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Казакевич Г.М. Видеть разрешенное: фотография и цензура в Российской империи. Целью исследования является рассмотрение истории становления государственного регулирования оборота фотографических изображений в Российской империи и выявление особенностей его применения на практике. Для описания основных механизмов госу- дарственной политики России в отношении фотографического дела использованы традиционные принципы и методы исторического исследования, такие как историзм, системность, критический анализ источников и т. д. Выяснение влия- ния цензурной политики на повседневные практики фотографов-профессионалов и фотолюбителей осуществляется с помощью подходов микроистории. Новизна исследования объясняется постановкой актуальной проблемы и отсутстви- ем подобных работ в историографии. В статье отмечено, что цензурное ведомство было призвано контролировать созда- ние, тиражирование и распространение фотографий и фоторепродукций с целью ограничения доступа населения к изоб- ражениям, угрожающим, по мнению властей, общественной морали, государственному устройству, интересам православ- ной церкви и правящей династии. Автор приходит к выводу, что, будучи крайне строгой с формальной точки зрения, цензурная политика не способна была решить возложенные на нее государством задачи. На практике, механизм контроля действовал неэффективно и лишь создавал дополнительную бюрократическую волокиту, что и привело, в конечном ито- ге, к его частичной ликвидации.In the late 19th – early 20th cc. the Russian imperial authorities were concerned with the fast expansion of the photography. As a result, the public administra- tion undertook efforts to get the new technology under the censor- ship control. The aim of the article is to reveal the theory and practice of the governmental regulation of photography in the Rus- sian empire. Basing on the wide range of archival sources, the author uses traditional methods of the historical study to describe the photography censorship in Russia and employs the approach of microhistory to find out how the censorship affected the everyday life of professional and amateur photographers. The lack of the studies devoted to the relationship between the public authorities and photography in the Russian empire determines the scientific novelty of the paper. From the early 1860ties, both private persons who owned cameras and commercial photographic studios were placed under surveillance of the inspector of publishing facilities and bookstores. Professional photographers were obliged to put their names on all images they produced and keep an account of all their clients. Any photographic activity outside the studio required a special permis- sion of the local authorities. Only members of the photographic societies were allowed to take pictures everywhere in Russia (with an exception of military objects and borderlands) having no certifi- cate from the local governor’s office. Taking and publishing pic- tures of the ruling dynasty members and their residences required a special permission as well. The censorship controlled sharing of the photographic reproductions of the fine art works. The paintings, which (from the censor’s perspective) either propagated revolution- ary and separatist ideas or threatened the reputation of the monar- chy and Orthodox Church, were prevented from exhibiting. The local authorities used to confiscate the photographic reproductions of such paintings. As far as erotic materials were banned com- pletely, the censors paid special attention to any photographic im- ages depicting nudity. The author comes to conclusion, that despite the regulations were strict, the whole system of the state control over the photography was rather ineffective. Having no single law defining benchmarks for evaluating the pictures or even a list of the images banned throughout an empire, the censors used to act selec- tively. Furthermore, in big cities, such as Kyiv, they were too busy to control dozens of photographic studios and amateur photogra- phers. As a result, both photographers and local civil servants ig- nored most of the regulations.

The paper calls into question the development of the digital competence of future philologists, taking into account the Turkish and Ukrainian experiences. The study of digital competence development is attracting increasing interest due to a growing need for experts capable of processing the enormous streams of continuously transmitted information and experts willing to improve their digital skills for professional growth. The purpose of the study is to broaden the current knowledge about the ways of developing digital competence. In this respect, the paper investigates two systems of future philologists' training in Ukraine and Turkey in the Digital Tools for Translation course. The authors analyze the experience of the Turkish and Ukrainian higher education institutions regarding the use of appropriate ICT tools using theoretical and empirical methods. Fifty-two future philologists from Turkey and Ukraine took part in the research. The study presents the results from observing the training and interviews with Ukrainian and Turkish students. The Shapiro-Wilcoxon method (non-parametric criterion) was used to verify the results. An analysis has highlighted the positive experience of Turkish universities, which can be implemented in future philologists training in Ukrainian universities. The findings of this study support the idea that the insufficient level of digital competence development lengthens and complicates the period of adaptation of graduates to modern working conditions. The authors found that the integration of Ukrainian higher education into the European higher education area occurs in times of globalization and the digitalization of society, which radically changes the nature of many activities. This research has clearly shown that digital competence development is more effective with the implementation of a holistic approach when students enhance digital competence while acquiring all other competencies. Our research suggests that the digitalization of education reduces the gap between graduates' digital competence level and modern society's expectations.

The article traces the changes in the aesthetic conventions of Modern art in accordance with the dynamics of literary development in Great Britain. The study focuses on three key areas: the impact of “the ancients and moderns” quarrel on European philosophical and literary thought; the nuances of critical and literary discourse in Enlightenment-era Great Britain; and the reception of the Enlightenment aesthetic values and novelties in Victorian criticism, linking them to the emergence of twentieth-century modernism. The subject involves the evolution of Enlightenment aesthetics and poetics in Great Britain, particularly the departure from classical art and literature models, and the emergence of concepts like imagination, novelty, and the reader’s subjective experience of art. Seminal literary-critical essays of the eighteenth century, including works by Joseph Addison, Henry Home, Richard Hurd, and Leslie Stephen’s monograph ‘History of English Thought in the Eighteenth Century”, are analyzed. The paper also examines philosophical texts by Michel de Montaigne, Francis Bacon, René Descartes, and Marquis de Condorcet to understand the oscillatory nature of philosophical thought before and during the Age of Enlightenment. The study contextualizes “the ancients and moderns” debate on models for literary excellence and accentuates its role in shaping the discourse of aesthetics and artistic creativity. Contributions by Enlightenment figures such as Addison, Home, and Hurd are explored, emphasizing how they reshaped the discourse of aesthetics by redefining the nature of beauty, the sublime, and the principles of artistic criticism, thereby influencing the literary and artistic productions of their time and beyond. Particular attention is paid to the critical views of Stephen who wrote about the “fluctuating mode” of the literature of the second half of the eighteenth century, illustrating his peculiar subjectivism as an exponent of the Victorian worldview (Stephen saw Sterne’s novels as a serious moral threat), and simultaneously reflecting the normative aesthetic views of the second half of the nineteenth century. The paper also demonstrates how the antinomianism in aesthetic thinking, which challenged traditional norms and values as seen in “the ancients and moderns” quarrel, was further evolved in the works of Friedrich Schiller and Friedrich Schlegel, the latter articulating the antinomy of “classic versus romantic”. This tradition of antinomian thinking, coupled with the rejection of the idea of linear progression in cultural evolution, a call for a reassessment of values amidst a paradigm shift in culture and the breakdown of traditional ethic and aesthetic systems, finds a notable and unique expression in Friedrich Nietzsche’s works, that significantly influenced the transition from Modernity to Postmodernity. In summary, it is argued that the Modern Age was the time of the emergence of a new aesthetic sensibility, and its aesthetic pluralism and anti-classical literary ideas were pivotal in redefining concepts of progress, novelty, and human consciousness in art and literature. This laid the groundwork for modernist art and literature, characterized by a departure from tradition and a quest for new artistic expressions of human experience.

The paper aims to clarify the biblical image-symbols in Frank Peretti’s mystical thrillers. The problem of the detailed analysis of the lingual representation of the biblical image-symbols and their pragmatic value is solved in the article by applying a complex of methods of linguistic poetics, cognitive linguistics, stylistics and methodological tools of discourse analysis. The paper considers the biblical images-symbols, used in American mystical thrillers written by the protestant author Frank Peretti, as biblical intertexts depicting not only biblical knowledge but also author’s intentions and beliefs in conveying the most profound ideas and principles of the literary texts. Executed in the written works by lexical means, biblical image-symbols become the heart of biblically-marked contexts, which are differentiated according to their addressee orientation into author`s and character`s biblically-marked contexts and their scope – into propositional, composite, and complex biblically-marked contexts. The lingual representation of the biblical image-symbols is differentiated according to their structure into one-component (anthroponyms, toponyms, artifact, animalistic, anthropomorphic) and multicomponent, (two-component, three-component and four-component). The type of semantic transposition in the meaning of the lingual representation and pragmatic value of the biblical image-symbols determined the distinguishing of metaphoric and metonymic linguistic classification of the biblical image-symbols. Metaphoric are classified according to their structure (onecomponent and multi-component), their stylistic characteristics (language and speech metaphoric linguistic representants of the biblical image-symbols), and their denotative meaning (anthropomorphic, naturalmorphic, zoomorphic, and phytomorphic). Metonymic are differentiated according to the kinds of the metonymic transference of meaning into four groups: metonymy of belonging, metonymy of place, metonymy of signs, and metonymy of phenomenon.

In the paper, on the basis of a multimodal critical discourse analysis of political posters and social media posts, the authors outline the complex interplay of multimodal means serving to convey a political leader’s charisma. The paper aims to advance a set of historically conventionalized features typical of the charismatic personality (such as intelligence, self-confidence, persistence, ability to inspire, sociability, dominance, narcissism, and vision), present the updated definition of this notion, and substantiate theoretical and methodological grounds for the study of the interplay of multimodal means portraying a charismatic political leader that assist in conveying a political speaker’s charisma creation through its graphical image, namely political posters and social media posts. The results of the study reveal that charisma is a complex communicative and cognitive phenomenon reflecting person’s beliefs about certain innate, obtained or promoted by media, internal or external subliminal traits of a leader. These beliefs are shaped in the recipients’ consciousness during interactive communication on the basis of the leader’s strategy, techniques, and methods used in oral or written communication, as well as a set of linguistic and extralinguistic means associated with the speaker’s ability to satisfy certain needs of the community. As a study material the authors opted for the images of Boris Johnson, a politician already acknowledged as a charismatic one by international audiences, who has been a prominent political figure for almost a decade and has recently come to the forefront of political and diplomatic support of Ukraine in the ongoing Russian-Ukrainian war. The carried out analysis proves the highly informative as well as subliminal potential of multimodal visual pictographic means aimed at creating a charismatic image of a public person. The authors outline a set of verbal (elliptical sentences, catchy slogans in imperative mood, assonance, alliteration, the use of first person plural pronoun “We”, the lexical unit together, etc.) and visual-graphical means (font of the message, symbolic colour scheme, clothes style, body posture, gestures, oculesic features, etc.), whose interaction is aimed at triggering cognitive processes in the recipient’s mind in perceiving a charismatic image of the politician. Boris Johnson’s charisma is confirmed by the survey conducted among British and Ukrainian respondents as well as by his subscribers’ reactions, comments and likes following his posts on social media. The carried out analysis allows summarising the markers of a politician’s charisma portrayed on social media as follows: the number of comments and likes for their posts; informality while addressing the Prime Minister by his first name “Boris” and presence of a “popular name” “BoJo”; high degree of the followers’ messages expressiveness actualised through verbal means (significant amount of exclamatory sentences, interjections, evaluative epithets and idiomatic expressions), as well as graphical-visual means, in particular through the usage of graphic emoticons (emojis), serving to intensify the overall expressiveness of a message. The conclusion is that social media graphical images are aimed at conveying charismatic political leaders’ vision, offering their followers support and promise of a better future, portraying them as approachable, down-to-earth, considerate but at the same time serious leaders, ready to work to endure a better future. The results of the performed study can provide grounds for interdisciplinary research of both oral and written charismatic communication within the cognitive approach framework considering verbal, nonverbal and paralingual means’ (physiological, psychological, social, etc.) interplay that allows the audience to perceive a speaker as a charismatic one.

The article represents an attempt to build and apply a linguosemiotic model of existential conflict research in modern English fictional discourse. The modern tendency of philological and socio-humanistic studies to involve the tools of semiotics, discourse theory, and multimodality in the process of complex analysis of a literary work as an artistic model of reality is highlighted. The research is based on practical blocks of illustrative material, selected discursive fragments from a literary work, which contain an existential conflict. Basically, the key point here is the analysis of intra- and interpersonal conflict based on the theoretical achievements of semiotics and linguosemiotics (Ch. Pierce, Yu. Lotman, U. Eco, G. Pocheptsov) and the theory of discourse and multimodality (G. Kress, K. O’Halloran, C . Forceville, M. Halliday). It makes it possible to provide a detailed research of existential conflict in fictional discourse with the identification of latent, ambivalent meanings and the relevant reconstruction and interpretation of the conflict by the reader. The paper aims at projecting the modern tendency towards the synergy of various aspects of conflict studies across the humanities. Therefore, the goal of the paper is to outline the advantages of an integral approach to the study of conflict in modern linguistic conflictology and to build a linguosemiotic model for the analysis and interpretation of existential conflict in fictional discourse. Thus, the paper`s core objectives involve: 1) to study the achievements of the semiotic and multimodal approach in its application to synthetic level communicative systems containing conflict; 2) to reveal the place, role and potential of the existential conflict in fictional discourse using the above-mentioned methods; 3) to present a linguosemiotic model for the study of existential conflict in modern English fictional discourse. The theoretical and methodological base of the research involves general-scientific methods of analysis, synthesis, deduction as well as the method of linguosemiotic and multimodal analysis to determine the components of semiosis of existential intrapersonal conflict in fictional discourse. The results of the research consist in the creation of an integral semiotic model of the analysis of existential conflict in modern English-language fictional discourse, which assumes the presence of a static and dynamic component in its structure, revealed, in particular, in the process of semiotic reading of the work in three successive stages of mimesis, semiosis, and synthesis. The process of conflict interpretation presupposes a comprehensive approach to semiotic reading activity developed in consecutive steps. The linguosemiotic means of representing the existential conflict at different levels of the literary work, which have a multimodal nature, have been revealed. The temporal, psychological, and sign-symbolic characteristics of the existential conflict, which make up the semiotic space or semiosphere of the literary work, are analyzed and classified. As a result of the identification and unification of the factors that determine the way of development of existential conflict in fictional discourse, the linguosemiotic model of the analysis of this type of intrapersonal conflict was reconstructed. The model covers the study of the semiotic components of the sign-symbolic, psychological and temporal space and the surface and deep levels of the semiotic reading of the literary work, at which the cognitive, behavioral and emotional aspects of the conflict are decoded and reconstructed.

