behavioral culture, institutional culture, and conceptual culture. According to the different types of lacunas, they can use translation methods such as transformational, interlinear, pragmatic translation, as well as by combining transcription, transliteration, replacement, omission, amplification, reconstructing, permutations, explanations in the text and other translation techniques, which reflects the flexibility of the translation model. However, the lexical lacunas themselves can be interpreted as a defective vocabulary in the target language, and the primary goal of the translator should be to compensate for or fill this defect, to let the reader understand “what does this mean”, then the functional correspondence of the lacuna's translation becomes more important. In other words, the lacuna’s translation model in modern linguistics requires the translator to pay more attention to pragmatic function and aesthetic effect; when necessary, translators must abandon low-level semantic equivalence and strive for high-level equivalence.

Euphemism occupies a central place in political discourse. The article aims to probe into the rhetorical device of euphemism in the political discourse of the 46th President of the United States, Joseph Biden, during the Ukrainian-Russian war. The significance of the study is based on the necessity to research the linguistic image of the Russian-Ukrainian war and its main political actors in current political discourse. The relevance of this study is also determined by the aim to show the use of euphemisms in current political discourse on the example of Joseph Biden’s speeches. The research methods of the article combine continuous sampling, component analysis; comparison and observation, classification and systematization of data, quantitative calculations, etc. The also study employs Multimodal Discourse Analysis (MDA) which explores the relations between language and power as well as the relations between language and image. Our research limits its analysis of multimodality to two modalities, gesture and speech. President Joseph Biden’s speeches on the United Efforts of the Free World to Support the People of Ukraine (February 26, 2022) and on the One-Year Anniversary of Russia’s Brutal and Unprovoked Invasion of Ukraine of the US (February 21, 2023) at the Royal Castle in Warsaw serve as a material for the study of euphemisms in political discourse. Conclusions. Euphemism is a characteristic element of political discourse. The role of euphemisms in political discourse is primarily determined by the desire for politically correct intercultural communication, politeness and tolerance, and mutual understanding. Euphemisms express the moral values of society and help to overcome intercultural barriers. The analysis of Joseph Biden’s political speeches made it possible to identify groups of the most commonly used types of euphemisms, namely, concealment of military conflicts (“conflict”, “invasion”, “aggression”, “fight for freedom”, “crisis”, “the great battle for freedom”); taboo of death (“sacrifice”, “pass away”, “lose their lives”); socio-economic sphere (“the continued support”, “support”). According to research data, 47.2% of euphemisms have a veiling function, 38.9% of euphemisms perform a cooperative function and 8.3% of euphemisms have a preventive function in Joseph Biden’s speeches. We suggest Joseph Biden delivers the same viewpoint across his gestures and speeches. Analyzing the gesture-euphemism correlation, we conclude that the 46th US President mainly employed these gestures with integrative and complementary functions. The present paper shows how the polyphonic self of the US political leader is conveyed not solely through speech, but also through gesture. Thus, we assume that the driving force in the evolution of the politician’s polyphonic self is the distribution of viewpoints across modalities of political discourse, where they influence each other in live communication. Biden’s speech is characterized by a short syntagm, as he slows down the pace, trying to convey every word to the audience. The stress is mostly emphatic, with emphasis created by increasing pitch, volume, and duration. Pauses, intonations, voice, register, and tone of speech, being a frame of euphemistic connotations, form the specificity of the communicative and pragmatic field of audiovisual narrative.

The paper outlines a framework for approaching the complexities of translating multimodal means in horror fiction. Nowadays, the horror genre is reaching its peak, becoming the most remarkable mass product in demand. It is sharply distinguished from other literary genres due to generating a morbid mood and heart-stopping suspense in the textual canvas. From this perspective, the research aims to identify multimodal means essential for creating suspense in King’s horror novels “Pet Sematary” (1983) and “Outsider” (2018) and determine the translation strategies used to render them into Ukrainian. In this regard, multimodal means stir fresh interest since they implicitly complement and clarify the information transmitted verbally. The research framework is designed with two primary objectives. Firstly, to disclose the phonic and graphic means utilized in recreating horror imagery in the TL text. Secondly, to examine the translation strategies employed in rendering the multimodal means into the TL. The principles of the comparative approach were chosen to identify the similarities and differences between translation strategies in the analyzed texts. The research methodology adopted in this study enables a comprehensive study of the multimodal means in the horror fiction genre, employing a meticulous approach that involves data collection, analysis, and interpretation through the lens of translation strategies, contextual and pragmatic analyses. The conducted research reveals the involvement of phonic and graphic means to influence the readership unconsciously. The frequency of phonic means depends on the context of their occurrence. Graphic means are represented by syngraphemic, supragraphemic, and topographemic elements. To render the sense of the SL adequately and meet the TL audience expectations, the translators of “Pet Sematary” and “Outsider” advocated semantic, grammatical, and pragmatic translation strategies. Synonymous and contextual substitution, loan, antonymous and descriptive translation, addition, and compression proved to be the dominant translation transformations. The in-depth analysis has shown that the translators faced multiple hindrances, making some errors in encoding polysemiotic signs. However, the TL version makes sense, undeniably affecting the reader and retaining the author’s communicative intent.

The paper presents the ideas on integration of English language academic writing into the training of Mater of Pharmacy students. The academic literature demonstrates a powerful didactic potential for the development of both language and professional competence of students majoring in pharmacy. This fact is evidenced by the empirical study that demonstrates the finding reflected in students’ graduation academic project performance. As a measurement tools we employed assessment rubrics of the graduate project, content analysis and questionnaire on teachers’ feedback. The participants of the study were students from the Pharmacy faculty and teachers of English for Academic Purposes in cooperation with teachers of pharmacy. Together they outlined the criteria for the texts selection. According to the results, students mastered not only academic writing skills, but also the skills of information processing and evaluation, critical thinking, presentation of information and academic integrity. The paper also presents methodological recommendations on academic texts selection for pharmaceutical students and forms of teachingacademic writing to students of non-linguistic specialties. The results of the study allow to draw the conclusion academic writing course will enhance professional competence and reduce students’ misinterpreting of academic language.

The paper analyses new words and set expressions through their affiliation with different spheres of social life of the English-speaking community. The aim of the article is to analyse innovations by their distribution in the spheres of social life of the English-speaking society. The aim was reached by using both general scientific (analysis, synthesis, systematisation, classification, induction, deduction) and strictly linguistic methods (random sampling and observation method, lexico-semantic and contextual analysis, interpretation of dictionary definitions). In addition, the method of sociolinguistic analysis of the collected material was used. It aims to explore the relationship between language and society. Twelve groups of social life areas have been identified that have given a rise to entirely new innovations: innovations related to education and upbringing; innovations related to health sector; innovations related to generations; innovations related to gender aspect; innovations related to different diets, new recipes, and technologies in cooking; innovations related to sports, tourism, physical education, fitness; innovations related to environment; innovations related to COVID-19; innovations related to economy; innovations related to gadgets; innovations related to social media; innovations specified by modern information technology. The most expansive group is represented by the innovations related to the sphere of information technology, especially the social networks, which should be considered to be a new form of social communication. A certain number of new formations of economy and business denote new types and models of economic systems with the active role of ‘economy’ as the key word. Coronavirus pandemic (Covid-19) has begot dozens of new words and expressions with the words Covid/corona being the centre of innovations. Quite a number of neologisms is focused on the environmental problems, namely – the problems of climate change, global warming. Considerable number of words and expressions denote new kinds of sport, tourism, fitness. The trend to minimise the consumption of meat and other animal products, to go on different diets, to become vegetarian, the new cooking technology and technique – these factors determine the coinage of new formations, associated with the sphere of food, nutrition, culinary. Special attention is given to the denomination of new kinds and brands of such a beverage as coffee. Women liberation movement, especially the struggle for equal role in political and public life, against discrimination and sexism is evidenced in coinages based on the analogy of the expression glass ceiling, fusions with the words man and mom (mum) as the first element. Replenished is the vocabulary associated with the names and characteristics of generations, especially the new ones. The sphere of medicine and health contributes to the formation of neologisms denoting new therapies, cosmetic surgery, and treatment procedures. New formations in the sphere of education reflect changes in this sphere, new approaches and methods. Newly coined phrases characterise types of families, relations between their members. Sociolinguistic analysis is combined with the description of active ways, types and productive elements contributing to the replenishment of English vocabulary. Thus, the innovations in English in the last decade have reflected changes in almost all spheres of social life. These changes are caused by emerging problems and the need to solve them. Particular attention has been paid to the verbalisation of new forms and means of social communication in the context of the information revolution. The most active mechanisms for the formation of neologisms are telescoping (so called portmanteau words) including analogy with telescoping and pure telescoping, forming compound words, especially according to the N+(pro-)N model, affixation, abbreviations, and acronyms.

