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The conducted study has shown problems with electronic documents already in the moment of their accession, as well as arrangement and description, storage and providing access to them in the archive. It turned out that, unfortunately, electronic documents are treated only as an addition to paper versions of materials. The study uses method of document analysis (including electronic document), as well as a survey – a questionnaire. The object of the study was a private papers of Professor Stanisław Gorgolewski.

This paper examines how Kharms uses performativity in his 1928 play Elizaveta Bam to explore the relationship between the subject and the state. The play follows Elizaveta as she attempts to escape a murder charge by cycling through a series of radically different and strange personae. Her many transformations obfuscate her actual identity and personality; in the context of her flight from men who would kill her, this ability to transform is a survival mechanism. Ultimately, however, she is caught, and Kharms frames this as an inevitability. This approach to the relationship between state and subject corresponds to Althusser’s concept of interpellation, which tracks the deep connection between individuals and the ideologies that surround them. This paper argues that Kharms makes the actor’s performance into the central device of the play, and in so doing, he uses the tools of theater itself to depict (futile) resistance to overwhelming state power.

The avant-garde literary group OBĖRIU, with its poetics of the absurd, alogism and grotesque, had a great influence on later Soviet Russian literature and on neo-avant-garde movements as well. This paper investigates the connection between OBĖRIU and the neo-avant-garde of the 1970s and 1980s, especially by comparing two representatives of these different ‘ages’ of avant-garde – Daniil Kharms and Dmitrii Prigov. The analysis will focus particularly on the genre of the anecdote, with which they both experimented. After tracing the heritage of OBĖRIU poetics in Conceptualism and in the work of Prigov, who was interested in the form of Kharmsian prose miniatures, the paper will compare the well-known Anecdotes from the Life of Pushkin by Kharms (1937) with a series of quasi-hagiographical texts, Stories about Stalin, by Prigov (1975-1989). These bizarre sketches have several common features related to the genre, the formal structure, and the stylistic devices employed. Despite some striking parallels, however, the analysis will demonstrate that Kharms and Prigov have two different approaches to understanding deconstruction of myths, the grotesque, and the absurd.

This paper is an attempt at outlining the current state of discussion about the ethnogenesis of the Slavs, mainly within the framework of Polish scientific research, with particular consideration of archaeological theories, both in terms of their differences as well as any similarities. The discussion covers the allochthonic theory (which is predominant in the science), autochthonic theory, as well as the concept defined by an American archaeologist, Florin Curta, which falls outside these two main discours-es. The rationale proposed within this paper could support the resumption of a harmonious discussion among the archaeologists on the problem of the ethnogenesis of the Slavs.

This paper aims to investigate the what-cleft construction with adjectives and establish its structural, semantic, and distributional features by adopting frame semantics and usage-based construction grammar, exploiting the data from the Corpus of Contemporary American English (COCA), and applying quantitative corpus-based methodology. To this end, the author extracts the occurrences of the What be ADJ be-construction from a large corpus of naturally-occurring data, determines its structural, semantic, distributional, and discourse-functional properties, and identifies adjectives that are strongly associated with the construction in question. The paper makes a significant contribution to a growing body of literature on the what-cleft construction by conducting a qualitative and quantitative analysis of one of its variants, a grammatical pattern with adjectives that has not been hitherto investigated in much detail.

The paper discusses two important intentions of moral philosophizing within the modern age philosophy. We mean the concept of the morality of doubt and the morality of duty. We perceive both ways of thinking about morality in close connection with the idea of justice. Morality and justice in the works of the modern age philosophers appear analogously as two interconnected virtues of man. This connection can be key in current efforts to determine the limits of human rights as well as responsibilities. Therefore, the main goal of this paper is to try to find an answer to the question: What does the transcendence of moral principles of doubt and duty into the socio-cultural space of modern Western society look like?

The paper makes inquiries into the ‘Russian period’ (1965-1972) of prof. Franco Miele (1924-1983), who was a painter, art critic and art dealer. The paper sheds light on his work as a Russian art dealer and on his relationships with Paul Sjeklocha, Ely Bielutin, Otari Kandaurov, Kazimierz Romanowicz, and George Costakis.