In this paper we have analysed a graphic novel “Maus. A survivor tale” by Art Spiegelman as well as some variants of its translations in the framework of theory of multimodal discourse analysis (ADM) (O`Halloran). The article focuses on analysing the corpus of investigation on its language and nonlanguage level. The aim of the research is to explain in terms of the multimodal discourse analysis theory of main principles of graphic novel translation while observing the way of source language graphic novel transmutation and reconstructing its architecture in the target novel. The methods having been applied in the present paper are those of linguistic observation and description, empiric comparison of translation variants and translation results analysis using ADM tools. Applying methods of ADM in the process of analysing graphic novel results from the necessity to respond to the main challenges of ADM theory for the studies in theory and practice of translation, as well as semiotics and general linguistics. The objectives of the article are to outline the iconic-textual structure of the graphic novel under the analysis, to characterise the visual level of the investigated graphic novel, to generalise arising problems to the translator. The concept of multimodality derived from semiotics is being studied in the article explaining the reason for applying the multimodal approach in the study of the graphic novel. Modalities represented in the graphic novel on non-language level are systematised through different types of multimodal phenomena and their relevance for target text meanings transcreation is described. Both visual and language modalities, which are important for the construction of the meaning, are focused attention to and the multimodal phenomena are piled and systematised in the article. The relationship between the visual and written modalities are discussed and the role and importance for the translation process are explained. Until now there are different investigations of the Maus, but there is no investigation from the multimodal perspective. The investigators focuse on the discursive and pragmatic part, as well as on the expressive value of the work, compare the characteristics of the translation; draw attention to the problems of the literary style of the work Maus; study the role of images in the creation of the work. However, there is still no study of graphic novels from the perspective of multimodal discourse analysis. By means of a series of operations of translation techniques the original text is reconstructed in the translation variant. It involves compressing or widening of the original text, removing inconsistencies between different modalities, reinterpreting “language shell” so that a semiotic content could be preserved and the author’s message transmitted without corruption, for that redrawing some characters or chapters, removing, or replacing some visual symbols with different ones. Illustrative material shows a certain logic scheme to follow the process of translation taking into consideration different multimodal phenomena, as well as the absence of some of its constituents. On the one hand, extralinguistic objects engraved in pictures of the graphic novel may present the reason for the translation technique of addition, and on the other hand the absence of some details in the pictures may justify the translation technique of omission. Evaluating functional types of multimodal phenomena also may lead one to adequate selection of synonyms or a phrase to choose in a process of translation having as a “guide” visual image supporting language level of a graphic novel. The term “graphic novel” is specified as well as the difference between terms “comic” and “graphic novel” is outlined. Graphic novel format is proved to assimilate to the literary novel with the content of memoirs, autobiography, history, documentary reports etc. Maus is the first graphic novel dealing with Holocaust theme aimed at the adult audience. According to the definition of the graphic novel, Maus is seen to share discursive mechanisms with visual narrative instruments, embedded in multimodal phenomena. The types of multimodal phenomena are selected in the present investigation and grouped with illustrative examples taken from the corpus. In the framework of ADM theory, the selection of translation techniques and operations are justified, and the reasons for certain translation variants are explained. As it is shown in the paper, graphic novel translation differs from literal one. The most important characteristics of graphic novel translation distinguishing this genre of literature have been outlined: 1) the graphic novel translation unit obligatory consists of both verbal and visual parts; 2) the intonation of the characters of the graphic novel is a part of a style and is taken into consideration in the course of translation; 3) visual part of the graphic novel is presented by multimodal phenomena that influence the strategies of translation. General recommendations for the translation of the historic graphic novel have been given, mainly: 1) for the purpose of collecting information from the visual part. It is recommended to read and discover the entire content of the novel before starting the translation, paying attention to the multimodal phenomena and their types mentioned in this article. Attention is paid to past events, other extralinguistic meaningful objects. An individual language style is translated with the same style and is maintained throughout the text; 2) on the language level, it is recommended to choose at least the sentence as the minimum translation unit of the graphic novel using substitution techniques within the unit as long as the final sentence reflects the same message. However, the largest translation unit can be chosen. Appropriate options are a speech bubble (speech bubbles) or the entire page. Bubbles (speech balloons) often contain colloquial speech, which differs much more between languages than literal text of a book. The ease of colloquial speech is nearly impossible to achieve without the freedom to change the order, composition, and number of sentences. Often, it is not the character-specific phrases that need to be translated, but rather the emotion of outrage or joy, recreating it using the character’s language (such as the speech of the immigrant, the main character, Vladek, or his wife); 3) the use of bold. It is understood that it is not necessary to use bold type in the same units that appear in the original. The most important thing is to convey the same meaning and intonation in the translation avoiding the “word for word” translation; 4) the language style of the author and the characters. The author and the characters of the graphic novel have their own language style, which is part of the meaning. Characters may have their own characteristic expressions and circumstances that explain the choice of phrase translations. After reading the text and visualising the novel, it becomes clearer what type of the target text of the protagonist should be created to remain truthful and sound natural; 5) “Litmus paper”. It is recommended to read the translation after a couple of days without looking at the original text thinking about whether or not the author would choose the same words, style, intonation; 6) Culture references create a certain atmosphere and are translated (6.1) literally as in the example of gefiltefish translation or (6.2) simplification is used the culture in case of translation of the same unit into Russian рыбафиш; 7) translation of anthroponyms and proper names. It is not recommended to translate the proper names of the historical graphic novel taking into account the documentary part of the novel. The same variants of anthroponyms are maintained throughout the text; 8) accuracy is the second priority after avoiding meaning corruption. One should try to preserve accuracy if it is possible, respecting the condition of preserving the meaning without corrupting it. To achieve the effect of equal perception of the novel by the reader both in the original language and in the translation language, two things are needed: understanding what is said in the original text and reconstructing it in the target text. The ADM theory, in this respect, is the tool to achieve the most adequacy and the most accuracy at the same time.

The paper is aimed at filling the gap in learning the formative image peculiarities of the English and American Imagistic poetry by analyzing the correspondence of the internal and the external and their correlation. This is where the answer lies, why T.S. Eliot called Imagism “an opening salvo” of English/ American Modernist poetry. It also explains the reason for a long-term effect of this short-term “school” in the English poetry of the twentieth century. Imagism hasn’t left any extended or profound theory as far as the criteria for producing “hard, dry images” (T.E.Hulme) are concerned. Since then the problem has been under-studied and calls for more in-depth analysis. The modern theoretical background of the paper includes the ideas of S. Averintsev and M. Gasparov, Paul Ricoeur and Gaston Bachelard; the criticism of the Imagism founders (T.E. Hulme and E. Pound) as well as its present-day English and American researchers. The major theoretical points highlight the important features of image transformation in Imagism: the dual (semantic and psychological) nature of an image (P. Ricoeur); loss of its axiological constituent thus forfeiting its wholeness (M. Girshman); its non-permanent essence (G. Bachelard). All these “new” sides underlie too general and vague definition of an image as “an intellectual and emotional complex in an instant of time” given by Ezra Pound, his definitive denial of using images as “ornaments” and the emphasis on the image affiliation with speech, not language. The fight doesn’t have to be limited only to opposing Romanticism (as in Hulme’s “Romanticism and Classicism”). Equally significant and far more sophisticated is the distinction between Symbolic and Imagistic essence of an image (Pound’s “Retrospect” and “Gaudier Brzeska”). For Pound, the main criterion is the receptive potential of an image, its semantic openness which offsets its meaning as finally fixed in some symbol. The paper examines the possibility to apply Roland Barthes’s idea (“L`imagination du signe”, 1962) of the crucial influence of the interior (symbolic) relationship and two exterior (paradigmatic and syntagmatic) relationships on the formation of both single image and the total imagery of a certain type of art conscience – consequently, of Symbolism, Romanticism and Imagism. In the early period of Imagism development (the poetry of F. Flint, E. Storer, to a lesser extent, of T.E. Hulme) the images still preserve the inner affinity with the signified objects (concepts) as seen in Romantic and Symbolic image “patterns”. And throughout Imagism development, this inner affinity is being weakened until a distant outer resemblance is left. It is clearly seen in Hulme’s “Autumn”, Pound’s “In a Station of the Metro”, H.D.’s “Oread”, “Hermes of the Ways” et al. The close reading of the W.C. Williams’s poem “The Red Wheelbarrow” is carried out in front of the “Tall Nettles” by Edward Thomas (1878–1917), his contemporary, who is now considered to be one of the “non-Modernist modern” poets. It is stated that the central image of the red wheelbarrow in its every detail constitutes a modern pastoral while Thomas’s nettles stand for psychological matrix of personal melancholy and despair. Syntagmatic relations also involve the further interaction of signs in the form of “superposition”, forming montage as one of the important Мodernist techniques not only in poetry, but also in Мodernist prose. And it becomes evident that it is not a mechanically borrowed cinema technique, as it is commonly viewed, but a deeper, “syntagmatic” similarity. The result of the research, based on the analysis undertaken, seems to prove its initial point: the poems of T.E. Hulme, Ezra Pound, W. Carlos Williams, Hilda Doolittle (H.D.) taken as models, manifest that the image in Imagism is every time constructed as a new actual syntagma of the common imagination of a poet and a reader to become the unique image for every single poem without its further “universal” use in any virtual paradigm.

This academic article offers a model of the English-Ukrainian sub-corpus of texts of official and business documents of NATO, UN, and WTO (hereinafter referred to as the EUS) as a supplement to the Ukrainian National Corpus (hereinafter referred to as the UNC), where texts are presented as a hierarchical structure. In an effort to provide a more comprehensive view of NATO, UN, and WTO official and business documents, a mechanism of use of our model envisages determination of the exact position of a text in all UNC corporas, what essentially simplifies the practical process of search and automated translation of texts and special terminology in particular. In consequence, the author offers to increase the number of unique texts that will ensure the representativeness of the EUS in the Ukrainian National Corpus, and to divide the whole process of the EUS formation into elementary tasks that will increase the UNC efficiency. The practical value of the research lies in a possibility to use the EUS for texts parallel translation and terminological phrases separation on the basis of such texts. The methodological potential of our research is based on the works of well-known Ukrainian and foreign scholars (V. Bohorodytskyi, I. Baudouin de Courtenay, K. Brugman, W. Wundt, B. Delbruck, G. Paul, O. Potebnia, P. Fortunatov, W. Scherer, H. Steinthal, A. Schleicher et al.), who strengthened the scientific interest to the problem of translation and corpus of texts in particular. The object of the research is a model of the English-Ukrainian sub-corpus of texts of official and business documents of NATO, UN, and WTO. The purpose of the research is to prove that the model of the English-Ukrainian sub-corpus of official and business documents texts can become a full-fledged informational foundation for the formation of texts parallel corpus within the Ukrainian National Corpus. The methods of observation and experiment were applied to analyze empirical, review, conceptual analytical tools that specify the meaning of described objects and phenomena given their qualitative affiliation to the UNC. The study focuses on a number of tasks, in particular: - to determine a theoretical and linguistic basis of the concept “English-Ukrainian sub-corpus of texts of official and business documents of NATO, UN, and WTO”; - to determine the mechanism of updating of the English-Ukrainian sub-corpus of texts of official and business documents of NATO, UN, WTO within the UNC; - to find out the specifics of formation and filling-in of the EUS; - to substantiate the relevant methodology of examination of official and business texts of NATO, UN, and WTO in the English-Ukrainian sub-corpus of texts of official and business documents; - to single out and itemize the advantages of the English-Ukrainian sub-corpus of texts of official and business documents of NATO, UN, and WTO within the UNC. Analysis of the English-Ukrainian sub-corpus of texts of official and business documents of NATO, UN, and WTO as a construct of the parallel corpus of texts of the UNC was carried out in several stages. The first stage envisaged description and inventory. Theoretical works on the history of the Ukrainian National Corpus were reviewed and generalized, and the concept of “English-Ukrainian sub-corpus of texts of official and business documents of NATO, UN, and WTO” was determined. It was found out that the UNC is the object of research in such areas of linguistic studies as the applied and corpus linguistics that construe the corpus of texts as a translator’s tool. This encourages us to highlight the advantages and disadvantages of the UNC and justify the expediency of our proposal to develop the English-Ukrainian sub-corpus of texts of official and business documents of NATO, UN, and WTO. Definition of the UNC as a national corpus of texts that contains only Ukrainian texts and does not envisage a parallel translation evidenced the need to create a proposal of a parallel corpus of texts with an updated English-language database. The selection of lexical items with the official and business semantics is based on documents of international organizations, such as NATO, UN, and WTO. At the same stage, we determine the purpose of the research, in particular, the formation of the English-Ukrainian sub-corpus of texts of official and business documents, which envisages a parallel translation of NATO, UN, WTO texts. This sequence of procedures allowed us to carry out consideration and interpretation of existing theoretical provisions and inventory of factual research materials. Theoretical and corpus analysis methods were used in the research. The second stage envisaged analysis and differentiation. Special aspects of filling-up of the EUS with official and business texts of NATO, UN, and WTO were characterized. Theoretical analysis of the EUS was carried out in order to establish a clear hierarchy of the UNC structure. The main types of participants of the EUS formation (students, teaching staff) were differentiated and the behavioral model of every participant in the process was developed. The specifics of presentation of the English-Ukrainian sub-corpus of texts of official and business documents of NATO, UN, and WTO in the UNC was established. This final stage, where methods of observation and experiment were used, evidenced determination of an exact place of a text in the EUS (belonging to a certain category of homogeneous texts) that becomes a crucial factor in choosing a translation option. Numerous terminological phrases and expressions in the analyzed official and business documents of UN, NATO, WTO, which act as identifiers in the EUS, were systematized. An increase in the number of unique texts (official and business texts) was noted, which ensures the representativeness of not only the English-Ukrainian sub-corpus of official and business documents texts, but of the UNC in general. The final stage of the research confirmed the expediency of the division of the whole process of sub-corpus formation into elementary tasks. We generalized the statement that the EUS is a dynamic, context-dependent sub-corpus (only official and business texts of international organizations, such as NATO, UN, WTO) and an optimal algorithm designed to be easily downloaded and used. Conclusion. The analysis conducted in the present paper is meant to illustrate a new approach to forming a modern model of the sub-corpus of texts of official and business documents. The model of the English-Ukrainian sub-corpus of official and business documents texts of NATO, UN, and WTO provides for a clear division into categories of homogeneous texts and a quick search for special terminology of international organizations, such as NATO, UN, and WTO, in the EUS. In the context of the texts analyzed in the current paper numerous separated words and expressions-identifiers can help to carry out search and refer to a relevant text in the sub-corpus. Compilation of terminological nominations glossary, their functional and stylistic labeling and assimilation into the commonly used vocabulary of the EUS and later on in the UNC are currently at the stage of formation and approval. To this end, the current research manifests the concept of the EUS as a sub-corpus of the UNC that allows the prompt presentation of relevant texts of the official business style and coverage of the broadest range of interested readers.