In this paper, the military term combinations and military metaphors in the official documents are identified and analyzed by the methods of corpus and cognitive linguistics. The comparative approach was pursued to show their common usage in the unified official document of NATO. The purpose of the study is to recommend the methodology for statistical and automated identification of term combinations in the parallel corpus of the official texts and to recommend the methods of cognitive linguistics such as the Conceptual Metaphor Theory (hereinafter – CMT) and the Conceptual Blending Theory (hereinafter – CBT) for the analysis of the military metaphor in the parallel corpus of official texts. The ultimate aim of the study is to analyze NATO’s military terminology and understand the military conceptual metaphor in official business documents to demonstrate a deep understanding of military-political discourse. The removal of the highly specialized terminology from NATO’s official business documents is conditioned by the presence of language units with the semantic structure indicating military, political and humanitarian features that distinguish NATO from other organizations. In our research, the sampling of nominative units used to denote the military concept of NATO as an international organization evidenced a wide reproduction of the accurate and definite content that deprives its components of the semantic ambiguity. At the same time, the speech expression is fixed in texts from positions of observation of the language that allows us to identify the dynamics of language changes in general and on the general scale in particular. The analytical method of observation in the context of our research envisages the collection of scientific information and identification of linguistic characteristics of NATO’s official business terminology. In particular, we separated a number of two-, three- and four-component phrases from OBD. The sampling included the following phrases used to denote: 1) nuclear-powered rocket weapons system: nuclear cruise missile submarine; wire guarded missile; nuclear-powered ballistic missile submarine; rocket-assisted projectile; 2) radio-electronic and other technical tools: artillery radar complex; beam rider guidance; uninterruptible – power supply; laser range finder; ambush detection device; on-board electronic computer system; 3) reorganization of ground forces and senior management units: paramilitary mining rescue unit; logistics operations center; emergency unit; 4) change of some fundamental provisions (doctrines) in tactics and operational art: nuclear detonation detection; electronic countermeasures; protection of safety information. Thus, the semantic dominance of the highly specialized terminology in NATO’s official business documents is confirmed by a large sampling based on features identified as a result of monitoring of their extralingual indicators. The research value of the sampling consists in the fact that the selected terminological phrases lead to an improvement of their understanding and the effective practical application of the research. We also used the statistical and automated methods of a NATO term combination separation from the collocation to not hinder the presentation and perception of the corpus of UN parallel texts. The quantitative expression of results of the corpus analysis of the NATO’s term combination and the commonly used phrase encourages to choose the optimal way to single out a referent of a certain military sphere, and in such event its nomination corresponds to the official business document assigned to this term combination. As the research showed, the mechanism of use of CBT for the analysis of the cognitive model of a metaphor with the author’s conceptualization demonstrates condensed intra-domain properties. By singling out four spaces, we traced their mutual designing that indicates a shorter distance between the domains than originally expected. In comparison, the military term combinations in these fragments are used to provide specific information about the military, such as the shoestring budget and the cavalry regiment. On the other hand, the military metaphors are used to convey complex ideas and comparisons, such as the sitting duck and tank battalion. Both the military term combinations and metaphors contribute to the overall effectiveness of the language used to describe NATO’s land forces and their challenges. Conclusion. The study was focused on the identification and analysis of the term combination and metaphor in the official document by the methods of corpus and cognitive linguistics to confirm their common usage in the unified official document of NATO. We tried to justify the hypothesis according to which these subjects have common features in the lexical form and the military lexical meaning. The first of the two linguistic analyses was aimed at giving the global perspective on the most frequent term combinations and comparing them with the most commonly used word combinations in the parallel corpus of the official texts to identify the coefficient of their informational value. Statistical and automated methods of the linguistic analysis confirmed the high reproducibility of the NATO’s term combination in the parallel corpus of the official texts. Taking into consideration the results, the field-specific military term combinations serve as a joining link that will provide the unity of the content plan and its expression [Solano, 2013, p. 167–180] as had been stated before. On the other hand, the second analysis was created to illustrate the cognitive model of the metaphor through the military expression. As the conducted study found, the mechanism of the usage of the TCB for the analysis of the cognitive model metaphor showed short intradomain properties. This identification helped to determine four spaces where we traced their mutual projection which showed the shorter distance between the domains than had been expected at the beginning of the study. At the final phase of the study we focused on the identification of the field-specific term combination and military metaphor in the official document under the title “NATO’s Land Forces: Losing Ground”. Though the term combination and metaphor are different categories, their common usage in the official document shows the similarity which can create a common category, the military metaphor in the official terminology of NATO. As far as specific results are concerned, the following conclusions can be drawn referring to the official business document dealing with training mission in Afghanistan (2019): 1) The similarity between the term combination and metaphor is found in the chain of semantic dependence between the terms in the fragment of the official document. The meaning of the language units (the term combination, the metaphor) colors the fragment content with the military and identification sense. 2) The difference between the military term combination and the military metaphor lies in the usage of them in text. On the one hand, military term combinations used in the text convey meaning related to military operations rely on technical language to convey specific information, while on the other hand, military metaphors use imagery and comparisons to convey abstract concepts in a more relatable way.