The paper focuses on the use of defamiliarization techniques in some works of Russian conceptualist poet Dmitrij Prigov and explores, in particular, how the canonical status of Aleksandr Pushkin and of his “sacred” texts has been challenged and modified by Prigov. He refers to Pushkin in a wide range of works, making use of ostranenie and causing therefore the audience to perceive these famous texts afresh: in one of his signature performance piece Prigov recites the first stanza of Eugene Onegin in various vocal styles; in his “Verses for George” protagonists from the opening lines of well-known Russian poems are replaced by the word dinozavr (dinosaur); and, finally, Prigov rewrites an entire section of Pushkin’s masterpiece in a special samizdat-style book. The paper aims to describe how defamiliarization and permanent distancing from any stereotypes become one of the most important tools of deconstruction and desecration in Prigov’s art.

The Enlightenment represents a frequently reflected and, at the same time, also updated tradition. The Enlightenment ideas have become a theoretical-methodological base for thinking as such by its connection to a social or social-political praxis, what can be seen even in the contemporary confrontation with the Enlightenment legacy. The paper analyses the Enlightenment as a unique historical phenomenon – it deals with its explicit as well as its practical-political features – within the Russian milieu. In the basic outline, the paper presents a critical survey of the selected bibliographical sources. It primarily focuses on a historical-philosophical problematics and identification of three phases which can be found within a genesis of the Enlightenment thinking in Russia. The second part of the paper offers the characteristics of distinctive intellectual environments participating in a forming of the Enlightenment tradition in Russian thinking, and overlapping into actual political and social happenings. To these environments belong aristocratic associations, the Masonic lodges, and also educational institutions established and controlled by the state – spiritual academies and universities.

In 1982, the Yugoslav film magazine Filmske Sveske published a themed issue titled The Left-Wing Theory, including the texts of French Marxist film theorists, focused on the interrelationship of film and technology – the body of work known as “apparatus theory” (Jean-Louis Baudry, Jean Comolli, Jean-Louis Narboni). This paper considers Yugoslav experimental cinema as politically engaged art and examines the extent to which it is theoretically grounded in the Western theory of experimental cinema. I propose a performative model of the concept of “engaged art” advanced by Yugoslav aestheticians Sreten Petrović and Danko Grlić. Moreover, following the typological classifications of experimental film and the understanding of cinema as a political practice (Malcolm Le Grice, Nicole Brenez, Jean Comolli, and Jean-Louis Narboni) and focusing on the works of Mihovil Pansini, Nikola Đurić, and Svetolik Novaković, this paper seeks to revise the categorisation of Yugoslav experimental cinema practices recognising technology as the key factor of the filmmaking process. The central objective of this article is to juxtapose the experimental film theories and practices of the democratic, capitalist West and those of socialist Yugoslavia, hoping that the results of this parallel reading might open up further research prospects.

The paper analyses women’s representation at the local level in Slovakia, or at the level of all (almost three thousand) Slovak municipalities, respectively. We focus on determinants of women’s descriptive representation in mayoral offices and how various factors (socioeconomic, cultural, or political) affect women’s political representation at this level. The main findings of the paper are that education or cultural factors (Catholicism and share of the population with Hungarian nationality) had only very limited effect on women’s representation, in contrast to the much stronger negative effect of the municipality size, which significantly decreased number of women in the position of Slovak mayors. However, we show that the strongest effect on women’s chances to be elected to the position of the mayor is whether women held mayoral post in a given municipality in a previous electoral term. This factor strongly favours women in following mayoral elections and at the same time it explained almost all variance in the dependent variable.

The research which results are presented by this paper focused on legal migration conditions. Also focused on control of the legal migration at the Slovak-Ukrainian Schengen border. The first part of the paper aimed at description of legal migration management at this part of the Schengen border. This part of the paper focused also on migration legislative framework. The second, analytical part reveals the main resulted from interviews conducted with 31 officers of the Slovak border guards from Bureau of Border and Alien Police. Its aim is to examine and reflect the perspectives of border control procedures, labour conditions, functionality of the managing structures, the communication between subordinates and theirs commanding officers.

The paper analyses the politics of electoral reform since 1989 in Slovakia as it follows the earlier paper of Michal Drengubiak of 2017 in order to advance some of its conclusions. After a brief theoretical introduction of the investigated issue the paper focuses on four electoral-reform processes in Slovakia, namely electoral reforms of 1990, 1992, 1998 and 1999. The main findings of the paper are that the 1990 electoral reform was an elite-dominated process, that the 1998 electoral reform is an example of a specific case regarding the Micro-mega rule of Josep Colomer, and that there may be distinguished two waves of the politics of electoral reform in Slovakia (transitional and post-transitional) which differs mainly in strategies opted by political actors to maximize their parliamentary seat shares.