The article aims to study the poetics evolution of a great Polish poet and prose writer, Nobel prize winner Czesław Miłosz towards a fundamentally new comprehensive literary form: from “Piesek Przydrożny” (“Roadside Dog” 1997) to “Abecadło” (“Milosz`s ABC`s” 1997) and “Inne Abecadło” (“A Further Alphabet” 1998). The purpose stimulates the usage of the analytical, hermeneutics and receptive methodology, as well as textual analysis. It is stressed that the years of this work publication indicate the writerєі success in his determined search for a form that would be capable, containing immense life material, countless events, lives and artistic-philosophical reflections, to create the picture of the 20th century. The paper highlights why “Piesek Przydrożny” does not meet any requirements for containing the unlimited number of life facts within a text. We’ve noted the organizing function of Piesek in the system of a fictional unity. Moving freely, Piesek made it possible for Miłosz to create a certain series of philosophical pieces (“Ubóstwo wyobraźni”, “Wzniosłość”, “Pieśń dziadowsku”, “Со upadek”, “Powieść”, “Gombrowicz”, “Polski literat”) and several tragic essays – “Ojcowskie kłopoty”, “Zmartwienia historyka” and others. It is proven that while the form of this book contains a variety of material, it still cannot give Miłosz the absolute freedom he was striving for. The writer was determined to find the form which would, according to him, “allow for much freedom”, “not pursue beauty but just register facts”. Considering Е. Brazgovskaya’s findings, the productivity of the alphabet (аbecadło) is proved. The paper expresses the idea that one can treat the alphabet (аbecadło) as a kind of a memoir genre. The innovative structure of “Abecadło”, consisting of essays-novels, is analyzed. The article traces the associative connections which cement 200 essays into a single entity, creating the image of the epoch.

The present paper is aimed at studying the artistic mind of the modern English writer John Fowles as the creator of the original worldview in its postmodern style. It has been specified that British artistic culture does not demonstrate neither the extremes, peculiar to the art of “transition” or “frontier” nor sharp denial of everything that seemed inviolable. Inclining towards realistic forms of the English classics, a lot of postmodern authors, including Fowles, prefer a synthesis of the old with the new. This applies both to postmodernism and all avant-garde and neo-avant-garde movements, aimed at fundamental changing of the general ideas about the beauty and ugliness. “The French Lieutenant’s Woman”, written by John Fowles, proposes such a postmodern synthesis in the context of the “playing with the past” thesis. In his novel, the author presents a special type of “new reality”, corresponding to the period of the profound changes inside the movement during the period starting from the end of the 19th century till the end of the 20th century. Instead of the typical for English literature “hero in search”, the novel under consideration demonstrates an existential type of a man. The above-mentioned hero, who is embodied in the images of Charles and Sarah, seeks his individual freedom and “corrects” his own destiny. It should be emphasized that gaining true freedom is possible only through overcoming various life and social obstacles associated with breaking class and social ties, as well as with great internal suffering. Fowles’s peculiar style of narration helps to reveal the main theme of the novel. The author uses postmodern irony, which is meta-irony, and pastiche. The method of “overlapping epochs” forms an original intertext whereby the semantic field of the novel increases. The literary significance of the outlined method is multifaceted: an elitist reader perceives text-subtext-intertext; a “mass” reader gets acquainted with the work at the level of an entertaining storyline. The author of the article also analyses a mythological component of the novel “The French Lieutenant’s Woman”. A mention should also be made that Fowles in the analysed work acts both as a creator and a destroyer of the socio-ethical and literary myth of the Victorian era. Of primary interest to the writer was the literary myth of the time of Queen Victoria, which in the minds of readers has long been romanticized and become a legend. Therefore, the article shows the connection of everything that happens according to the tradition of English romantic narration and the principles of reformation of characters and situations that no longer correspond to the romantic worldview. The ironic understanding of the gentleman’s code of honor and the object of his passion, the reduction of love conflicts and places of romantic meetings are illustrated by specific examples from the text of the novel. The present paper has also devoted considerable attention to the psychology of the protagonists as well as the problem of the plot and compositional unity of the novel “The French Lieutenant’s Woman”. It is proved that the development of the storyline of the novel is a polystructural and polysemantic phenomenon. If Sarah’s character combines the traditional features of both “woman with a secret” and “infernal woman”, then respect for Charles’s traditional aristocracy is being called into question: it is repeatedly mentioned that he did not receive a Cambridge diploma, that he is an amateur paleontologist, that he considers the possibility of getting married for money, and that there is a very strong element of carnal passion in his romantic relationship with Sarah. The article offers the author’s commentary on the compositional completion of the novel. It is argued that the trinity of the epilogue, first of all, explains the “world-chaos” antithesis. The formula of the dissipating world, according to the author of the article, was supposed to become the basis of the postmodernist text in the original version of the novel “The French Lieutenant’s Woman”.

The article outlines three lexical-semantic fields of word-formation rows with the suffix -ment. The aim of the paper is to investigate three lexical-semantic fields which consist of the lexical-semantic field denoting improvement, confinement and feelings. To achieve this aim, the following tasks should be completed such as investigating motivation relations in derived words with the suffix -ment and analyzing their structure with the help of the applicative generative model. The methods of componential and comparative analysis and the relator language of the applicative generative model were applied for fulfilling the above-mentioned tasks. To build word-formation rows, the words are segmented according to their motivation relations. Etymological aspect is not taken into account. Every field consists of lexical-semantic groups. The lexical-semantic field denoting the action of improvement consists of fifty-eight words, which are classified into seven lexical-semantic groups. This field is represented by thirteen R-structures. The lexical-semantic field of feelings includes two lexicalsemantic groups which contain six R-structures. The lexical-semantic field of confinement includes twenty-one words represented by six R-structures. Paradigmatic relations in lexical-semantic groups were analyzed in order to illustrate interfiled connections. Synonymic rows and antonymic pairs in lexical-semantic groups and hyperonyms distinguished in lexical-semantic fields prove paradigmatic relations. Lexical-semantic fields consist of nouns because the suffix -ment generates, mainly, nomina actionis. The term word-formation row is described in the paper as this notion which is a complex unit of word-formation hasn’t been studied thoroughly yet. The word-formation row in every lexicalsemantic field is highlighted in the article. The more lexical-semantic groups comprise the lexical-semantic field, the more R-structures the word-formation row has in a lexical-semantic field. Besides, this fact proves that English words with the suffix -ment are polysemous and variable. The polysemy of these words is illustrated via interfiled connections, e.g., the word fulfillment with the meaning “a feeling of satisfaction” belongs to the lexical-semantic field of feelings, and with the meaning “the act of doing smth. that you have promised or intended to do” this word can be involved in the lexical-semantic group of achievement which belongs to the lexical-semantic field of improvement. The relator language of the applicative generative model is used to investigate R-structure of English words with the suffix -ment. This analysis helps to create word-formation rows. R=rows of artificial language and L=rows of natural language are described. The research results lead to the conclusion that three lexical-semantic fields can be characterized by polysemous character of English words with the suffix -ment which are represented by interfiled connections. The variety of R-structures comprising wordformation rows shows the variativity of the investigated words and proves the idea that words may be derived not only from verbs but also nouns and adjectives. Interfield connections in three lexicalsemantic fields demonstrate that all words with the suffix -ment can be grouped into lexical-semantic fields. It can be useful and significant for linguists to create different English dictionaries. So, the aim of the further study is to arrange all existing words with the suffix -ment into lexical-semantic fields and make an attempt to create the dictionary of R-words and L=words with the suffix -ment.

The current paper presents an overview of phonostylistic devices (alliteration, assonance, rhyme, onomatopoeia) most commonly used in slogans and taglines of the modern car industry. The advertising slogan, being limited by space and time, is viewed as an important part of any marketing campaign. In a similar manner to previous studies, this paper confirms that a slogan is an effective type of storytelling for brands. However, it differs from the tagline, which is supposed to be long lasting. In an endeavour to convey some characteristics or information about the product and make it memorable for the consumer, brand designers resort to various linguistic devices that make the advertising language effective. The analysis of commercial advertising slogans and taglines demonstrated that such phonological devices as assonance and rhyme are infrequent, while alliteration is the most productive sound technique. As for onomatopoeia, it appeared to be the rarest device in the analysed bulk of slogans and taglines. The obtained results show the capacity of these sound techniques to enhance brand image. Numerous examples provided in the paper are tailored to support this statement. Moreover, the paper addresses the issue of sound symbolism, since the interest in its manifestation in marketing is on the rise. Thus, from a phonosemantic vantage point, the most productive phonemes are sibilants, plosives and sonorants. Their recurrent character contributes to the creation of a brand image. The overall results may have significant implications for marketing teams that seek to create ear-catching and memorable slogans and taglines as well as shed light on the consumer’s psychology.

The paper is focused on the intercultural communicative competence as an integral part of vocational training of journalism students. The aim of the paper is: 1) to define the intercultural communicative competence dimensions; 2) to outline the ways of development of intercultural communicative competence of journalism students; 3) to find out the attitudes of journalism students to intercultural communicative competence development; 4) to assess the levels of journalism students’ intercultural communicative competence and develop recommendations for its development. A mixed research design was employed which involved 14 ESP teachers and 26 bachelor students of Ivan Franko National University of Lviv during the autumn trimester of 2021. The study shows that the students are fully aware of the necessity to develop intercultural communicative competence. Based on the survey of the ESP teachers, we outlined the dimensions of journalism students’ intercultural communicative competence development and suggested the ways of building intercultural communicative competence in journalism students. The levels of assessment of intercultural communicative competence of journalism students were outlined and defined. The final results indicate that journalism students whose study was more practice than theory oriented (group 1) showed better learning outcomes than those who were mostly focused on the acquisition of theoretical knowledge (group 2). Methodical guidelines for ESP teachers were developed.

Despite longitudinal studies conducted along written and oral codeswitching linguistic prevalence considering ESL context, none of the ensuing studies has attempted to propose a theory delineating the preceding occurrence committed by L2 interlocutors which add to the novelty aspect of this paper. The quantitative analysis redounds to the formation of philosophical data on the constructive aspects associated to codeswitching occurrence in ESL classroom despite its adverse impressions in the context of pedagogy. This paper predominantly explores codeswitching from L1 to L2 in a multifaceted milieu as it has hidden purposes and functions along the channels of communication. For instance, codeswitching for equivalence (Mam the villain in the story is “masama”, because uhmmm…. She done bad thing to the main character). After careful scrutiny, the study emphasizes that the highlighted linguistic prevalence should uncover its positive aspects for communicative competence sake. The paramount goal must always be the understanding of the text and glitches along the channels of communication must be deemed secondary. This practice has functions and purposes in the context of the interlocutors of the language itself. They do such for clarity, emphasis, emotion expression, and equivalence for the most part. The role of ESL teachers counts a lot to bring the students to a high level of communicative competence. L1 shall serve as a bridge to reach L2 fluency.