The article analyzes “The Sense of an Ending” by the English writer J. Barnes by using the novel’s key image of protagonist Tony Webster and the associated philosophical complex of problems of modern man’s existence in the world. This paper offers a working definition of the catastrophic consciousness concept, through the prism of which the characteristic and key features of post-nonclassical catastrophic era person are traced. The concept of a man of catastrophe means a person who is a generator and bearer of the catastrophe of one’s own life and soul. The philosophical basis for this article was the idea of the “anthropological catastrophe” by philosopher M. Mamardashvili, who sees it as the main danger to the existence of humanity. He assumes that the central factor of the anthropological catastrophe is the individual consciousness, which is unpredictable due to the tendency to (self)destruction and breakdowns of absolute civilizational mechanisms. The purpose of the article is to analyze the image of a man of catastrophe and the key components of protagonist Tony Webster’s catastrophic consciousness. To achieve the main aim, historical-cultural, historical-literary and hermeneutic research methods were involved. J. Barnes’s serious interest in the problems of modern man’s existence is constant, which is confirmed by all his early and recent novels (“England, England”, “The Noise of Time”, “The Only Story”, “Elizabeth Finch”). He sees them in the special difficulties that a person faces in the process of national and personal identification, in the awareness and acceptance of life’s path as a path of losses and continuous trials, in the understanding of the fragility and shakiness of human existence and interpersonal relations, in the impossibility of an adequate, objective understanding of himself and the world and the inevitable fact of the death presence in life of every person. J. Barnes’s novel “The Sense of an Ending» is another brilliant attempt to reproduce one of many variations of human life and think about the reasons for its capriciousness and tragedy. “The Sense of an Ending» is a sophisticated psychological novel that expresses the singularity of human experience and the uniqueness of people’s life destinies. The writer tells the story of a person or even several people unfolding several series of unconscious but tragic events, the catastrophic nature of which is understood by the protagonist only in old age, when the destruction of his life has become an obvious fact that cannot be hidden from and cannot be changed. Tony’s descent into the dark tunnels of his own memory and his past is difficult, but the hero seeks to understand what he did wrong in his life, where his “free fall” into the abyss began. Tony’s weak-mindedness and timidity, the desire to be a “non-conflict”» person make him vulnerable to the challenges he faces in the process of growing up and, most importantly, to his first love. For him, Veronica is the Other, in the relationship with whom he can feel his individuality, the value and strength of his originality and its inherent imperfections. As a result of the study, it was determined that the main traumatic factors, triggers and catalysts of the catastrophic worldview of the novel’s protagonist are memory, time and love, that reveal the weakness of mnemonic mechanisms and the unreliability of human memory, false apperception and the instability of the value system, internal disorder and person’s inability to adequate reflection and self-reflection. The consequence of such a state of the protagonist’s mind is his understanding of the loss of time, the irreparability of the past, the impossibility of change, the collapse of his life ideas and the fragility of human life, and the complete awareness that he alone was the root cause of all these troubles. A whole corpus of works of the turn of the 20th-21st centuries, written by British writers like M. Bradbury, J. Coe, M. Amis, I. McEwan, Gr. Swift and others, highlight the characteristic features of such a person with his specific reactions to external challenges and internal troubles, and this gives a reason to say that the literature models a typical image of a hero or anti-hero of the apocalyptic world, well recognized by contemporaries and relevant to the latest transitional era. Based on the peculiarities of the English cultural and literary tradition with its inherent preference for historical and ethical concreteness and acuteness of the sociomoral problems of the human existence, the appearance of the typical image of a man of catastrophe in the British postmodern novel looks organically, and such an artistic type requires further balanced literary research. J. Barnes also forms and adds this tendency and presents an own bright version of his contemporary, creating a striking portrait of a person of chaotic, disharmonious and dangerous times, a man who is lonely and exhausted by anxieties and troubles, a man who is torn by inner doubts, insecurity, mental crisis, desolation, and disappointment in the result of his life and depression. The extreme intensity of the hero’s inner experiences, the feeling of the fallibility of the past, the futility and uncertainty of the present and the future determines the core state of mind of a modern man of catastrophe, that exists in a world in which anthropological catastrophe has become an essential sign of everyday reality.

The article explores the display mechanisms of the postmodern city as a text in Serhiy Zhadan’s works during the period between 2008 up to 2022. We’ve investigated the city representation tools portrayed in the diachronic aspect. There have been studies of Ukrainian urbanism time-space and audio characteristics, viewed through the connection with European urbanity on the examples of Kharkiv regional centers’ and Voroshilovgrad depictions, the east of Ukraine urban points of district significance, as well as particular foreign urban locations. The purpose of the research paper is to distinguish and analyze the main categories of the Postmodern city as a text in poetry and prose by Serhiy Zhadan. The tasks of the research are focused on the definition and interpretation of the modern research methods within the investigation of the ‘the urban text’ category, the identification of the fundamental content-representative elements of the Eastern Ukrainian cities significant to the author, the interpretation of the main categories of the city as a text, and Kharkiv as a text in particular, in the creative heritage of the author. The research methods include hermeneutical, historical, literary, cultural methods and the method of contextual analysis. As a result of the study, it has been proved that the city text in Serhiy Zhadan’s works is represented by multiple forms, as well as the paradigm “the past – the present – the mixture of the past / the present”. The chronotopic skeleton of the city is embodied in a number of material congestions, represented by the intervened example of architecture, which bears the imprint of different historical eras. The urban chronotope is marked by location points, endemic for the writer: numerous spatial models of the railway stations, representing a gallery of social characters and algorithms of criminal schemes; bus routes, city transport, personified and serving as the “bodily organs” of the city; industrial facilities; monuments to Soviet leaders; hotels; zoo-images. A characteristic feature of destabilization is the depiction of the marginal components of the city (drunkards, drug addicts, prostitutes, dishonest politicians). The hotels serve as the points of sin and the marks of well-being. Serhiy Zhadan’s text is coded, symbolic, and is socially marked. The accompanying fragments of the realistic depiction are music, dances, weather, color, natural and unnatural sounds. The cities, marked by the influence of the historic shifts, create a picture of a transitional period in Ukrainian society. The frozen reality of the post-Soviet reality, embodied in the cities, reaches the peak of its transformation during the military conflict, which defaces the body of the city and modifies the mentality of its inhabitants. The buildings, the animals, the natural world tend to echo the military events and reflect the gradual degeneration and altogether rebirth of the city of Kharkiv. The urban space by Serhiy Zhadan is a mocking festivity. It revolves around day-to-day reality with the print of the epoch that dominates. The city by the author acquires the features of the whore-city. Serhiy Zhadan also generates a number of fresh or updated forms like city-orphan, city-cripple, city-mechanism, city-animal. The Ukrainian cities in the writer’s legacy are of male gender, whereas the foreign ones acquire noticeable female Biblical features. Thus, the Postmodern urban text as a holistic system of images and signs reflecting the specificity of the post-totalitarian urban culture gets formed in the writings by Serhiy Zhadan. The poetics of the Postmodern urban text by Zhadan enclude the intertextual devices; parodic and ironic reasoning of the traditional cultural archetypes (the sun-city, the city-whore, the garden-city, etc.) and their substitution with the new connotations (the city-dog, the city-fish, the city-ghost, the city-mechanism, the city-cripple, the city-orphan, the city of whores, etc.); the motif of escapism; fragmentation of depiction; the mode of a game with a reader. The works of the writer create the image of the Postmodern urban mind as nomadic, shelterless and carnival. This type of mind serves as a basis of a new peculiar type of a character formation – the eternal nomad-wanderer.