This paper presents the results of an expert study of several glass vessels from an early medieval castle at Ostrów Lednicki. They come from the so-called second church, a single-nave small building erected in the 1060s and destroyed in 1038 or 1039. In its ruins, a collection of high-grade artefacts was discovered, furnishings of the same temple, as well as fragments of glass and fragmentary preserved glass vessels. The three specimens, examined in the laboratory, were made of potassium glass, of the calcium-potassium variety, of the CaO-K2O-MgO-Al2O3-SiO2 type. Interpretation of the analytical results has led to a conclusion that all the vessels could come from a single workshop, attributed to Carolingian and Ottonian workshops in Imperial Germany. Another vessel, discovered in the eastern part of the stronghold and not associated with any of the sacred buildings, has an early date (6th to 9th century). It is believed to be a conical goblet of the Kempston type, made of sodium glass, of the mineral variety, of the Na2O-CaO-Al2O3-SiO2 type, from one of the many Western European workshops.

The paper outlines the impact of the crusade ideas in Western Pomerania from the twelfth to the end of the first quarter of the thirteenth century, showing how it affected the region in three essential stages. The Western Pomeranians – attached to a traditional, native belief system – first encountered the crusade movement in the first half of the twelfth century, initially as its victims. Subsequently, the crusade ideas spread among the Western Pomeranian knights in the second half of the twelfth century as an element of the new, Christian culture. In the third stage, the region’s inhabitants became directly involved in the Fifth Crusade. In keeping with the historical methodology, the study is an attempt at a new, more comprehensive approach to the propagation of the crusade ideas in Western Pomerania and its effect on the locals. Also, the findings demonstrate that further research into the issue would be highly recommended.

“I called upon the Lord in distress: the Lord answered me […]. The Lord is on my side” (Ps 118[117]:5–6). On the Lexical Variation of Church Slavonic Psalter Redactions: The Case of Translations of the Greek ὁ ἀντιλή(μ)πτωρ, ἡ ἀντίλη(μ)ψις, ἡ βοήθεια, ὁ βοηθός, ἡ λύτρωσις, ὁ λυτρωτής, ῥυόμενος, ὁ ῥυστής, ὁ ὑπερασπισμóς and ὁ ὑπερασπιστής. A Quantitative Approach This article is another one in a series of studies dealing with the lexical variation of Church Slavonic Psalter redactions. The paper focuses on the vocabulary used by man to address God as his protector, helper, saviour etc., and analyses the (Old) Church Slavonic equivalents of such Greek lexemes as ἀντιλή(μ)πτωρ, ἀντίλη(μ)ψις, βοήθεια, βοηθός, λύτρωσις, λυτρωτής, ῥυόμενος, ῥυστής, ὑπερασπισμóς and ὑπερασπιστής. It also points out the Hebrew equivalents of the investigated Greek and (O)CS words. The study concentrates on the quantitative aspect of the use of the vocabulary under discussion, with qualitative issues (semantics / contextual conditions) remaining in the background. „W udręce wołałem do Pana, a On mnie wysłuchał […]. Pan moim wspomożycielem” (Ps 118[117]:5–6). O leksykalnej wariantywności psałterzowych redakcji cerkiewnosłowiańskich. Na przykładzie tłumaczeń gr. ὁ ἀντιλή(μ)πτωρ, ἡ ἀντίλη(μ)ψις, ἡ βοήθεια, ὁ βοηθός, ἡ λύτρωσις, ὁ λυτρωτής, ῥυόμενος, ὁ ῥυστής, ὁ ὑπερασπισμóς i ὁ ὑπερασπιστής. Ujęcie ilościowe To kolejny artykuł w cyklu opracowań traktujących o leksykalnej wariantywności psałterzowych redakcji cs. Tym razem uwagę skupia się na grupie słownictwa, którym człowiek zwraca się do Boga jako swego protektora, pomocnika, wybawiciela etc. Analizie poddaje się użycia (s)cs. ekwiwalentów takich gr. leksemów, jak: ἀντιλή(μ)πτωρ, ἀντίλη(μ)ψις, βοήθεια, βοηθός, λύτρωσις, λυτρωτής, ῥυόμενος, ῥυστής, ὑπερασπισμóς i ὑπερασπιστής. Dodatkowo wskazuje się na odpowiedniki hebrajskie badanych słów greckich i (s)cs. W rozważaniach nacisk kładzie się na aspekt ilościowy użyć badanego słownictwa, kwestie jakościowe (semantykę / uwarunkowania kontekstu) przesuwając na plan dalszy.