Every year, more and more foreign students are enrolled at the Faculty of Manufacturing Technologies in Prešov of the Technical University in Kosice. For this reason, Slovak Language for Foreign Students was introduced as a compulsory subject in the 1st year of bachelor’s study. The purpose of the paper was to emphasize the teaching of Slovak as a foreign language and thus help to overcome the problems of foreign students in studying professional subjects. The aim is to provide them with suitable tailor-made study material within the blended form of teaching. Slovak language teachers at the Department of Social Sciences and Humanities used mixed innovative methods and forms of study and tried to increase the language and communication skills of students. The paper compares the results of e-exercises and the final e-test of 140 foreign students from different study programmes in the first year of their bachelor study in the winter semester 2021. Slovak language teachers were able to identify students’ strengths and weaknesses based on the results of experimental research. Elimination of the most frequent mistakes will help students to increase the level of technical Slovak language, which they can apply during the study of professional subjects and in future practice in Slovak companies. The university-wide Moodle platform was used for blended learning in teaching Slovak as a foreign language at the Faculty.

Formalization of natural language metaphors is a notorious problem in artificial intelligence and in other overlapping domains. It is semantic vagueness that makes metaphors resistant to formulaic or algorithmic descriptions. Great effort has been invested into modeling metaphors computationally but the issue remains methodologically uncertain and needs further research. This paper works on a practical solution to the problem how metaphorical meaning can be represented in a way suitable for computation. The research agenda of this paper is interdisciplinary; it brings together an algebraic heuristic-driven theory for metaphors developed in artificial intelligence and an applied theory of meaning that comes from cognitive linguistics. This agenda postpones theoretical speculation and argument and is solely solution-focused, which contributes to the value of this paper’s attempt to bridge the cognitive science disciplines whose compatibility, though declared, is seldom demonstrated in a piece of practical research. This paper works with metaphors of human emotions that are linguistically manifested in modern English discourse. Emotions by virtue of their ineffability as qualia are rich in metaphorical conceptualizations and serve the research agenda well. This paper in a meaningful way exposes and ranks designated properties of the FEAR, SADNESS, HAPPINESS, and RELAXATION/SERENITY concepts and arranges these properties into general-purpose ontologies that explicitly specify metaphorically preferred emotion conceptualizations and are good candidates for computation. In prospect, this paper will account for some theoretical aspects of the research and probe the algorithmic and repetitive nature of schemas that license metaphorical expressions in natural language.

The paper studies the literary implications of ‘religion-science’ interaction in U.S. nuclear fiction with the focus on reconsideration the spiritual nature of nuclear energy on the example of «The Temptations of St. Ed and Brother S» (1993) by Frank Bergon. The paper analyses the Bergon’s literary reflections of understanding ‘nuclear energy’ concept in fictional writing by illustration its protagonists’ transformations of realizing ‘the nuclear’ as a component of a new mythology of American West by joining the global (ethical dimensions of nuclear energy in the science-religion interface) and local (the nuclear within the local history of the American West). This paper tries to clarify the literary considerations of studying nuclear energy as a social cultural phenomenon within energy humanities as a methodological basis for researching the novel’s conflict between nuclear energy and spiritual energy, stemmed from the conflict between the faith, underlying a technological society, and the faith, supporting a spiritual community. By separating ‘nuclear energy’- related issues and ‘nuclear weapons’-related messages as parts of nuclear narrative, the paper brings back the religious organizations’ debates about their support of the policy of nuclear disarmament and their recognition of the peaceful use of nuclear energy, by supporting the nuclear energy initiatives and advocating the key role of a nuclear source of electricity in the fight against anthropogenic climate change, which reflects church organizations’ contribution into the social debates about nuclear energy. As the novel’s plot is based on the true case of U.S. DOE’s initiative about constructing a nuclear waste reservoir in the Nevada desert, the paper illustrates the fictional/factual balance in covering the conflict between spiritual energy and nuclear energy, represented in the perspective of two protagonists, trying to protect their monastery from U.S. Department of Energy’s initiative on building a nuclear waste repository in their vicinity. The paper highlights the conflict as an encounter of some spiritual powers, which the protagonists go through – the spiritual power of the religious faith, implemented in the monastic life in the remote hermitage, the spiritual power of the place, implemented in the Nevada desert (combining the energy of community on the desert and the energy of Indian folklore, which collaboratively are trying to counterbalance the spiritual power of nuclear energy. The paper tries to follow the author’s way of illustrating how the traditional Indian wisdom and Christian practices, jointed together, result in making their hermitage survive as a counterbalance to the U.S. federal plans to build a nuclear waste repository. The paper underlines the literary representation of a hermitage as one of the central plot-framing imaginaries which is the embodiment of spiritual impressions, materialized in the monastery and inserted in the historical settings (in the context of the nuclear history of Nevada region). The paper summarizes Bergon’s perspective on this conflict of spiritual powers’ counteraction by depicting how the novel’s protagonists try to search for possibilities which that can help avoid the conflict and consolidate the spiritual powers’ balance by changing the perspective on nuclear energy by learning the spirituality of the atom and by avoiding polarity in reconsidering the new world order. Being involved in debating the spirituality of atom and the counteraction of faith and science, Bergon’s novel reflects the current issues on the advantages and disadvantages of peaceful using nuclear energy by reckoning ‘the nuclear’ not only as a social cultural phenomenon of energy dependent society but also as a trigger of debates on ‘science as a new religion’ within the Nuclear Anthropocene

The article deals with the question of varying the word order and sentence stress in English. Special attention is paid to the functioning of the language. It is emphasized that the main function of language is communicative. Segmental and suprasegmental elements of the language are discussed. It is noted that word order and sentence stress are suprasegmental units that affect the change in the meaning of identical English utterances. In the article, based on the consideration of proposals from the work of M. Hannay, the results of the influence of varying word order on the meaning of statements consisting of identical words are shown. It is stated that the fixed word order in English speech is compensated by the possibilities of sentence stress. The components of intonation are described. The definition of sentence stress is given. The research is conducted by looking at issues such as why English sentence stress in a sentence is important for pronunciation. The criteria for stressing words with sentence stress are set. The article describes the degrees of sentence stress. It is noted that the main sentence stress, highlighting the information center of syntagma, makes a great contribution to the formation of the meaning of the statement. Acoustic correlates of sentence stress are shown. Using identical statements, the author describes the effect of sentence stress. The meanings of identical sentences with different sentence stresses are considered and revealed. Based on the phonetic analysis of examples, the article presents the author’s development of the melodic contour of several sentences and shows the different melodic structure of identical utterances. The main attention is paid to the meanings of identical utterances under the influence of English sentence stress. The paper also analyses examples of identical utterances with different sentence stresses given by various leading linguists-phoneticians. The melodic contour of these utterances is revealed and the meanings of these utterances are considered in detail. The paper reflects the development of the problem of the meaning of sentence stress for pronunciation. In conclusion, the article states that the meaning of a statement in speech is a product of both what is said and how it is said. Speakers implement their own changes to the parameters of the same sentence to convey their specific intentions.

The subject of this paper is the linguistic phenomenon of interference that occurs while studying a second foreign language with reference to the existing knowledge of the first foreign language. The article deals with the pressing topic of language interference. Since the number of bilinguals increases on a daily basis, almost each of them experiences interference. Knowledge of two foreign languages has become commonplace. Linguistic interference is a linguistic phenomenon that can be studied from different perspectives. This paper examined the influence of English as the first or dominant language on the second language which is German, the language that is being studied. Before proceeding to the analysis of the main mistakes that students make due to interference, the authors provide several definitions of linguistic interference. To identify how much is known about this phenomenon, the authors scrutinise several domestic and foreign studies on this topic. It is necessary to mention such authors as B. M. Chojbonova, Z. G. Sideshova, U. Weinreich, L. V. Shcherba, H. Schuchardt, E. Haugen and others. The authors have concluded that the problem of language interference is fairly well understood at the moment. The researchers investigated the influence of language interference on the process of learning of a second foreign language (German); analysed the most common mistakes that occur due to interference in terms of transferring the rules of the English language into German. When learning German as a second foreign language, interference can be observed at several language levels: phonetical, morphological, syntactical and lexical. The analysis has revealed that at the initial stage most of the mistakes are made at the phonetical and graphical levels: nouns are written with an initial lowcase letter; ‘sh’ instead of ‘sch’, and others. At the advanced stage, the study of complex grammatical topics implies the word order in subordinate sentences, when the predicate is placed at the end of the sentence, the frame construction, and the reverse word order. Our analysis has shown that the main mistakes caused by linguistic interference are made at the phonetic, lexical and syntactic levels. In order to avoid a large number of mistakes caused by interference, the authors have proposed several methods. The teacher is supposed to be bilingual and possess sufficient knowledge of grammar and vocabulary of the English language. It is recommend that the lesson is to be organised in such a way that the first foreign language should “help” and not “hinder” the learning of the second foreign language. The teacher is to constantly juxtapose English with German and provide examples of differences between the languages; constantly refer to the grammar of the first language and demonstrate the uniqueness of the second on its basis. If the students see that the prior knowledge provides the opportunity to master the second language, they will not only avoid making mistakes caused by interference, but will also on their own account search for differences between the two languages

The pandemic situation in Slovakia has shown that e-learning teaching within educational institutions has not received sufficient attention so far. The purpose of the paper is to stress the importance of e-learning application in foreign language teaching as well as show the possibilities of creating new educational portals for university students using professional foreign language texts. The KEGA project “Innovative Methods and Forms of Education for Needs and Development of Language and Communication Skills within Technical Professional Foreign Language Study Material” is still ongoing at the Department of Social Sciences and Humanities. The aim is to emphasize the importance of foreign language training for future engineers, and at the same time to look for modern and innovative mixed methods of education, which includes the use of e-learning. The paper compares the study results of more than 200 students in different study programmes at the Faculty of Manufacturing Technologies in Prešov Technical University of Košice achieved during the academic year 2020/2021. The research findings prove that the experimental group of students from different study programmes achieved the best study results in those manufacturing technologies e-tests which are closely connected with their study programme. The results confirm that English teaching focused on tailor-made professional texts and topics within the engineering levels of studies was effective. Teachers also identified the strengths and weaknesses of students within tasks to practice language competencies. By applying e-tests students were able to improve their language skills, which can be practised in selected foreign companies or in their future careers as engineers, technicians, managers or computer programmers.

The study of course leadership in higher education focusses on an understudied area of research, with a limited number of publications discussing the role of the course leader in higher education, and a distinct lack of research on how course leaders in higher education undertake their professional practice. This lack of a pre-existing theory points the researcher towards grounded theory to investigate and generate a new theory on course leaders’ experiences. Since leadership, and therefore course leadership, is an inherent complex social process, selection of grounded theory as a research methodology to explain how course leaders in higher education practice seems a logical choice. Grounded theory has been successfully used to investigate phenomena in education and in leadership practice in other disciplines. We therefore argue that grounded theory is an appropriate selection for research in education and higher education settings for areas of research where no theory currently exists. Moreover, grounded theories focussing on professional practice have been published in various contexts demonstrating that it is an appropriate method for investigating course leaders’ professional practice. Finally, this paper outlines some perceived weaknesses of using a grounded theory approach for researching course leadership, and offers means to navigate these.

Different linguistic classifications of Spanish and Slovak make the differences between these two languages. The genetic criterion classifies languages, clustering them into language families, the largest among which is the Indoeuropean one. The typological criterion divides languages according to their grammatical structures. Meanwhile, Slovak is genetically a Slavonic language, and Spanish is a Romance language. Therefore, they both belong to different language families. Also, according to the typological criterion, Slovak is a synthetic language, and Spanish is an analytic language. Based on a theoretical study of the standard features and differences between the Slovak and Spanish verb systems, we formulated the hypotheses about language interferences, which are accepted or rejected at the end of the research. The current research aims to examine the errors in the use of past tenses by Slovak university students who study Spanish as a foreign language, and then analyze where these errors are due to interference with their native language. The present paper observes what errors students make in using past tenses in Spanish. The research question is: What interferences do Slovak learners of the Spanish language experience in the use of past tenses? We applied scientific methods (an observation, a textual analysis, a synthesis) to conduct the study. The first method was an observation. Applying this method made it possible to gather data by watching the process of doing grammatical exercises in Spanish during classes held from September 2020 to May 2022 for the first- and second-year students at the Faculty of Applied Languages of the University of Economics in Bratislava. These students knew English and were generally better at it than Spanish. We also conducted a textual analysis that primarily looked at the learners’ short-text writing skills. We used a form with 30 phrases the respondents needed to complete using past tenses. Then, we assessed the written and spoken communication skills of students. The analysis results show that, on the one hand, most respondents needed help distinguishing between the past continuous and simple past tenses, resulting in misuse. On the other hand, we found some slight errors in phrases in which the present perfect tense was supposed to be used.