The Russian speech of the Baku people has its own long-standing traditions and, at the same time, its own special dynamics of development. Modern social conditions expand the Russian-Azerbaijani bilingualism possibilities, which makes the study of this sociolinguistic phenomenon relevant. The aim of the article is to study the specifics of Azerbaijani vocalism influence on the Russian speaking Baku residents; to identify the characteristic speech features of Azerbaijani and Russian speakers in the context of bilingualism issues. The features of oral speech depend on many objective and subjective factors, the consideration of which requires the use of direct observation method, experimental phonetics (acoustic instrumental method) and sociophonetics method (survey). In the process of research we used monologues and dialogues of native speakers in a student audience, on social networking sites, on the meetings at various cultural and other events, in everyday life and family. Speeches were recorded on paper and technical media for further consideration. We studied the general scientific and theoretical prerequisites of the problem, the features of the Azerbaijani and Russian languages phonetic system, including vowels. Participants in oral speech are grouped according to a number of parameters, namely: those who received education in Russian or in Azerbaijani; age groups (up to 30 years old, from 30 to 50 years old, over 50 years old); living mainly in the environment of the Russian-speaking population, living outside it. The vowels of the Azerbaijani language are grouped depending on the place of their formation and the nature of pronunciation, each group is considered separately in the context of Baku citizens influence on the Russian pronunciation. We considered the influence of the Azerbaijani language vowels, which are unusual for the Russian language, on the Russian speech of Baku people (ə, ö, ü). It is noted that the influence of these sounds is reflected in words borrowed from other languages and used in each of the studied languages. The fact of using vowel sounds that are absent in Russian is analyzed based on the law of harmony inherent in all Turkic languages. We revealed the fact of sounds intonational distortion in Russian. The influence is especially noticeable in the patterns of “macaronic” speech. The features of the pronunciation of some vowels in the Russian speech of Baku residents should be characterized taking into account the sociolinguistic features of the speakers. We took into account age, position in the social structure, education (received in Russian or Azerbaijani), professional affiliation (for example, the speaker can be a Russian language teacher or a Russian-speaking journalist, TV presenter, etc., that is, a good speaker of Russian language due to their training). The affiliation of the speaker to one or another dialect or patois of the Azerbaijani language is also important, moreover, if he/she received an education in the Azerbaijani language. So, the impact of the Azerbaijani language vocalism on Baku residents Russian pronunciation in the bilingual space is reflected in the following factors: 1. There are features of Azerbaijani vowels intensive use, which are associated with sound position, its features of application within the framework of assimilation or harmony laws. For example, a, o, u, ı, i are more similar than other vowels. Or, for instance, e, ə, ö, ü at the place of their formation, are able to influence other vowels, and are intensively used in the second and subsequent syllables of the word. Also in combination with each other. All this is reflected in the nature of the Russian speech of Baku city inhabitants. 2. The influence of the vowels ə, ö, ü, which are not specific for Russian phonemes, comes through the pronunciation of Azerbaijani words included in the vocabulary of Baku residents (names, household items, geographical names, etc.) in the “Azerbaijani” way, that is, with the preservation phonetic features of these words. 3. Vowel sounds are added based on the law of harmony, which is specific for all Turkic languages (and not only!). 4. There are intonation changes associated with the lengthening of a vowel sound in a word, or the use of expressions like a-a-a, uh-uh in sentences to show an emotional attitude to what was said. 5. The nature of the relationship between vowels in the Azerbaijani language can be weak, intense or contradictory, that is, generally impossible. It is these features that affect pronunciation, intonation, the choice of words and their use in the text of speech. It is rather difficult to reflect all the features of the use of Azerbaijani vowels within the framework of the article; however, the main points are reflected. The softness and hardness of Russian consonants, which directly affect pronunciation, is important. There is a lack of certain reductions of vowels, and there are manifestations of rhythm disturbances.

The article deals with the problem of correlation between the illocutionary force of indirect commissive acts and shields as deictic mitigating markers that reduce the level of promises by influencing their felicity conditions. The purpose of the article is to clarify the types of deictic shields and their function in weakening the illocutionary force of indirect promises in the European political discourse of assistance to Ukraine. The purpose is achieved by solving the following objectives that determine the research algorithm, including (a) felicity conditions revealing for commissives, weakened by shields that affect the illocutionary force of acts; (b) identifying those deictic coordinates of statements, the reference to which weakens the illocutionary force of commissives; (c) lexical-semantic and syntactic deictic mitigators complex determination. To achieve the purpose and objectives set in the article, the following research methods are used: the method of speech acts analysis and the method of inferencing the shields-based conventional implicatures, supplemented by elements of componential analysis. The article reached the following principal results. Firstly, among the felicity conditions for commissives weakened by shields, the article highlights the condition of speaker’s sincerity and the preparatory condition of his / her ability to perform a promissive act. Due to the shields, the promise is transferred from the scope of the action to the scope of the speaker’s possibilities. Secondly, based on the understanding of shields as the markers affecting either the speaker’s / addresser’s face-protecting attitude to the proposition or the deictic space-temporal-object coordinates of the utterance, the paper has identified that the illocutionary force of indirect commissives is mitigated by personal, temporal and object shields. Thirdly, we have singled out and specified a set of illocution-mitigating deictic devices, including means of role-playing deixis, epistemological modal verbs and their substitutes, which denote or connotate semes of “capabilities” and “possibilities”, means of negation, temporary deixis devices, i.e. the lexical and grammatical markers of future tense, resulting in the vagueness of promises / obligations; presuppositional adverbs with inference pattern of “impediment to a promised action”; passive structures that withdraw the speaker from the position of phrasal subject and an agent of the promising action; verbs and adverbs, which in their inference patterns contain the denotative or contextually connotated semes of a temporal reference to an indefinite future; metonymic generalization of the agent of action. The prospect for further research is the analysis of all types of mitigators, including bushes, hedges and shields, in their projection on rhetorical and manipulative methods of argumentation in political discourse as manifested by the discourse-forming concept “Caution”.

The interaction of arts which poets, writers, artists, scholars and philosophers have always paid considerable attention, has gained popularity recently and it has been given serious consideration in art history, literary and cultural studies, and aesthetics. Some researchers explain a growing interest in the phenomenon of increasing significance of visuality in modern culture. The aim of the article is to clarify the status quo in the study of ekphrasis in literary and cultural studies. To achieve the aim pursued, the following research methods have been used: cultural-aesthetic, comparative and hermeneutic. The paper focuses on the concept of ekphrasis and its use in literary works and studies the current trends in the study of ekphrasis, regarding its definition, typology, functions, ekphrastic genre invariants, and reader’s perception of ekphrasis. Some exemplary instances of ekphrasis description in English ekphrastic poetry and emotive prose have been considered, and the verbal means of ekphrasis generation have been analysed. The analysis of the most popular works of domestic and foreign scholars such as: N.S. Bochkareva, L. Geller, N.N. Yefimova, A.Yu. Krivoruchko, V. Cunningham, J. Hollander, L. Spitzer and many others, has allowed to make the conclusion that most scholars use the definition of ekphrasis as a “poetic description of a pictorial or sculptural work of art” suggested by Leo Spitzer, although, the definition of ekphrasis as a “verbal representation of visual representation” of James Hefferman, which is a broader concept is also popular. Different classifications of ekphrasis have been suggested by the researchers. N. Braginskaya, for instance, distinguishes the dialogical and monological ekphrasis on the basis of the internal structure of the text, the main difference being the manner of presenting information to the reader. The typology of ekphrasis and its main functions are mainly given on the basis of creative works of a particular writer or poet and many researchers pay attention to sense general features of ekphrasis as the process which combines iconic and sign images in verbal discourse. Ekphrasis, being the representation of other arts in literature, expands considerably the narrative space. The origin of ekphrasis goes back to the ancient times where it is seen as a rhetorical device. In classical rhetoric, ekphrasis could refer virtually to any extended description of art objects. Ekphrasis, an ancient rhetorical term, has been now revived in academic circles, in the studies of art and literature. After languishing in obscurity until 1967, when Murray Krieger published a notable essay on it, ekphrasis is commanding major attention, “ploughing the inexhaustibly fertile ground where literature meets visual arts”. There are various approaches to the study of the ekphrastic tradition, and the historical approach being one of them, can be seen in many works. Ekphrasi in modern research is a multifaceted and polyfunctional phenomenon. The typology of ekphrasis and its main functions are mainly given on the basis of the particular poet`s or writer`s creative works, paying attention to some general features of ekphrasis which combines iconic and sign images in verbal discourse. The phenomenon of ekphrasis merits further consideration, especially, due to the availability of Liliane Louvel’s The Pictorial Third: An Essay into Intermedial Criticism, which provides the author’s innovative approach to the understanding of the relationships between the literary text and image.