The object of description in the following paper is the lexeme język. Linguistic analysis has been broadened by medical context, in which the author presents the content regarding the tongue as the first part of the digestive system, as a sense of taste, and finally, as vocal apparatus. For this purpose, the most important issues connected with the structure, physiology and pathology of the tongue have been presented. The second part of the discussion has been dedicated to the place of the noun język, along with its synonyms and derived forms in old and contemporary general Polish language, as well as dialects. The final part contains remarks on the functioning of the word język in Polish phraseology. This lexeme, as a polysemantic unit, happens to be the component of numerous petrified word combinations, whose meaning reflects the variety of references and contexts preserved in old and contemporary Polish culture.

The author of the Primary Chronicle (PC) had a dual purpose of proving the legitimacy of the dynasty of Scandinavian origin and recording the traditions of the ethnic Scandinavian and Slavic populations. The author of this paper endeavours to analyse the authenticity of information provided in the PC concerning the origin of early Slavs. Before a critical method of studying medieval narrative texts was developed in the late 19th and the early 20th century, the authenticity of medieval chronicles had not been questioned. Therefore, the 19th century historiography treated all the information from medieval texts as authentic. In Russian historiography it was A.A. Shakhmatov who while dealing with the PC, laid down the foundations of the critical method in dealing with chronicles. He was the founder of the famous school of historical philology which has placed text analysis at its centre. Despite this approach, a “new hypothesis” appeared in the last decades of the 20th century (see the linguistic theory of O.N. Trubachev) gained wide publicity both in Russia and abroad. Trubachev’s theory did not take into conssideration the results of either text analysis or the findings of archaeology and was a return to the position from the 19th century. The author of the paper shows that this theory was a blind alley.

The paper is dedicated to some selected units of biblical origin in the Polish language, namely fixed word combinations (idiomatic expressions). The author is trying to answer the question whether the collection of such units has the qualities of a closed set, or demonstrates a contemporary tendency to multiply its resources. What is essential for this description is the division into primary and secondary units of biblical origin. Apart from historical data and conditions, which are linked with this issue of Polish phraseology, the paper also contains several examples of the processes, as a result of which the language acquired new phrases of biblical origin.

The material basis of the paper are the names of Polish female associations from the 30s of the 20th century. The analysis involves components used to expose feminine qualities – general names (kobieta, pani, niewiasta – ‘woman, lady’), as well as detailed ones, which were categorised according to the information they contain. These are the elements of the world, which in addition to gender, constitute a basis for communality of the members: social and professional status, educational background, participation in military activities, social activity sphere, or common interests. The material presented in the paper shows that in the Second Polish Republic the need for exposing femininity and emphasising communality was very strong in the names of associations.

This paper focuses on the editing career of Radojka Tanhofer, which can be divided into two main phases. The first covers Tanhofer’s years in editing (1940s - 1960s), learning and honing her craft, her work in numerous feature films with a number of domestic and international directors. The second covers her teaching at the Academy of Dramatic Art in Zagreb, Croatia (from the founding of the Editing Department as a two-year programme in 1969, until its development into a four-year full university study programme in 1977). The aim of this paper is to outline Tanhofer’s significance in the context of Croatian and Yugoslav cinema through the use of existing literature, analysis of significant works of classic Croatian cinema, as well as my own insights into the history and current practice of the Editing Department at the Academy of Dramatic Art, University of Zagreb, as a former student, and now assistant professor.

In 1893 the prince Esper Esperovich Ukhtomsky published “Puteshestvie na Vostok”, the account of an extended trip undertaken in 1890-91 by the young Nikolay Alekseyevich, the future Nicholas II, who was then heir to the Russian throne. Greece was the first stopover on a trail that subsequently wound through India, Ceylon, Java, Siam, Japan and China. Ukhtomsky's account of this venture, in which he participated, underlines a connection between Greece and Asia that is the subject of this paper. In Ukhtomsky's view, Ancient Greece had a profound link to the East and therefore, through a connection between the Hellenic and Orthodox Slavic worlds, Ancient Greece was also linked to Russia. Specifically, he argues that Russia's future lies in the East. This paper argues that Ukhtomsky's travelogue contributed to a general repositioning of Greece within the Russian cultural imaginary at the turn of the 19th century.