The article studies the translation of the Ancient Greek literature into Ukrainian as an important and historically conditioned process that influenced the translation tradition in Ukraine. The authors trace the history of translation dating from the period of Kyivan Rus to modern times by applying linguistic, chronological and thematic approaches. As a result of the conducted study the authors define main directions and trends of assimilation of the classical Ancient Greek literature by the Ukrainian context through translation in its cultural and historical dimension, as well as characterize the translations of the Ukrainian scientists and outline their contribution into the classical literature corpus formation. It has been revealed that in different historical periods, translated literature performed definite functions (it was used in religious worship, as the material for original literature creation, in intellectual discussions). Since the 19th century, there existed a tendency when translators (M. Zerov, I. Franko, Lesya Ukrainka, V. Svidzinskyi, P. Nishchynskyi, M. Rylskyi, G. Kochur, Borys Ten, M. Lukash, M. Moskalenko, A. Sodomora, etc.), guided by their own preferences, cultural trends, national needs, political attitudes, consciously chose original texts for translation, carried out scientific investigations and added commentaries to their publications, thereby creating a scientific discussion in the Ukrainian society. It was also found out that translations of Homer's works into Ukrainian led to the emergence of a certain translational tradition (the same phenomenon is observed in Western Europe), when Ukrainian translators developed a methodology that allowed them not only to convey the ideological and content component of the original poems, but also to reproduce the rhyming of ancient poetry. The paper concludes that modern translators from the Ancient Greek language continue to popularize ancient literature and the legacy of the holy fathers, thereby supporting the continuity of the Ukrainian school of translation.

The purpose of the paper is to develop the basic methodological principles of slow reading of literary works with deeply veiled subtextual content. The subject of the research is the short story “Cat in the Rain” by E. Hemingway, whose literary style is clearly manifested by the Iceberg Theory as a well-known way of artistic expression of the implicit meanings. Research questions are to analyze E.Hemingway’s “Cat in the Rain”, using slow reading in order to demonstrate its basic principles; as well as to develop the main methodological principles of the analysis of a literary work, the application of which enable both the identification of the means by which the author creates the implicit plan of the text and mechanisms for decoding subtext meanings by the reader. The considered scientific coverage of the problem of slow reading in the works by M. Adler, D. Mikiks, J. Miedema, and others. The impact of the features of the computer era on the nature of reading is analyzed, the need to counteract the superficial perception of texts caused by clip thinking is indicated. M. Adler revealed in detail the concept of reading comprehension. D.Mikiks developed a number of methodological principles for slow reading of literary works of various genres (novels, short stories, dramatic works, and even essays). J. Miedema explained the importance of a slow way of perceiving texts from the perspective of psychophysiological science. Slow reading of a literary work is the slowest pace of its analysis, an effective method for penetrating the depths of content and the implicit level of the text. It is appropriate when the object of analysis is a highly artistic literary work that implies the depth of its content and the effectiveness of expressive techniques that create an aesthetic impact on the recipients. The slow reading methodology requires the application of certain basic methodological principles. Since there is an implicit level of a text, the interpreter must decode information that is not explicitly stated. This decoding process is based on three main points. Firstly, slow reading requires a conditional division of the text into episodes, each of which expresses an artistic meaning, all of which together form the main idea of the work. In turn, the method of analysing each episode involves identifying the artistic meanings expressed in its visualised moments, as well as dialogues (polylogues, internal monologues). In a highly artistic text, each image contains an implicit meaning. The ability to analyse the visual leads to decoding the unspoken. This also applies to the language of the characters. To demonstrate the method of slow reading, the short story “Cat in the Rain” by E. Hemingway was chosen, which exemplifies the “Iceberg Principle” cultivated by the author. The conditional division of the story into episodes allowed delving into the artistic world of the story and understanding how the meanings and motives of individual episodes form the main artistic meaning of the story. A detailed analysis of the visualised moments of the work made it possible to trace how the writer introduces the reader to his artistic world, creates the illusion of being present in it. This increases the level of the reader’s empathy – his/her ability to feel the internal emotional states of the characters. Nevertheless, the analysis of dialogues lets the reader reveal the psychological content, create a psychological behavioural model, and understand the internal psychological states of the characters. Such a dual interaction of the text components “visualisation – dialogue” forms the subtextual meaning of the work. The slow method of reading the short story “Cat in the Rain” makes it possible to reveal the hidden artistic meanings of the work. It raises the problem of family happiness that requires mutual understanding and spiritual intimacy between spouses. The story deals mainly with the inner states of an American woman. They centre around one single idea, which is the desire to have a real family and a home. Likewise, the method of slow reading allows us to understand the image of George as a representative of the “Lost Generation” which was one of the objects of artistic reflection in Hemingway’s works. George is a typical representative of that generation. He is one of those young people who, having survived the war, cannot find themselves in the post-war world. At the same time, the main artistic meaning of the story can also be interpreted as an expression of the idea of the global loneliness of people, the alienation of human existence, that is embodied in the images of the American couple, the hotel owner, and the writer himself as an “image of the author.” Slow reading should be based on an understanding of the theory of a literary work as a systemintegrated entity. The main categories of this theory are the concepts of the integrity of a literary work, the system-forming factor, and the system of artistic means interpreted as “techniques”, each of which has its own function. Thus, the aesthetic impact of the literary text is revealed that is the main goal of true art.

The cultural turn makes translation shift from word – text to cultural register. According to the view of cultural translation, culture serves as the translational unit. The lacunarity phenomenon, which is a linguistic and cultural occurrence when two languages are compared, has grown into a significant issue that translators must resolve. Therefore, the urgency of this research has changed to how to eliminate cultural conflict and fill up lexical lacunas. In this paper, we first clarify the similarities and differences of terms related to the lacunarity phenomenon from the perspective of their relevance. Then, aiming at the compensation of linguistic lacunas (semantic and pragmatic) in literary works, we adopt inductive, deductive, and modeling research methods according to the adequacy principle of translation, and put forward for the first time the concept of constructing the lacuna’s translation model in modern linguistics (novelty), with the purpose of building a complete set of systematic solutions to the translation problem of this phenomenon, so as to make the translation harmonious and unified in three aspects: aesthetic value, text equivalence, and functional correspondence. We can draw this conclusion from the meta-theoretical analysis of the lacuna’s translation model in modern linguistics and its use in the translation of the book “Tales of Hulan River” by Chinese author Xiao Hong: The model is a systematic innovation and endeavor in the field of translation based on linguistic research, and it has practical methodological importance. It can provide a set of formulaic reference standards for translators to interpret lexical lacunas. The following are the justifications for the conclusion: First, the model’s foundation is linguistic research on the concept of “lacuna”, including the examination of the relationships between terms such as “reality”, “non-equivalent words”, and “lacuna”, as well as the investigation of their definition, nature, classification, and semantic range; Second, the model adheres to the “adequacy” principle of translation, which comprises acceptability, similarity, and transmissibility while taking into account both the reader-translator and original-author orientations. This approach is robust and universal exactly because it takes into account every side involved in the translation process; Third, the model’s three theories work well together. L. S. Barchudarov developed 6 levels of semantic equivalence for language translation units, which focused more on the text’s equivalent in translation and disregarded the text’s communicative and aesthetic purposes. As a pragmatic addition to the equivalency theory of the former, the 7 functional dimensions outlined by Juliane House in the idea of functional correspondence of text can be applied. Meanwhile, by using the 6 organization principles of Gestalt psychology, the lacuna’s translation model in modern linguistics incorporates the translation form and subjective feelings into the reference mechanism from the needs of the reader as the subject of aesthetic meaning. It can be said that the triple theory offers a variety of reference indicators for translators, and they are free to combine suitable reference indicators in the filling of lexical lacunas represented by material culture, behavioral culture, institutional culture, and conceptual culture. According to the different types of lacunas, they can use translation methods such as transformational, interlinear, pragmatic translation, as well as by combining transcription, transliteration, replacement, omission, amplification, reconstructing, permutations, explanations in the text and other translation techniques, which reflects the flexibility of the translation model. However, the lexical lacunas themselves can be interpreted as a defective vocabulary in the target language, and the primary goal of the translator should be to compensate for or fill this defect, to let the reader understand “what does this mean”, then the functional correspondence of the lacuna's translation becomes more important. In other words, the lacuna’s translation model in modern linguistics requires the translator to pay more attention to pragmatic function and aesthetic effect; when necessary, translators must abandon low-level semantic equivalence and strive for high-level equivalence.

Euphemism occupies a central place in political discourse. The article aims to probe into the rhetorical device of euphemism in the political discourse of the 46th President of the United States, Joseph Biden, during the Ukrainian-Russian war. The significance of the study is based on the necessity to research the linguistic image of the Russian-Ukrainian war and its main political actors in current political discourse. The relevance of this study is also determined by the aim to show the use of euphemisms in current political discourse on the example of Joseph Biden’s speeches. The research methods of the article combine continuous sampling, component analysis; comparison and observation, classification and systematization of data, quantitative calculations, etc. The also study employs Multimodal Discourse Analysis (MDA) which explores the relations between language and power as well as the relations between language and image. Our research limits its analysis of multimodality to two modalities, gesture and speech. President Joseph Biden’s speeches on the United Efforts of the Free World to Support the People of Ukraine (February 26, 2022) and on the One-Year Anniversary of Russia’s Brutal and Unprovoked Invasion of Ukraine of the US (February 21, 2023) at the Royal Castle in Warsaw serve as a material for the study of euphemisms in political discourse. Conclusions. Euphemism is a characteristic element of political discourse. The role of euphemisms in political discourse is primarily determined by the desire for politically correct intercultural communication, politeness and tolerance, and mutual understanding. Euphemisms express the moral values of society and help to overcome intercultural barriers. The analysis of Joseph Biden’s political speeches made it possible to identify groups of the most commonly used types of euphemisms, namely, concealment of military conflicts (“conflict”, “invasion”, “aggression”, “fight for freedom”, “crisis”, “the great battle for freedom”); taboo of death (“sacrifice”, “pass away”, “lose their lives”); socio-economic sphere (“the continued support”, “support”). According to research data, 47.2% of euphemisms have a veiling function, 38.9% of euphemisms perform a cooperative function and 8.3% of euphemisms have a preventive function in Joseph Biden’s speeches. We suggest Joseph Biden delivers the same viewpoint across his gestures and speeches. Analyzing the gesture-euphemism correlation, we conclude that the 46th US President mainly employed these gestures with integrative and complementary functions. The present paper shows how the polyphonic self of the US political leader is conveyed not solely through speech, but also through gesture. Thus, we assume that the driving force in the evolution of the politician’s polyphonic self is the distribution of viewpoints across modalities of political discourse, where they influence each other in live communication. Biden’s speech is characterized by a short syntagm, as he slows down the pace, trying to convey every word to the audience. The stress is mostly emphatic, with emphasis created by increasing pitch, volume, and duration. Pauses, intonations, voice, register, and tone of speech, being a frame of euphemistic connotations, form the specificity of the communicative and pragmatic field of audiovisual narrative.

The paper outlines a framework for approaching the complexities of translating multimodal means in horror fiction. Nowadays, the horror genre is reaching its peak, becoming the most remarkable mass product in demand. It is sharply distinguished from other literary genres due to generating a morbid mood and heart-stopping suspense in the textual canvas. From this perspective, the research aims to identify multimodal means essential for creating suspense in King’s horror novels “Pet Sematary” (1983) and “Outsider” (2018) and determine the translation strategies used to render them into Ukrainian. In this regard, multimodal means stir fresh interest since they implicitly complement and clarify the information transmitted verbally. The research framework is designed with two primary objectives. Firstly, to disclose the phonic and graphic means utilized in recreating horror imagery in the TL text. Secondly, to examine the translation strategies employed in rendering the multimodal means into the TL. The principles of the comparative approach were chosen to identify the similarities and differences between translation strategies in the analyzed texts. The research methodology adopted in this study enables a comprehensive study of the multimodal means in the horror fiction genre, employing a meticulous approach that involves data collection, analysis, and interpretation through the lens of translation strategies, contextual and pragmatic analyses. The conducted research reveals the involvement of phonic and graphic means to influence the readership unconsciously. The frequency of phonic means depends on the context of their occurrence. Graphic means are represented by syngraphemic, supragraphemic, and topographemic elements. To render the sense of the SL adequately and meet the TL audience expectations, the translators of “Pet Sematary” and “Outsider” advocated semantic, grammatical, and pragmatic translation strategies. Synonymous and contextual substitution, loan, antonymous and descriptive translation, addition, and compression proved to be the dominant translation transformations. The in-depth analysis has shown that the translators faced multiple hindrances, making some errors in encoding polysemiotic signs. However, the TL version makes sense, undeniably affecting the reader and retaining the author’s communicative intent.

The paper aims to analize hand-written and printed cookery books published in Ukraine from the mid- 18 to the early 20 centuries as a source for studying gastronomic traditions, methods of preparation and consumption of dishes, rations, festive and everyday food as well as interrelations of different European gastronomic practices. Research methods. The research is based on the cultural- historical approach. It involves the descriptive method for identifying pecul- iarities of each cookery book that is analized. Comparative method and content analyses were used to reveal both continuity of tradition and innov- ations in nutrition practices of the Ukraine’s population. Systematization method allowed to classify cookery editions according to some strict crite- ria. Scientific novelty. By analising the cookery books the author demon- strates the continuity of the Ukraine’s population nutrition practices. The paper reveals how different gastronomic cultures, religious beliefes, econo- my and medical science influenced on the cookery books’ content. Concl- usions. It is stated that the mid-18 – early 20 centuries cookery books are reflecting the tendency of modernization and globalization of the nutrition practices. Cookery books influenced significantly shaping of the gastr- onomic practices of the Ukraine’s population. Among the various types of cookery editions there were guides and companions for young women that were not enough experienced in preparing food, examples of dinner menue- s, works on vegetarianism, childhood nutrition, healthy eating etc. Such books were based on the up-to-date achievements in the fields of physiolog- y and dietology. By the end of the 19th century the quantity of cookbooks rised noticeably. One of the popular types of the cookbooks were editions aimed at young housewives. At the same time, a lot of cookbooks, espec- ially those involving medical aspects of nutrition, were unable to pass thr- ough the censorship institutions in the Russian empire.