The article elucidates modern trends in humanities and social studies to encompass affective corporeality in the emotional conceptual sphere of the person, the structure of her social identity, and into processes of communal sense-making. But despite the prominence of the turn to affectivity which is putatively at the core of many social processes, discourse must be equally addressed to outline the epistemic role of emotional experiences. Therefore, the goal of the paper is to highlight the need for integrating the findings of both discourse and affect studies which will significantly benefit emotiology in unveiling the processes of social construction of reality. To meet the goal the following objectives are set: 1) to outline the semiotic nature and pragmatic potential of affect somatic concomitants; 2) to analyze the unity of social and biogenetic codes of affect and emotion externalization; 3) to provide an overarching classification of verbal means for affect and emotion manifestation; 4) to highlight the role of cognized corporeality of emotions; 5) to present the prospects of an integral approach to the study of affective-discursive sense-making. The methodology of the study involves general-scientific methods of analysis, synthesis, comparing, and deduction. Results. Current emotion theories in linguistics, philosophy, and psychology exhibit a general tendency towards the integration of embodied emotional and sensual experience in epistemic and sense-making practices of social interaction. An emotional pool proves indispensable from the pool of knowledge and involves shared experience of affective and emotional responses, their conventionalized and sedimented externalization, the library of verbal and nonverbal means of their manifestation, regulation, negotiation, and channeling. Consequently, the unison of scholarly claims resides in the recognition of both biological and social aspects of affectivity, verbal expression and/or representation of which elicits recognition and an embodied response in the co-emoter. The commonality of affective interaction is claimed formative in constructing worldviews and beliefs. Therefore, the pragmatic potential of verbal and nonverbal affectivediscursive practices favours efficient social affiliation and communal construction of reality simultaneously setting social boundaries within a society. Recurring and reproducing scenarios of affective interaction are based on the system of conventional behavioural and linguistic signs which foster meaning-making practices. The library of somatic signs can be accessed via biogenetic modality, modality on trigger, and modality on learning. This code is grounded in innate physiological responses and unequivocally relates to corresponding situations through stereotypical behavioral patterns. Modality on learning bridges biogenetic and alphabetic codes as the nativism of both anchors semantic correlation, with the difference that the latter system of signs is adopted only conventionally. A discursive account of emotional interaction has resulted in an integral classification of verbal means for affect and emotion externalization that equally involve verbal and nonverbal modes. Emotion triggers, emotional situations, psycho-physiological experiences, state and action tendencies are included in the comprehensive inventory of language means for emotion manifestation. Expressive and descriptive methods can also serve as means of invoking emotional response in other social members in the form of embodied simulations. This is engendered by the process of emotion knowledge acquisition which occurs both through embodiment and narrative practices. The knowledge of social and cultural aspects of one’s emotional stance involves a multilateral account of subjective experience shared by other members of a culture. Thus, emotional alignment is achieved in social acts through manifold resources of language that proves affective-discursive practices defining in sense-making and the approach seminal in further studies of social processes.

Language culture is an important part of national culture. It is the language that is the source that preserves the nation’s history, promotes its self-identification and uniqueness in the global history of mankind. To lose a language or turn it into an illiterate conglomeration of words and phrases means to lose one’s independence, the right to civilizational development and communication with other nations. The accentuation norm together with the orthoepic one are the elements of the phonetic passport of a word, ignorance of which easily decloses a foreigner and an individual having no proper level of education. Each language has its special phonetic rules, its phrases have their own unique rhythmic and melodic pattern, the negligence of which is the result of nihilistic attitude to this very important communication tool. The significance of the research is that the study of errors of the accentual norm will give an opportunity to improve the level of literary language among different segments of its native speakers, increase responsibility for the use of norms and help instill a desire to preserve and develop options for proper functioning of national language in public communication. Such work is necessary especially in the conditions of artificial bilingualism that has developed in modern Ukraine. Knowledge of foreign languages is a characteristic feature of the 21st century, but knowledge of the mother tongue is a natural attribute for every citizen. The purpose of the article is to analyze the factors and reasons that contribute to the spread of erroneous options for emphasis both in the media and in public communication, as well as the development of recommendations to avoid them. So, the purpose stipulates the usage of methodological basis of the study including comparative, structural, oppositional research methods, and the method of stylistic analysis. The paper presents real examples of violations of the accentuation norm by presenters of leading TV and radio channels, journalists, teachers, deputies. The accentuation norm is not stable enough, as it is easily ignored in the process of communication, although each individual word has its own emphasis. This fact creates real conditions for its violation, which eliminates the national identities of the Ukrainian system of emphasis, distorts the language system itself, and leads to the distortion of the content of the message. In addition, the non-normative emphasis in case of its active circulation in the media, advertising, communication of civil servants and VIPs does not contribute to the functioning of the Ukrainian language as the official language, is a threat to its further development. This issue is considered to be public, so it’s solving is of great importance.

The paper outlines the most relevant aspects of the study of term vocabulary while working with students of engineering and technical specialties. A number of general scientific research methods were used: analysis, classification, systematization, interpretation. This made it possible to solve a number of specific tasks: a) to identify the most relevant issues in the current context of terminology and group them into certain areas of study; b) describe typical problems related to the understanding of each aspect; c) identify the latest challenges in the study of term vocabulary and propose original approaches to their analysis. Emphasis is placed on five problematic issues that are especially important in the current context of globalization of society and internationalization of the educational process. Firstly, clarification of the basic concepts of terminology (term, terminology, terminological system) and the specifics of the term as a special language unit, characterized by standardized, unambiguous, systematic, and so on. Secondly, determining the ratio of national and borrowed in terminology. This problem is still acute, as at the present stage Ukrainian terminological systems are under intense foreign influence, including the saturation of English-language elements. Thirdly, the study of the experience of terminological work in the historical and comparative context, which allows modern scholars to involve in the terminological systems of previous periods and the most suitable examples of terminological creation of other languages. Fourthly, the study of the functional characteristics of term vocabulary, in particular the processes of terminologisation and determinologisation, because in the context of intellectualization of modern society is intensive migration of vocabulary from industry terminologies to general literary language and vice versa. Fifthly, the analysis of cultural problems of scientific and technical speech, as in the terminology and in general in the scientific style of the literary Ukrainian language there are numerous deviations from the norm, partly related to phonetic and orthographic adaptation of borrowed terminological units. It is highlighted that all these aspects are inextricably linked, and the study of term vocabulary requires a comprehensive approach and systematic work with students. Linguistic competence of future scientists and engineers involves a high culture of speech, highly skilled vocabulary due to the need for accurate and normative professional communication at all levels of professional activity, the ability to responsibly and on the basis of thorough mastery of all aspects of terminology analysis implement them in all areas of scientific and technical development to ensure the harmonious and full development of Ukrainian scientific and technical terminology. Prospects for further research are identified in the detail of these five main aspects in the context of individual terminological systems.

Today, the transfer of as much information as possible as quickly as possible is becoming the norm, with the accelerating development of the modern world, the social function of translation as an activity is also changing. At this time, the degree of the translation unit adequacy is under challenge. The postulate of the adequacy of translation known to all professionals in the field of translation, according to which every author's message should be translated as close to its meaning as possible and must accentuate its content, is taking a back seat. Skopos theory in 1978 authored by the German linguist and translator H. Vermeer pushed a reconceptualization of translation activity where the goal (skopos) conforming to which a translation piece is made and the function determined by the addressee are focused. The revolutionary idea of this theory lies in the fact that it decrowns the dominance of the source text and emphasizes the role of the translator as the creator of the translation text, giving priority to the skopos that was set to create this translation, and bringing the customer out of the shadow of the translation. The main ideas of this theory as well as the interest that is actively shown in foreign translation studies determine the urgency of this research. This article presents arguments for the foundations of this theory that may be used to reproduce modern functional translation, in particular in the scientific and technical field. The purpose of our investigation is to form specific procedures for translation activities in order to reproduce high-quality narrowly specialized translation from the perspective of the target direction of translation activities according to Skopos theory. A scientific and technical text, in terms of its functional characteristics, is best suited for the Skopos theory adaptation. Based on the study of this theory’s foundations, we tried to create some recommendations for translators that may be of interest for the development of specific procedures for the translation of scientific and technical texts. The methodology of comparing the generally accepted theory of adequacy and Skopos-theory makes it possible to identify those attractive features of the latter that add to the creation of high-quality translation text, which indicates the current direction of this work in the field of the Ukrainian scientific and technical translation studies. The given research includes general logical and general scientific methods such as analysis and synthesis, induction and deduction, descriptive and comparative methods to render our own conclusions regarding the analyzed theory. In the course of our research, it became possible to determine the paradigm of the main provisions of Skopos theory, which can guide scientific and technical translators in their activity, and on the basis of these provisions’ study to reproduce certain recommendations for professional translators regarding the translation of scientific and technical texts The overall intention of the paper was not to dictate mandatory rules to be followed by a translator, but rather to explain a new methodological approach and to form some appropriate techniques that can teach specialists in scientific and technical translation to evaluate their work as well as to take responsibility for a final translation product in face of both, the customer of the translation and the audience for which this translation is intended.

The article focuses on the study of the seventh novel “The Buried Giant” (2015) of the Nobel Prize laureate Kazuo Ishiguro with regard to the problems of remembrance and forgiving that are central to the ethics of memory. Disputes about this novel go both in his country and abroad. The novel was translated into Ukrainian (2018), although the integrated study of the artistic nature of this iconic work has not appeared yet. The goal of our work and the tasks dictated by it is to analyze the artistic idea of the novel in the context of modern ethical and philosophical discourse on memory and forgiveness, which pervades Ishiguro’s works, starting from his first “Japanese” novels centered on the unnamed loss. The interest in memory as ethical issue has recently inspired different branches of the Humanities. The phenomenology of memory and oblivion was considered in the works of S. Radson “Memory and Methodology”, the collective monograph “Memory theory”, in the works of P. Ricoeur, M. Foucault, J. Baudrillard, J. Derrida, P Nora, H. White, M. Merleau-Ponty, and others, and resonated in literature of the second half of the twentieth century after the tragic events of the Second World War. This theme preoccupied Ishiguro throughout much of his writings, starting with his “Japanese” novels “A Pale View of the Hills” and “An Artist of the Floating Worlds”. The goal of the paper determines the need to use two methodologies and methods ‒ a historical and literary study in combination with semantic and poetological analysis of the text, which is based on the post-structuralist methodology, a new awareness of the depth and inexhaustibility of the literary text when it starts to contradict itself. In the novel, the role of memory in the life of individuals is artistically problematized. Memory is revealed not as the cornerstone of human morality and truth, but as a possible choice between healing forgetting and difficult forgiving, that are also inherent in the lives of humanity. The plot is centred on artistic deployment of an insoluble dilemma addressed to us as well: memory or oblivion, and maybe forgiveness? But how is it possible to forget the severe massacre in the past? Does the reconciliation with the terrible past equal treachery and betrayal? In this novel, in contrast to the previous ones, the writer finds a different generic decision, connecting the chivalrous plot and heroic epic with a saturated philosophical-humanistic agenda. This artistic strategy is noticeably different from his former novels. Its meaningful and indirect suggestive narrative unveils the most difficult issues of human responsibility in the history. The tragedy of both the historical and personal experience of mankind suggested this idea for the novel.

This paper highlights a brief theoretical and methodological investigation of the most widespread specific features of Translation Studies touching the development of the discourse approach in adequate conveying of modality in translation. The category of modality is examined from the point of view of an interdisciplinary approach that combines results obtained in logic, and traditional linguistics. Modality, originating in the logical philosophical tradition, is one of the most important characteristics of the utterance. It reflects cognitive activity of a person, thus expressing the connections of the objective world. As a functional-semantic category, it contains a number of evaluative means characterizing the attitude of a statement to reality, its objective significance, and the means that characterize the attitude of a speaker to the statement, which reflects its subjective side. Further studies can help to fully attain substantial progress in the analysis of the multimodal systemic functional approach to investigating the variability of expressing the means of modality in translation which may be another step towards a fuller understanding of the nature of this still poorly investigated sphere of translation. This rather interdisciplinary analysis is anchored in Hallidayan systemic functional grammar where "a text is the product of ongoing selection in a very large network of systems – a system network". Thus, a text is analyzed from the point of view of creativity and expression of various modal meanings.

The paper analyzes the socio -economic policy of Belarus in the first half of the 1990s in the process of its transition to market economy, and highlights the peculiarities of the economic crisis in this period. The methodology of work is a set of scientific principles, general scientific and special historical methods, as well as interdisciplinary and comprehensive approaches to the historical discourse of socio-economic history of Belarus based on the integral use of sources. Scientific novelty. It is the first time this issue is considered in Ukrainian historiography. Conclusions. It is noted that Belarus had to go through a rather difficult path in the first half of the 1990s. It was caused by the transformational processes associated with the collapse of the USSR, the country's transition from a command-and-control system to market economic conditions, and took place within a structural economic crisis that affected all spheres of economic life. The market reforms of 1992–1994 (liberalization of economic life, privatization, support of entrepreneurship, development of competition) contributed to the formation of basic market mechanisms and institutions, but the Belarusian economy has failed to adapt to transitional market realities. At the same time, it was in the late 1980s and early 1990s that the historical preconditions were formed for the creation of the now commonly accepted Belarusian model of socio-economic development, which came into existence in the second half of the 1990s.

The notion of axiological dimension of texts of English court discourse is researched in the paper. The interdisciplinarity of scientific knowledge has expanded the problem field of the humanities themselves and has led to the need for a new philosophical approach to Language. Therefore, the mutual influence of philosophical disciplines and linguistic disciplines in contemporary humanities discourse is justified in this situation. The central concept of axiology is the concept of value, interpreted from the perspective of psychology, sociology, logic, structuralism, phenomenology, existentialism, hermeneutics, and theology. The interpretation of the concept, the attitude to value as a subjective or objective phenomenon, brings together and at the same time alienates the representatives of different sciences. The author deals separately with axiologemes in the discourse of the defense and prosecution and their role in the organisation of the semantic space of the English court discourse. Anti-axiologemes in the discourse of the defense and in the discourse of the prosecution have been identified. The relevance of the article is due to the dearth of research and lack in-depth analysis done on the subject in the context of constant confrontation in the modern information space. Confrontation can be observed at all levels and in all spheres of human life, including judicial activities. The research is carried out at the intersection of several scientific and linguistic paradigms: communicative, cognitive, pragmatic and linguocultural. The logic of the development of these directions of modern linguistic science determined the novelty of this study. In this article, the author in detail describes the process of formation of axiological science. The views of leading scientists dealing with axiology are carefully analysed. The main stages of axiological knowledge development are defined. Considerable attention is given to the applied nature of axiological research. The following goals have been set: to grasp the way of formation of modern axiology, to identify axiologemes and anti-axiologemes that are characteristic of the English court discourse; to characterise their influence on the organisation of the semantic space of texts of court discourse. The analysis of the factual material regarding axiologemes and antiaxiologemes of the English court discourse has resulted in identifying their role in the organisation of the semantic space of the court discourse. Mention should be made of the following methods that were used here to achieve the aim: linguistic observation and analysis, as well as cognitive method, critical discourse analysis method, pragmatic analysis method. Thus, axiologemes in English court discourse are based on fundamental American values. They are represented by such thematic groups as “The value of human life”, “Civic virtues”, “American dream”, “Equality of all before Law” and “The rule of Law”. As well as legal axiologemes: “Proving beyond a reasonable doubt”, “Difficult life situation”, “Tragedy”. Anti-axiologemes in English court discourse are represented by the following thematic groups: “Murder”, “Vicious lifestyle”, “Double life”, “Interest in serial killers”, and “Addictions”. The practical significance of the research lies in the possibility to use its provisions and conclusions, factual material in the study of communicativistics, psycholinguistics, discourse analysis, in the practice of translation, linguistics and area studies, in the course of legal writing, oratory art. The theoretical significance of the research lies in the fact that a comparative review of axiologemes and anti-axiologemes used in the discourse of the prosecution and in the discourse of the defense has beenf first introduced.