Ergotherapy / occupational therapy is one of the most important components of medical and social rehabilitation, which uses the amount of means, forms and methods of pedagogy, psy- chology, physiotherapy, exercises, physical education and sports, massage, natural factors. The definition of ”ergothérapie” was recorded in French in 1913. The term is derived from the Greek words ”έργο” – ”work” and ”θεραπεία” – ”therapy”. It is interpret- ed as a rehabilitation treatment aimed at preserving the autonomy of people with disabilities (temporary or definitive) by adaptive activities. The National French Association of Occupational Thera- pists was created in 1961. According to the statistic data , there are 9,691 occupational therapists in France in 2015, 87 % of them are women. More than 50 % of occupational therapists are young spe- cialists under the age of 35; 75 % of them work in hospitals. An 43 Hamonet C. Nécrologie. Jacqueline Roux, une grande figure de l’Ergothérapie Française [Obituary. Jacqueline Roux, a big figure in French Occupational Therapy], J. Réadapt. Méd., 1999, V. 19, N 1, P. 33 [in French]. 44 Gable G. Historique de l’ergothérapie ..., op. cit. 45 Danylevych M. V., Romanchuk O. V., Koval R. S., Bazyliak N. O. Istorychni aspekty rozvytku fizychnoi ta reabilitatsiinoi medycyny u Francii ..., op. cit., P. 35–38. 46 Meyer S. Ergothérapies. De l’activité à la participation [Occupational therapy. From activity to participation], Paris, De Boeck-Solal, 2013, 274 p. [in French]. 101 Danylevych M., Romanchuk O., Koval R., Bazyliak N. Historical Aspects of Occupational Therapy Development... occupational therapist is a healthcare professional whose practice is based on the connection between human activity and health. A considerable number of papers on ergotherapy / occupational thera- py have been published in French in recent years. Aim of re- search. The article briefly describes stages in the history of ergo- therapy / occupational therapy in France, approaches to the inter- pretation of term ”ergotherapy” by French specialists. The main research methods are historical, comparative and descriptive. The papers of outstanding French scientists (Pierquin L., Bourrellis C., Charret L., Colvez A., Delaisse A.-C., André J.-M., Gable G.) have been analysed in the study. Scientific novelty. For the first time, it has been considered the historical aspects of the ergotherapy / oc- cupational therapy development based on studying and analysing a number of leading French experts papers, which have not been involved by Ukrainian scientists until now. Conclusions. The study of the history of the ergotherapy / occupational therapy de- velopment in France presents the experience of foreign healthcare professionals, the system of education, the main theoretical and practical issues in this branch.

This paper presents the series of English activities “Dairy Production” and “Meat Processing” for building pre-service food technologist’s speech production competence in the process of self-directed studying. These exercises are created on the base of special selected authentical professional oriented video texts. The practical, professional, educative, development and educational objects are defined. The stages of building pre-service food technologist’s speech competence are determined in this paper: the stage of preparation and the main stage. The main stage consists of receptive-reproductive, receptive-productive and productive substages.

The paper presents the ideas on integration of English language academic writing into the training of Mater of Pharmacy students. The academic literature demonstrates a powerful didactic potential for the development of both language and professional competence of students majoring in pharmacy. This fact is evidenced by the empirical study that demonstrates the finding reflected in students’ graduation academic project performance. As a measurement tools we employed assessment rubrics of the graduate project, content analysis and questionnaire on teachers’ feedback. The participants of the study were students from the Pharmacy faculty and teachers of English for Academic Purposes in cooperation with teachers of pharmacy. Together they outlined the criteria for the texts selection. According to the results, students mastered not only academic writing skills, but also the skills of information processing and evaluation, critical thinking, presentation of information and academic integrity. The paper also presents methodological recommendations on academic texts selection for pharmaceutical students and forms of teachingacademic writing to students of non-linguistic specialties. The results of the study allow to draw the conclusion academic writing course will enhance professional competence and reduce students’ misinterpreting of academic language.

The relevance of the aging discourse is driven by the need of understanding the increase in life expectancy that is reflected in recent fiction. Age studies and gerontological studies of the 20th century recommend socio-psychological and historical-cultural analyses to comprehensively cover the phenomenon of aging. To achieve this goal is possible with the help of diachronic consideration of the subject of a certain society with its specific features. The purpose of the article is to outline the main milestones of social and artistic representations of aging in Western civilization in a diachronic perspective, based on the philosophical, anthropological and historical works of de Beauvoir, D.H. Fischer, T.R. Cole etc. They discern opposing attitudes towards the elderly in the history of Western civilization: reverence as much as neglect. At the same time in the framework of the available data a straight story cannot be written, because the references to late adulthood concerned mainly the representatives of the privileged classes. The elderly representatives of other social strata stayed on the margins of society and public interest. Therefore the challenges of old age are a significant problem of governmental and social concerns. This is especially true of the aging women who perceived their physiological and psychological transformations in old age as a source of embarrassment, shame, and disgrace for centuries. Yet the period of late adulthood has turned into “decline” even more conspicuously in recent centuries largely due to the disengagement of the elderly from their practical activities. The author traces the representations of old age in the landmark works of antiquity, the Middle Ages, the Renaissance, 17th-20th centuries in junction with anthropological observations of a particular period. The religious and communal understanding of late adulthood can be traced in Western civilization from the time of antiquity to the end of the 16th century. Then there is a sharp transition to a scientifically-individualistic perception of old age in Europe and the USA in the period from the 18th to the 20th centuries. The author claims that the dominant aspect of the aging discourse in fiction for a long time has been and remains the motive complex of intergenerational conflicts. Apart from that a contemporary discourse of the dynamics of aging in fiction also develops representations of the routine life of elderly characters, their social statuses, relations within their families and issues of transcendence. The methods used in the paper are mixed: historical data processing, analyses of interdisciplinary resources (anthropology, literary gerontology, social gerontology, age studies). The results can be practical for classes of theory of literature and social gerontology. The findings of the paper conclude that societal attitudes toward old age and aging and its literary manifestations have undergone dramatic, sometimes polar, transformations over more than two millennia.

The paper emphasizes the literary dimensions of duality, related to ‘the invisible nuclear’ in U.S. writing practices (from the late Cold War up to the present), covered by the post-Chernobyl Age, while highlighting he ethical aspects of nuclear energy related issues in the post-traumatic societies. The paper is focused on studying the literary implications of ‘the invisible nuclear’ in depicting a nuclear power plant disaster (the Chernobyl NPP explosion) and its aftermath in North American fictional works such as Frederik Pohl’s Chernobyl (1987), Andrea White’s Radiant Girl (2008), and Orest Stelmach’s The Boy from Reactor 4 (2011). The paper intends to study the transformations of ‘the nuclear invisible” in the U.S. nuclear fiction on Chernobyl disaster, which helps to define the cultural and social parameters of the unbiased perception of nuclear energy as a concept for further impact on public acceptance of the nuclear technology. This paper intends to studying the implications of ‘the invisible nuclear’ in its cultural and social representations of the nuclear energy, giving rise to the socio-cultural and social-technical shifts in reconsidering the perception of the nuclear energy issues (related to nuclear power plants’ functioning). I highlight intentionally the literary dimensions of academia’s reflections on the nuclear related issues, coming from nuclear weapon industry and policy, because the contemporary nuclear discourse requires the strict separation of ‘nuclear war’ narrative and ‘nuclear energy’ narrative, which have the different policies of their implications as well as the different messages in the nuclear discourse: when a nuclear war as well as nuclear weapons are narrated as an absolute textual, nuclear energy and nuclear power, commonly represented in ‘atom for peace’ policy is still a subject of materialization which encourages the hot debates.

One of the pressing issues of modern literary criticism is the identification of the links between fiction and the “axial” archetext of European culture and literature (more broadly, the culture of the Judeo-Christian area) – The Bible. By “axial” archetext we mean the ancient “text-in-the-beginning”, which has increased axiological and aesthetic significance, a high degree of reinterpretability, which is the most important source of intertextual links, fulfills the meaning and text-generating function and is the general “text-code” (Yu.M. Lotman), necessary for decoding the texts of a particular culture. For all its archetextual significance for European literature of the ancient heritage (especially the Homeric epos and classics), The Bible was and remains the “axial” archetext for it. For a number of epochs of European literature, biblical poetics was more relevant than ancient. Among these eras is the era of Romanticism, which first arose and was theoretically substantiated in Germany. The purpose of this paper is to determine the significance of The Bible for the religious and mystical philosophy of romantics and to establish the functions of biblical archetextuality in their poetry. The philosophical and theoretical basis of the study was the philosophy of dialogue of M. Buber, the concept of “dialogue of books” by M.M. Bakhtin and the theory of intertextuality (J. Kristeva, R. Bart, J. Genette). We show that the mystical philosophy and poetics of Jena Romantics is primarily oriented to the Bible – both as the Revelation of God, and as a model of poetry expressing “longing for the Infinite” (Sehnsucht nach den Unendlichen), the striving for the transcendental in combination with a specificallysensual reflection of the world. Unlike Goethe, who saw The Bible as historical reality and at the same time a model of the universe (the “second world”), Romantics emphasize the latter. The Bible is also for them an ideal model of the Book in general, an ideal Book, and they create all their works as a kind of “new Bible”. For A.W. Schlegel, and after him for all Jena Romantics, biblical poetry becomes one of the examples of romantic poetry, expressing through sensual supersensible, full of dynamics, characterized by fluidity of images, as opposed to “plastic” Hellenic poetry. The Bible is also a pillar of the mystical panentheism of the romantics (primarily F. Schelling, F. Schlegel, L. Tieck, Novalis), reinforced by the influence of Kabbalah, the panentheism of B. Spinoza and J. Böhme, who is characterized by a special spiritualization of nature and the use of the kabbalistic love erotic symbolism based on the topic of The Song of Songs and its mystical interpretations. The concepts of the World Soul, the identity of nature and the spirit of F. Schelling, the unity of religious, philosophical, scientific and artistic knowledge of F. Schlegel and Novalis, the mystic of nature and love of L. Tieck are rooted in The Bible and the systems of pantheism Spinoza and Böhme that are based on it. Pietism with its idea of sensual comprehension of God has a special influence on Jena Romantics. We show that the role of a particularly significant archetext for Jena Romantics is played by The Song of Songs in the unity of its concrete-sensual and numerous mystical meanings. It was this biblical book that became the “cult” text of Jewish and Christian mysticism, including the mysterious philosophy of J. Böhme, which was so important for the Jena Romantics. With The Song of Songs, a mystic of love and nature, extremely important for the attitude and poetics of the Jena romantics, is connected. The paper analyzes the concept of love in F. Schlegel’s novel “Lucinda” and establishes the connection of its poetics with the Song of Songs. We also affirm the special significance of The Song of Songs for the work of L. Tieck, which is manifested both at the conceptual level and at the level of similar motives (common spring landscapes, a beautiful forest as a hall of love, love languor, searches and finding each other in love) and metaphors ( bright fruits as fruits of love, love as a beautiful fruit). The Book of Psalms also plays an important archetextual role for L. Tieck`s poetry.

The research demonstrates the potential of the complex approach to the study of interpersonal communicative effectiveness, considering such interdependent variables as objective and subjective integrative features and the strategic ways of increasing the communicative effectiveness. The complex approach also involves the communicative-pragmatic sphere “the external context” and the cognitive sphere “the internal context”. The strategic ways are considered as a powerful tool, providing successful romantic communication. The paper focuses on the pragmatic-interrogative communicative tactic at the second stage ‘Pragmatics of Romantic Relationship’ within the Feminine Romantic Discourse, regarding the strategic ways of effective feminine communicative moves, namely discourse features of the interrogatives. Pragmatic-interrogative communicative tactic is implemented by the relevant Feminine Communicative Moves (Previous Dating Experience?, Momentous Event?, Ideal Partner?, Dating Evaluation?, Personal Plans for Future?, Self-Praise?, Ideal Relationship?, Family?), presented by the female contestants (N=99) of the dating-show “The Bachelor US”. The feminine communicative moves are aimed at revealing the pragmatics of romantic relationship. The paper also suggests that the cross-cultural awareness of effective communication is mutually beneficial for both native speakers and non-native speakers, helping easily to overcome the communication barriers and develop the greater self-confidence of the female partners. It is concluded that the non-strategic implementation of the pragmatic-interrogative communicative tactic usually causes communication failures, involving considerable risks of ruining the interpersonal romantic relationship. The findings of the interdisciplinary research apart from the practical implications have important theoretical implications. The latter makes a significant contribution to the study of interactional sociolinguistics (the language in its social context used in interaction by closely observing a certain speech event in a particular community), gender studies (the language and gender alignment), conversation analysis (the structural organisation of spoken interaction), discourse analysis (the genres of discourse and discourse units: communicative moves, tactics and strategies), interpersonal pragmatics (the pragmatic communication model of interpersonal relationship development), cross-cultural communication (the cross-cultural awareness of the interpersonal communication). The current research along with the others, presented by the author, have sought to contribute to the romantic discourse issues, revealing the strategic ways of the interpersonal effective communication and the causes of the communication failures at every stage of the romantic relationship pragmatics.