To create figurativeness in literary style such semantic means of expression as synonyms, antonyms and homonyms are widely used. In the Azerbaijani and English literary texts the semantic meaning of toponyms is expressed in two ways: by using their paraphrased equivalents and by using their new and archaic forms. The synonymous toponyms in literature are used to avoid repetition of one and the same word and give the reader certain information about the toponym. If it is necessary to give imagery in the artistic style, in addition to the semantic shades of toponyms, various phonetic, grammatical and lexical means are also used. Of course, this stylistic event does not happen by itself. This is what arises from the differences in the approaches of writers and poets to words, or rather, toponyms. Apparently, in both the Azerbaijani and English literary style, writers could not but take into account the communicativeness created by the lexical meaning of toponyms as units of language, and the stylistic nuances expressed by their internal semantics. The relevance of this article is defined by the comparative analysis of the semantic meaning of place names on the basis of concrete material of the two languages of different systems (Azerbaijani and English). The aim of the research is to define the semantic means of expression of the place names used within the literary text. The subject of the research is to analyze the function of the place names in the literary texts of the two languages of different systems. The object of the research is the real and fictitious place names used by the Azerbaijani and English writers. In the work the complex technique of investigation is applied and such methods as descriptive, comparative, contextual, stylistic, etc. are used. The Azerbaijani and English literary texts and also scientific literature on onomastic, stylistics and lexicology have been the sources of the research. The results of the work can be applied when teaching special courses, holding seminars, writing research papers and dissertations

The article highlights the existing tradition of understanding Laurence Sterne’s literary texts as philosophical. Author uses such research approaches as historical and literary, sociocultural and biographical. The reception of Tristram Shandy and A Sentimental Journey produced by the “English Rabelais” through the philosophical dominant in the poetics is a controversial theme that has its supporters and opponents. Occasionally some researchers totally negate philosophical direction of Sterne’s works, others – though do not deny his interest in the studies of contemporary philosophers, with many of whom Sterne had friendly relations (Hume, d’Holbach, D’Alembert, Diderot), nevertheless accuse the writer for inability to create a consistent system of philosophical ideas and become an original thinker (James Work). In course of time a number of literary critics convinced in inherency of philosophical themes for Sterne’s novels is widening (A. Hadfield, J. Hawley, Sh. Regan, P. Davies, Ch. Lupton). Experts declare that the attempts to distance Sterne’s texts from the intellectual climate of the century lead to the marginalization of his achievement and Sterne has become celebrated by “a coterie of enthusiasts” as “our most influential unread author” (Andrew Hadfield). On the contrary, Martin Battestin in his famous essays written in 1994 – “A Sentimental Journey”: Sterne’s “Work of Redemption” and “Sterne Аmong the Philosophes: Body and Soul in “A Sentimental Journey” – insists on the inseparability of Sterne’s novels from the leading philosophical tendencies of the epoch. The first of his papers, “A Sentimental Journey”: Sterne’s “Work of Redemption”, is the subject of the analytical commentary in the present article. Battestin argues that Sterne can be considered the first philosophical novelist in English who discerns Locke’s radically subjectivist implications and demonstrates in the form of his narrative the principles of association of ideas and “durational time”. In A Sentimental Journey Sterne debates the mechanistic doctrines of La Mettrie and his followers, d’Holbach, Diderot and discovers in the passion and sympathy a way of rejecting Hume’s skepticism. Yorick’s figure in A Sentimental Journey, his ability to enjoy the moments of happiness, the restraint to the manifestation of the extremeness of passion transform the canon of travel writing and unnoticeably give it the form of personal journal and self-observation where the plunge into the description of everyday trifles predominates. Sterne’s A Sentimental Journey turns into the model of “the literature of sensibility” ensuring the author with the popularity within the wide range of reading public. The researchers view A Sentimental Journey as a variation of familiar features of Sterne’s style that correlates with the turn to the lyrical psychological form, the attention to the individual consciousness, the world of inner feelings and emotions. The text of the novel becomes refined, the author’s tone is frivolous and full of erotic hints. The narrator intrigues the reader with the insinuating intonation where the ironical, ambiguous and melancholic colors are mixed. In A Sentimental Journey Yorick’s travel notes look like an “imaginary journey” where the factual topography becomes the cause for extensive emotional reflection of the hero who is not constraint with the social conventions and the outer world turns to be the “mirror of the soul” and is reflected in the endless stream of changeable opinions. According to Battestin, Sterne’s emphasis on the liberating function of human sexuality is important. Claiming a spiritual value for eroticism Sterne turns to be the precursor of D. H. Lawrence and the famous final chapters in A Sentimental Journey, “The Grace” and “The Case of Delicacy”, can be viewed as the paradigm of the novel’s leading theme – the human yearning for relationship, the quest for union and sociability. Battestin comes to a conclusion that in A Sentimental Journey Sterne found a way to diminish the disturbing solipsistic implications of the new philosophy that had defined “the small world of Shandy Hall in terms of hobby-horsical self-enclosure”. He proposed to find in human senses, imagination and physiology the means of transcending materialist doctrines and of affirming the possibility of communion

Because of the dynamic and rapid development of digital technologies, teachers are facing more than ever challenging issues related to coping with educational innovations. This situation has become ultimately evident under COVID-19 quarantine and the necessity to work remotely. Such requirements induce extra pressure on teachers, which causes excessive stress, often leading to emotional and professional burnout. In our paper, we aim to focus on the types of impact (positive or negative) of digital technologies in relation to foreign language teachers’ age and experience and the level of professional burnout. Specific emphasis is put on the study of coronavirus-related remote learning mode circumstances. To reach the research goal, a mixed method was used, engaging 140 English language teachers from 18 Polish schools, Silesia region, with a questionnaire and a semi-structured interview as the tools used in the quantitative and qualitative stages of the study. The research findings show that even though teachers are ready to integrate technologies in the classroom, they are vulnerable to technical problems which often occur during the lessons, causing the feeling of disappointment, frustration, anxiety, and lowering the efficiency of teachers’ professional performance. The implications of the study suggest that the professional support for teachers in technology use, better working conditions, and equipping language classrooms with good quality digital devices should serve as the best remedy against teacher burnout.

Currently, higher education system is characterized by the growing role of personal ability to adapt to the challenges of COVID-19 and finding opportunities for further development considering the global changes in all spheres of life. It puts pressure on the institutions in general and academic staff in particular. This paper aims at studying the challenges academic staff of the English Language and Methods of Teaching Department of Pavlo Tychyna Uman State Pedagogical University has faced during the COVID-19 pandemic and staff’s preparedness and consequent adaptation amid new conditions that are constantly appearing because of the pandemic. The article presents a case study research to answer the following questions: What is the level of academic staff readiness to teach under conditions of the COVID-19 pandemic from a diachronic perspective? In what ways has academic staff adapted to the challenges of the COVID-19 pandemic? The study uses predominantly quantitative and occasionally qualitative analysis to gain insights into our researched issues. The research has shown a steady increase in the number of department lecturers who feel ready for the challenges of online and blended teaching caused by the pandemic and comfortable with their professional competence due to sustainable adaptation to the current situation. The research prospects are clearly seen in the further process of adaptation and professional activities paradigm re-evaluation under the constantly changing global and local conditions as well as researching the issue in a broader context of similar or corresponding cases.