The paper dwells on how current L&D trends are followed by Canadian corporations and what their attitude to continuous learning is, considering that corporate narratives present in official documentation are relevant object for the research. In general, scientific inquiry of Canadian experience in the sphere of corporate education is relevant for comprehensive analysis as Canadian best practices can be applied by organisations of various types in other countries. The paper presents quantitative and qualitative data revealed in the process of content analysis of official narratives, their interpretation and correlations between the results and current L&D trends as outlined in the literature review. Thus, in the centre of the methodological framework of this research is content analysis. 21 general annual and sustainability reports of 13 Fortune 500 Canadian companies were sampled for extracted text narratives to be coded according to the predefined coding scheme and further interpreted. The research has allowed to answer the question whether official documentation issued by Canadian companies is resourceful for the study of corporate education in the country. The light was shed on types of reports which contain the most relevant information on the issue. The investigation revealed that the most frequent coded narratives are related to the continuous development of employees, alignment of L&D and business strategy, compliance training and inclusion & diversity training within organisations. The paper describes and discusses these results in detail as well as traces reflection of global L&D trends in corporate documentation.

This paper presents a theoretical description of the process-oriented research method in translation studies known as the think aloud method and a case study of an experimental application of think-aloud protocols (TAP). The article begins with a brief description of the relevance of its topic, taking into account the state of current researches in the field of translation studies. A literature review of recent publications where the think aloud method and think-aloud protocols as the principal introspective and retrospective method in different translation studies is given. The shortcomings and advantages of applying the think aloud method are discussed and the ways to optimise the use of this method for effective verbal data gathering are suggested. The main body of the paper consists of the detailed description of the think aloud method within the framework of the experimental research on the strategic competence of the Ukrainian students majoring in translation studies at Yurii Fedkovych Chernivtsi National University. The author presents the participants of the experiment and briefly explains the choice of the translation tasks used for the experimental research. The analysis of the texts selected for the experimental translation research is discussed. The procedure of gathering verbal reports from the participants of the experimental group is described. The author gives detailed instructions on how to prepare participants of an experimental research at the introductory phase for using the think aloud method, how a researcher should behave during an interview, how to make audio and video recording, how to remind participants of an experimental group to think aloud, etc. The results of the conducted experimental research as well as the analysis of the gathered verbal data are presented. It is shown how verbal data can serve as a means of analysis of Ukrainian-speaking students’ strategic competence. Some practical examples illustrate the unique characteristics of the verbal data inherent to the participants of the experimental group. The paper concludes with the discussion of implications of the research and avenues for further studies devoted to the think aloud method applied with other tools to gain wider understanding of students’ behaviour during translation process.

The use of modern information and communication technologies in evaluating foreign language proficiency increases the assessment objectivity, automates evaluation process, monitors learners’ outcomes, and helps them overcome psychological barriers and anxiety associated with assessment. One of the efficient ways of evaluating foreign language proficiency level is to use assessments which can be created with online test makers. Electronic test items designed for evaluating foreign language skills can be easily created by means of special test generators – online testing services. Using templates of online test makers, any teacher can create various test questions, execute online testing, and receive automatically calculated test results. Nowadays, a number of web-based services provide teachers with easy-to-use tools for implementing online testing in order to check on students’ performance and get immediate grading of their outcomes. The author touches upon core peculiarities of online testing services Master-Test, EasyTestMaker and ClassMarker because she examined them for the sake of this article. Different functionalities of the chosen test generators for creating online test questions of different types to test Czech language knowledge, abilities, and skills are comparatively analysed in this paper. The advantages and disadvantages of using these platforms by test constructors as well as by test takers are highlighted, so readers can determine which one would be the best fit for their needs. The author suggests some ways to solve certain problems in creating electronic test items for assessing educational achievements in the Czech language by means of online testing services Master-Test, EasyTestMaker and ClassMarker. The tools of online test makers studied in this paper not only allow to optimise organisation, implementation and processing of test results, but also meet basic didactic requirements to digital technologies of the 21st century.

В статье освещены вопросы преподавания косвенных речевых актов в иноязычной аудитории. Рассмо- трены основные средства реализации косвенных директивов (просьбы, приказа, совета, разрешения, запрета и угрозы), комиссивов (согласия и отказа), репрезентативов (одобрения, несогласия и возражения), экспрессивов (комплимента, прошения и иронии) и декларативов (информирования), изучаемых иностранцами на уровне владения украинским языком В2. Актуальность исследования обусловлена необходимостью освещения проблемы преподавания косвен- ных речевых актов в иноязычной аудитории. Для достижения поставленной цели использованы следующие методы: описательный, сравнительный, лексико-семантический и контекстуальный анализ. Научная новизна заключается в том, что впервые проанализированы средства выражения косвенных речевых актов в украинском языке для дальней- шего их изучения в иноязычной аудитории. Выводы. Доказано, что учебно-методические материалы по украинскому языку как иностранному должны содержать примеры использования косвенных речевых актов в процессе коммуника- ции. Это позволит иноязычному, изучая украинский язык, усвоить особенности непрямой коммуникации и будет спо- собствовать формированию коммуникативной компетентности, обеспечивая адекватную речевую и поведенческую реакцию.The paper deals with the issue of teaching indirect speech acts in a foreign-language audience. Main means of realization of indi- ect directives (request, order, advice, permission, prohibition and threat), commissives (agreement and refusal), representatives (approval, disapproval and negation), expressives (compliment, apology and irony) and declarations (informing) are examined, which are studied by foreigners at the Ukrainian language profici- ency level of В2. That is what determines the relevance of the article. Research methods. The descriptive method and the meth- d of comparison are applied for the analysis, synthesis and summ- ry of scientific theories. The descriptive method is also used to characterize the conditions that influence the realization of speech acts: communicative intentions, models of the addresser / the addr- dressee, communicative past / future, etc. The language means of expression of speech acts are systematized by methods of lexical- semantic and contextual analysis. The scientific novelty. The paper is the first to analyze the means of expressing indirect speech acts in Ukrainian for their further study in a foreign-language audi- dience at the Ukrainian language. Conclusions. It is proved that teaching materials in Ukrainian as a foreign language should cont- in examples of the use of indirect speech acts in the process of communication. This will enable foreigners, learning the Ukrainian language, to master the peculiarities of indirect communication, and contribute to the formation of communicative competence, providing an adequate speech and behavioral response.

Стаднийчук Раиса, Братенко Михаил, Перепелица Олеся. Фундаментализация научного направления - целенаправленного органического синтеза на кафедре общей химии (период 1953 – 1976 гг.). Цель исследова- ния. В статье на основании архивных документов, публикаций в научной литературе высветлен период деятельнос- ти кафедры медицинской и фармацевтической химии с 1953 по 1976 годы: кадровый состав, материально- техническая база, научные направления и исторически значимые результаты научных исследований. Методология. В ходе исследования использован метод ретроспекции и сравнительного анализа. Научная новизна. Впервые про- анализирован конкретный вклад сотрудников кафедры в развитие научного направления в области органической химии - целенаправленного синтеза потенциально фармакологических веществ, что посодействовало возрастанию авторитета Черновицкого медицинского института в научном мире. Выводы. В статье описан этап фундаментализа- ции научного направления кафедры, касающегося целенаправленного органического синтеза биологически актив- ных веществ.The aim of study: A paper is based on some archive documents and other publication and it deals with activities of the Department of General Chemistry in the years 1953-1976. Methods of investigation: historical, biografic and sis-tematic analisis. Scientific novelty: The staff of the Department, equipment involved in the investigations and main directions of the work are addressed. A personal contribution of each worker into scientific activities in the field of organic chemistry related to the targeted synthesis of the substances with possible pharmaceutical activity is analyzed. It was a highly resultative and productive time and more than 200 derivatives of the quaternary ammonium salts, nitric het- erocyclic bases and phosphonium derivatives were synthesized while their physicochemical properties were determined. Finally, the most effective conditions for their synthesis and purification were elaborated. Some examples from this array have been approved as medicines and are still used in regular medical practice (ethonium, thionium, decametoxine, dodeconium and some others), which ensured high scientific authority of Chernivtsi Medical Institute. Serious scientific achievements were backed by effective scientific cooperation between local scientists and workers of other Departments of the Institute. Dozens of scientific theses have been successfully presented. For instance, 17 PhD and 5 DSs theses were presented in the fields of pharmaceutical, chemical and medicinal science on the ground of the compounds synthesized by Assoc. Prof. V. P. Denysenko. The 1st degree diploma, one gold (Assoc. Prof. V. P. Denysenko) and one silver (Assoc. Prof. F. V. Lapshyn) medals were awarded to the Department's members at the all-USSR Exhibition of Achievements of the National Economy. Scientific activities of F. V. Lapshyn in Analytical Chemistry has generated further investigations of mineral water sources and therapeutic muds of Chernivtsi region. This gave a push to development of such mineral water brands as "Brusnytska", "Bukovynska", Kelmenetska", "Valea Cosmin", sanato- rium in Brusnytsya and rehabilitation section in vil. Scherbyntsi. Two monographs were published, 11 authorship certificates received and more than 200 scientific papers printed by the Department's staff during chair- manship of A. I. Lopyshansky. Сonclusions. The paper deals with a stage of fundamentalization of the scientific field related to the targeted organic synthesis of some bioactive compounds at the department.

The subject of the paper is evaluating and comparing the activity of using digital technologies for the realisation of democratic values by students of Polish and Ukrainian higher educational establishments: rights to freedom of access to information; tolerant communication with other people; awareness of the values of solidarity, equality.The study was carried out at Maria Curie-Sklodowska University in Lublin (Poland), The Jan Kochanowski University in Kielce (Poland), Radom Academy of Economics (Poland), Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv (Ukraine), Poltava V.G. Korolenko National Pedagogical University (Ukraine). Based on the survey results, the quantitative and qualitative analysis of digital technologies used in the development of democratic ideals and social activity of youth are carried.The results obtained are typologically common for students of both Polish and Ukrainian higher educational establishments.The paper provides recommendations for teachers of higher educational establishments on the use of digital technologies to support the development of students’ democratic values in formal and non-formal learning and draws attention to the problem of forming digital critical competence of students.

Students’ EFL learning experience in the rural context is poorer in comparison to urban quality of education. More than 70% of students at the State Agrarian and Engineering University in Podillia are from rural areas. To reduce rural-urban disparities in academic learning the university teachers should use high-quality instruction techniques that can make the process of studying both effective and motivating. The traditional methods of EFL teaching no longer satisfy the needs of modern society. Hence, technology applications need a theoretical foundation based on experimental surveys to determine the strategies for effective EFL learning. This research paper was conducted to examine the possibility of utilising such MALL technology like Quizlet in improving EFL learners’ vocabulary acquisition. A brief review of scholarly literature published from 2005-2019 on Quizlet implementation in foreign language learning showed that there are many studies on the benefits of using Quizlet in EFL vocabulary acquisition. However, the research papers on the principles and strategies for adequate Quizlet-based learning in Ukrainian higher educational institutions are still lacking. Pre- and post-experimental questionnaires, pre- and post-experimental tests were adopted as tools for data collection. The results of the experiment have proven the proposed hypothesis. After utilising Quizlet and using spaced repetition technique for vocabulary learning to prepare undergraduates to state English exam, the results proved that the learners of the experimental group improved their level of EFL vocabulary at the post-test.

The paper focuses on education in the field of foreign languages, particularly Spanish, in the framework of university study of economic and managerial orientation in Slovakia in order to find out what the labour market requirements are for graduates in the field of foreign language skills. In our research, we focus on Spanish, as no similar relevant research has been done to date in this foreign language. Current research shows that the graduates of economics and management fields lack the link between the content of education and the requirements of the labour market, as well as preparation in the field of foreign language skills. This calls for a better understanding of the real needs of employers and graduates. This paper is based on a questionnaire survey among potential employers of graduates of the University of Economics in Bratislava who require foreign language skills, mainly Spanish, as well as of graduates of the University of Economics in Bratislava who use foreign languages, in particular Spanish in their employment. The paper provides an overview of the specific language competencies and knowledge that are needed in the labour market. The ambition of research is to contribute to improving the link between higher education content and the real needs of the labour market, and thus to boosting the employability of graduates in the labour market.

The present paper investigates semantics of human body part names (BPN) in languages of different structure. The lexemes under study are characterised by a high level of polysemy, frequent occurrence and primary role in the processes of world perception and categorisation. The empirical data comprise 438 lexemes (expressing 1438 meanings), which were analysed in seven languages of different structure (related and unrelated) from two language families: Indo-European (featuring such language groups as Germanic (English and German), Romance (Spanish), Balto-Slavonic (Latvian, Ukrainian and Russian)) and Japanese-Ryukyuan (featuring Japanese). The data are analysed within the framework of meronymy relation and highlight the universal features of semantic change in the compared languages, thus presenting a model for more extensive and complex studies of the semantic potential of basic lexical units. The research is based upon the methodology of classical semantics and typology as well as contrastive lexical studies, and is aimed at revealing the nature of semantic universals and regularities in the process of BPN semantic development. The lexical units under analysis are generalised and systematically investigated using contrastive analysis and linguistic description, whilst their semantic structure is thoroughly described with the help of componential analysis. The paper focuses on the classification of their regular semantic change mechanisms and juxtaposes the cross-linguistic similarities as well as differences in semantics of body part names. The relation of meronymy reveals interdependence with that of polysemy. The introduced index of polysemy helps to compare the potential for polysemy development in the languages under analysis. The conducted research enables the formulation of semantic universals and regularities within BPN polysemy development in languages of different structure as well as the creation of a semantic typology of BPN in related and unrelated languages. The analysis is supplemented with the statistical data allowing for the verification of the results. The main principles of this research may be applied to different thematic groups of lexis, contributing to further development of semantic language typology worldwide.

The paper is focused on the study of the interconnection of context and evaluative utterances in French. The assessment of different aspects of the world is viewed as a considerable part of human cognitive activities. Considering this, in the paper evaluative utterances are analysed in relation to logical, semantic, pragmatic and communicative properties of evaluation as an element of a linguo-cognitive domain. It is emphasised that the pragmatic analysis is of great significance in the interpretation and explanation of positive or negative polarity of the utterance evaluation. The present article also demonstrates the importance of various semasiological and syntactic expressive means and stylistic devices in the process of highlighting the positive or negative evaluative effect. Following the principles of pragmatic analysis, the author outlines the language means realising positive and negative polarity of the utterance evaluation. The study also proves that the units being neutral at the language level acquire evaluative potential in context. The results obtained confirm the idea that the correlation between the evaluative utterance and its context helps understand the encoded in the evaluative utterance presupposition of communication being the speaker’s communicative intentions associated with his/her epistemic state.

This paper attempts to shed some light on the problem of correlation of such ontological categories as quality, quantity and relation in similes. The matter in question is significant since it relates to the problem of anthropocentrism in language. It shows the speaker’s attitude to the information encoded in a simile by consciously choosing a vehicle via measuring a tenor’s salient feature against an implied abstract scale of objects, notions, phenomena, etc. that possess a particular quality to a certain extent. The nature of the ground of simile is described to be gradable, capable of being subjectively measured from the perspective of the speaker’s environmental perception. The gradability of a shared feature shown as a scale of potential vehicles lends itself to the interpretation as a fragment of the linguistic worldview displaying a range of scale markers typical of a certain linguistic community in a certain historical period of time. The polar opposite notions on an implied scale are depicted to represent a (proto/stereo) type and an anti-(proto/stereo)type typical of certain linguo-cultural domains in a particular fragment of a linguistic worldview. By moving from the explanatory examples to the analysis of empirical material the author concludes that the categories of quantity, quality and relation are intrinsic in every simile and manifest themselves in the choice of a tenor-vehicle pair that do not exist within simile other than in relation to each-other. The material described in the article serves as an evidence of language dependence on historical and social parameters. The paper explains the mechanism of creation of the congruous and ironic similes according to the universal process of simile formation where the unity of quantity, quality and relation are the key factors of its existence.

Галина Щигельская Историческое наследие Галицкой Трембовли в канадских прериях (к 120-летию основания Канадской Трембовли) Статья посвящена истории основания и организации общественной жизни одного из старейших украинских поселений на территории Западной Канады Канадской Трембовли. Eё историко-культурное наследие в настоящее время представлено в музее “Трембовлянский крест свободы”, который относится к выдающимся историческим памяткам провинции Манитоба. На основе анализа архивных источников прослеживается начало и развитие эмиграции из Теребовлянского повета. Значительное внимание уделено событиям, которые произошли в Трембовли и сыграли важную роль в становлении украинской общины и сохранении этнической идентичности, а именно: на первом украинском греко-католическом богослужении; установлению первого “креста свободы”, который, автор считает первым памятником воздвигнутым украинцами в Канаде. Ключевые слова: эмиграция, Теребовлянщина, Канада, Трембовля, “крест свободы”, историческое наследие. Halyna Shchyhelska Historical heritage of Galician Trembovlia in Canadian prairies (120th anniversary of Canadian Trembovlia) Abstract. “2016 marks the 120th anniversary of the Galician settlement of Trembowla in Canada, which is preserved at the Trembowla Cross of Freedom Historical Site and Museum (Provincial Heritage Site in Manitoba). This historical site and museum honours the first Ukrainian Catholic Liturgy celebrated in Canada in 1897, which was a beginning of religious life of Galician Ukrainians on the Canadian soil. This paper presents the historical background of this and other events, which were held in Trembowla Historical Site, and have value not only for Manitoba but also for the all Galician Ukrainians in Canada. On the basis of the analysis of materials from the State Archive of Ternopil region and the Central state history archive of Ukraine in Lviv, peculiarities of the emigration from Trembowla (also known as Terebowla) county in Eastern Galicia at the end of the 19th century are discussed. The paper focuses on how Trembowla, one of the oldest colonies in Manitoba, was established. The first steps of religious and cultural life Galician Ukrainians in Canada: the first Ukrainian Catholic Liturgy for the pioneers; the first Ukrainian cross that was erected on Canadian soil, the Cross of Freedom; the first Ukrainian chapel that was built and blessed by Rev. N. Dmytriv are also discussed. Describing the exhibits of the Trembowla Cross of Freedom Museum, I argue that the Museum has a significant role to play in preserving Ukrainian historical and cultural heritage. Key words: emigration, Terebovlianshchyna, Canada, Trembovlia, “Cross of Freedom”, historical heritage.

The paper analyses new words and set expressions through their affiliation with different spheres of social life of the English-speaking community. The aim of the article is to analyse innovations by their distribution in the spheres of social life of the English-speaking society. The aim was reached by using both general scientific (analysis, synthesis, systematisation, classification, induction, deduction) and strictly linguistic methods (random sampling and observation method, lexico-semantic and contextual analysis, interpretation of dictionary definitions). In addition, the method of sociolinguistic analysis of the collected material was used. It aims to explore the relationship between language and society. Twelve groups of social life areas have been identified that have given a rise to entirely new innovations: innovations related to education and upbringing; innovations related to health sector; innovations related to generations; innovations related to gender aspect; innovations related to different diets, new recipes, and technologies in cooking; innovations related to sports, tourism, physical education, fitness; innovations related to environment; innovations related to COVID-19; innovations related to economy; innovations related to gadgets; innovations related to social media; innovations specified by modern information technology. The most expansive group is represented by the innovations related to the sphere of information technology, especially the social networks, which should be considered to be a new form of social communication. A certain number of new formations of economy and business denote new types and models of economic systems with the active role of ‘economy’ as the key word. Coronavirus pandemic (Covid-19) has begot dozens of new words and expressions with the words Covid/corona being the centre of innovations. Quite a number of neologisms is focused on the environmental problems, namely – the problems of climate change, global warming. Considerable number of words and expressions denote new kinds of sport, tourism, fitness. The trend to minimise the consumption of meat and other animal products, to go on different diets, to become vegetarian, the new cooking technology and technique – these factors determine the coinage of new formations, associated with the sphere of food, nutrition, culinary. Special attention is given to the denomination of new kinds and brands of such a beverage as coffee. Women liberation movement, especially the struggle for equal role in political and public life, against discrimination and sexism is evidenced in coinages based on the analogy of the expression glass ceiling, fusions with the words man and mom (mum) as the first element. Replenished is the vocabulary associated with the names and characteristics of generations, especially the new ones. The sphere of medicine and health contributes to the formation of neologisms denoting new therapies, cosmetic surgery, and treatment procedures. New formations in the sphere of education reflect changes in this sphere, new approaches and methods. Newly coined phrases characterise types of families, relations between their members. Sociolinguistic analysis is combined with the description of active ways, types and productive elements contributing to the replenishment of English vocabulary. Thus, the innovations in English in the last decade have reflected changes in almost all spheres of social life. These changes are caused by emerging problems and the need to solve them. Particular attention has been paid to the verbalisation of new forms and means of social communication in the context of the information revolution. The most active mechanisms for the formation of neologisms are telescoping (so called portmanteau words) including analogy with telescoping and pure telescoping, forming compound words, especially according to the N+(pro-)N model, affixation, abbreviations, and acronyms.

In this paper, the military term combinations and military metaphors in the official documents are identified and analyzed by the methods of corpus and cognitive linguistics. The comparative approach was pursued to show their common usage in the unified official document of NATO. The purpose of the study is to recommend the methodology for statistical and automated identification of term combinations in the parallel corpus of the official texts and to recommend the methods of cognitive linguistics such as the Conceptual Metaphor Theory (hereinafter – CMT) and the Conceptual Blending Theory (hereinafter – CBT) for the analysis of the military metaphor in the parallel corpus of official texts. The ultimate aim of the study is to analyze NATO’s military terminology and understand the military conceptual metaphor in official business documents to demonstrate a deep understanding of military-political discourse. The removal of the highly specialized terminology from NATO’s official business documents is conditioned by the presence of language units with the semantic structure indicating military, political and humanitarian features that distinguish NATO from other organizations. In our research, the sampling of nominative units used to denote the military concept of NATO as an international organization evidenced a wide reproduction of the accurate and definite content that deprives its components of the semantic ambiguity. At the same time, the speech expression is fixed in texts from positions of observation of the language that allows us to identify the dynamics of language changes in general and on the general scale in particular. The analytical method of observation in the context of our research envisages the collection of scientific information and identification of linguistic characteristics of NATO’s official business terminology. In particular, we separated a number of two-, three- and four-component phrases from OBD. The sampling included the following phrases used to denote: 1) nuclear-powered rocket weapons system: nuclear cruise missile submarine; wire guarded missile; nuclear-powered ballistic missile submarine; rocket-assisted projectile; 2) radio-electronic and other technical tools: artillery radar complex; beam rider guidance; uninterruptible – power supply; laser range finder; ambush detection device; on-board electronic computer system; 3) reorganization of ground forces and senior management units: paramilitary mining rescue unit; logistics operations center; emergency unit; 4) change of some fundamental provisions (doctrines) in tactics and operational art: nuclear detonation detection; electronic countermeasures; protection of safety information. Thus, the semantic dominance of the highly specialized terminology in NATO’s official business documents is confirmed by a large sampling based on features identified as a result of monitoring of their extralingual indicators. The research value of the sampling consists in the fact that the selected terminological phrases lead to an improvement of their understanding and the effective practical application of the research. We also used the statistical and automated methods of a NATO term combination separation from the collocation to not hinder the presentation and perception of the corpus of UN parallel texts. The quantitative expression of results of the corpus analysis of the NATO’s term combination and the commonly used phrase encourages to choose the optimal way to single out a referent of a certain military sphere, and in such event its nomination corresponds to the official business document assigned to this term combination. As the research showed, the mechanism of use of CBT for the analysis of the cognitive model of a metaphor with the author’s conceptualization demonstrates condensed intra-domain properties. By singling out four spaces, we traced their mutual designing that indicates a shorter distance between the domains than originally expected. In comparison, the military term combinations in these fragments are used to provide specific information about the military, such as the shoestring budget and the cavalry regiment. On the other hand, the military metaphors are used to convey complex ideas and comparisons, such as the sitting duck and tank battalion. Both the military term combinations and metaphors contribute to the overall effectiveness of the language used to describe NATO’s land forces and their challenges. Conclusion. The study was focused on the identification and analysis of the term combination and metaphor in the official document by the methods of corpus and cognitive linguistics to confirm their common usage in the unified official document of NATO. We tried to justify the hypothesis according to which these subjects have common features in the lexical form and the military lexical meaning. The first of the two linguistic analyses was aimed at giving the global perspective on the most frequent term combinations and comparing them with the most commonly used word combinations in the parallel corpus of the official texts to identify the coefficient of their informational value. Statistical and automated methods of the linguistic analysis confirmed the high reproducibility of the NATO’s term combination in the parallel corpus of the official texts. Taking into consideration the results, the field-specific military term combinations serve as a joining link that will provide the unity of the content plan and its expression [Solano, 2013, p. 167–180] as had been stated before. On the other hand, the second analysis was created to illustrate the cognitive model of the metaphor through the military expression. As the conducted study found, the mechanism of the usage of the TCB for the analysis of the cognitive model metaphor showed short intradomain properties. This identification helped to determine four spaces where we traced their mutual projection which showed the shorter distance between the domains than had been expected at the beginning of the study. At the final phase of the study we focused on the identification of the field-specific term combination and military metaphor in the official document under the title “NATO’s Land Forces: Losing Ground”. Though the term combination and metaphor are different categories, their common usage in the official document shows the similarity which can create a common category, the military metaphor in the official terminology of NATO. As far as specific results are concerned, the following conclusions can be drawn referring to the official business document dealing with training mission in Afghanistan (2019): 1) The similarity between the term combination and metaphor is found in the chain of semantic dependence between the terms in the fragment of the official document. The meaning of the language units (the term combination, the metaphor) colors the fragment content with the military and identification sense. 2) The difference between the military term combination and the military metaphor lies in the usage of them in text. On the one hand, military term combinations used in the text convey meaning related to military operations rely on technical language to convey specific information, while on the other hand, military metaphors use imagery and comparisons to convey abstract concepts in a more relatable way.