The submitted paper deals with the issue of CLIL implementation at the Technical University in Zvolen, Slovakia, specifically with the CLIL teacher profile and the preparedness of the university teachers to apply CLIL into their teaching practice. The topic was selected due to the ever-increasing importance of English in everyday communication and for professional, academic, and scientific purposes. The nature of the research is qualitative; therefore, the SWOT analysis was used for analyzing the current state of teacher preparedness for CLIL implementation. The study was conducted using a sample of 15 university teachers teaching disciplinary subjects via a structured interview. The interviews were subsequently analyzed, considering three aspects of CLIL teacher profile: professional background and expertise, methodological preparedness, and language preparedness. Individual strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats of implementing CLIL were established in the analysis. The results indicated a general lack of language and methodological preparedness of teachers. On the other hand, all interviewed teachers were eager to improve in the specific areas to teach using the CLIL methodology since they all acknowledged the importance of language knowledge. Nevertheless, students' insufficient level of language preparedness could be a threat to implementing the CLIL methodology, which could eventually discourage them from attending lectures and seminars where CLIL elements are applied.

Although studies on the approaches and methods of teaching Academic Writing in university classroom are extensive, comparative studies on students’ evaluation of the classroom strategies and techniques applied are still scant. A current paper is based on our comparative research conducted both at Slovak and Hungarian universities at the faculty of Humanities. The objective of this particular study was to explore senior university students’ “voice” on feedback and instructions in EFL academic writing classroom. It suggests that the pinpoint is on the students’ viewpoint rather than their supervisors’. Therefore, our task was to scrutinize the students’ perspectives and based on them develop further research. Observably, the analysed data furnish more positive students’ responses (within both Group A-Slovak and Group B-Hungarian) on feedback, as well as on being graded and being recognised as a writer. However, grading might be an issue in EFL classroom: based on the research, it awakes heterogeneous opinions of the respondents. The final section of the questionnaire was aimed at finding out how instructions for writing during studies can be improved. It is notable that both groups (A and B) (from 66,67% to 100%) consider feedback, professional tutoring, online support and extra courses in writing as an effective tool for improving writing skills within academic curriculum. A logical follow-up of the study might be investigating most appropriate and “customer-friendly” ways of feedback and instruction. This might further instigate creating resources to support the unfolding of academic writing feedback across EFL program Europe-wide.

The paper deals with the phenomenon of lean management in higher education analyzed within the context of internationalisation process in Polish higher education as a means of ensuring inclusive global higher education space. Lean management is looked upon as one of the 21st century models of university management transplanted from the sphere of private enterprises and business companies’ management. The empirical analysis has been conducted with the use of statistical data provided by the official website of Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Republic of Poland. The data have been collected in accordance with the following internationalisation process indicators: amount of bilateral Memoranda of Understanding; Inbound Mobility: number of foreign students who have completed the full cycle bachelor's / master's degree; Inbound Mobility: number of foreign students who have completed the full cycle PhD’s degree; Inbound Mobility: participation in Quin Jadwiga Fund granting schemes; Inbound Mobility: participation in Erasmus / Erasmus+ Programme; Outbound Mobility: participation in Erasmus / Erasmus+ Programme; number of outbound mobile students in accordance with bilateral agreements; number of inbound mobile students in accordance with bilateral agreements; number of outbound mobile staff in accordance with bilateral agreements; number of inbound mobile staff in accordance with bilateral agreements. The collected data have shown gradual increase of internationalisation process indicators and allowed concluding that the introduction and support of lean management principles in higher education promotes the intensification of the internationalisation process.

This paper aimed to explore the variables that influenced the intention to quit the teaching profession among vocational teachers. Moreover, the researchers examined the differences in the perception of the levels of emotional exhaustion, depersonalization, personal accomplishment, job satisfaction, and life satisfaction among vocational teachers in Thailand. The target population comprised vocational teachers from public colleges in Thailand with a total number of 29,915. The stratified random sampling technique was used for selecting the samples. The data collection involved self-report surveys from 510 vocational teachers from 55 vocational colleges in Thailand's metropolitan, north, northeast, east, and south. Correlation and regression analyses were used to examine the possible relationships among the variables and identify the significant variables. The findings reported that emotional exhaustion and depersonalization were moderate while personal accomplishment was at a high level. Job satisfaction was the strongest predictor of the intention to quit. In addition, three components of burnout influenced the intention to quit among the vocational teachers: emotional exhaustion, depersonalization, and personal accomplishment. For the implication, this study recommended a practical application in the dimension of policy improvement concerning teachers' welfare. It emphasized the need to develop programs supporting teachers' mental health to reduce burnout and increase job satisfaction.

The paper set out to explore pre-and in-service foreign language teachers’ perceptions of attributes of effective teachers in Ukraine within a framework developed by the authors of the study to unravel the construct of effective language teaching. Two groups of pre-service (n=105) and in-service (n=127) teachers were recruited using a snowball sampling technique. The independent samples t-test and MANOVA statistical procedures were utilised to analyse and compare data generated from a self-report questionnaire. The findings indicated that the highest value was assigned to the performance category of teacher effectiveness, followed by the prerequisite category, including teacher competence, with the lowest value attached to the output category. A considerable degree of convergence was observed in students’ and teachers’ views on many attributes of teacher effectiveness. Both groups endorsed such attributes as clear teaching, target language proficiency, knowledge of language pedagogy, active engagement of learners, downplaying the importance of learners’ test scores. Nevertheless, a statistically significant difference was detected between the perceptions of the two groups of subjects. The students accentuated teachers’ personality and rapport domains, as well as motivating instruction. They also endorsed traditional approaches to language teaching in giving preference to form-focused instruction. Conversely, the teachers associated effective teaching with competence, careful planning and ongoing professional development. Teachers gave precedence to current methodological approaches in favouring meaning-focused instruction. A conclusion was drawn that teachers form more sophisticated cognitions of effective teaching in the process of professional maturation, thus implying the necessity for closer attention to the development of prospective teachers’ cognitions in teacher education programmes.

The article deals with the innovative, cutting age solution within the language testing realm, namely computer adaptive language testing (CALT) in accordance with the NATO Standardization Agreement 6001 (NATO STANAG 6001) requirements for further implementation in foreign language training of personnel of the Armed Forces of Ukraine (AF of Ukraine) in order to increase the quality of foreign language testing. The research provides the CALT method developed according to NATO STANAG 6001 requirements and the CALT algorithm that contains three blocks: “Starting point”, “Item selection algorithm”, “Scoring algorithm” and “Termination criterion”. The CALT algorithm has an adaptive ability, changing a complexity level, sequence and the number of items according to the answers of a test taker. The comparative analysis of the results of the CALT method piloting and the paper-and-pencil testing (PPT) in reading and listening according to the NATO STANAG 6001 requirements justifies the effectiveness of the three-level CALT method. It allows us to determine the following important benefits of CALT: test length reduction, control of measurement accuracy, objective assessment, improved test security, generation of a unique set of items, adaptive ability of the CALT algorithm, high motivation of the test takers, immediate score reporting and test results management. CALT is a qualitative and effective tool to determine test takers’ foreign language proficiency level in accordance with NATO STANAG 6001 requirements within the NATO Defence Educational Enhancement Programme. CALT acquires a special value and relevance in the context of the global COVID 19 pandemic.