Judging by the diaries, letters, reports and other material associated with the theme of travel, Tuscany is one of the favorite subjects in Serbian Hodoeporics of the XIX and XX century. Therefore, the aim of this paper is to explore the image of Tuscany in some of these texts, even the ones considered minor and not given enough credit. The paper takes a comparative approach: discussing the itineraries of Serbians travelers in Tuscany, we will focus briefly on the world of other foreign travelers who have written about it. As traveling in Tuscany for some of the travelers was more than just an opportunity to describe its history and culture, on this occasion we will deal with the image of Italian literature that emerges mostly from Love in Tuscany (Ljubav u Toskani, 1930) by Miloš Crnjanski, who was an admirer of Italian literature as well as its critic.

On the equivalents of the Greek ὁ ναόϛ, ἡ ἐκκλησία, τό ἁγίασμα, τό ἁγιαστήριον and ἡ ἁγιωσύνη in CS Psalter redactions The paper refers to the lexical variety of translations reflected in CS redactions of the Book of Psalms. It is focused on semantic and quantitative analysis of the use of Slavonic equivalents of the Greek ὁ ναόϛ, ἡ ἐκκλησία, τό ἁγίασμα, τό ἁγιαστήριον and ἡ ἁγιωσύνη (i.e., of vocabulary with the denotations: ‘sanctuary, temple, place of living/habitation of God’ and also ‘community of the faithful with the Lord, Church’) in selected representative CS redactions of the Book of Psalms: archaic, mixed (archaic and Russian), Russian (or East-Bulgarian), Norov, Athonite and Cyprian. The paper shows resemblances as well as differences among the confronted Psalters in the choice of the words considered and gives explanation of the uses observed. O odpowiednikach gr. ὁ ναόϛ, ἡ ἐκκλησία, τό ἁγίασμα, τό ἁγιαστήριον, ἡ ἁγιωσύνη w psałterzowych redakcjach cerkiewnosłowiańskich Artykuł dotyczy leksykalnej wariantywności przekładów zawartych w cs. redakcjach Księgi Psalmów. Koncentruje się na semantycznej i ilościowej analizie użyć słowiańskich odpowiedników gr. ὁ ναόϛ, ἡ ἐκκλησία, τό ἁγίασμα, τό ἁγιαστήριον, ἡ ἁγιωσύνη (tj. słownictwa z zakresu oznaczeń ‘świętego przybytku, budynku świątynnego, miejsca zamieszkania/przebywania Boga’, a także ‘zgromadzenia wiernych z Panem, Kościoła’) w wybranych reprezentantach cs. redakcji psałterzowych: archaicznej, mieszanej (archaiczno-ruskiej), ruskiej (albo wschodniobułgarskiej), norowskiej, atońskiej i cyprianowskiej. Eksponuje zarówno podobieństwa, jak i różnice w doborze rozpatrywanych leksemów w porównywanych psałterzach oraz podaje interpretację zaobserwowanych użyć.

In the second half of the 19th century, the rising interest in the partition of Africa translated into a growth in the number of essays, articles and travel diaries on the ‘dark continent’ published in Russia. This paper examines how black Africa was represented in the popular illustrated journal “Vsemirnaia illiustratsiia”, intended as educational material for a newly-formed middle-class readership. Through written texts and pictures, the journal constructed an image of black Africa quite dependent on Western colonial stereotypes, using colonial-consolidated rhetoric techniques and European sources. While the Tsarist Empire’s politics used to meddle in European colonial enterprises, the present analysis highlights how the literary and visual construction of black Africa as backward, savage, and ahistorical may have served to justify Russia’s long-debated belonging among Western nations.

Constructions with predicates of perception in Slovak and theirs equivalents in Polish The aim of this paper is to present a special type of syntactic constructions in Slovak language, namely, the accusativus cum infinitivo. Constructions of this kind are connected with predicates of visual and auditory perception: Videl Petra bežať., Počul Evu spievať. In the traditional Slovak syntax, the infinitive in this constructions is characterized as a particular sentence element, so-called “doplnok” ‘predicate complement.’ The Polish equivalents of these constructions are subordinate clauses or participle constructions. The second part of the paper presents a Polish-Slovak comparative analysis of these predicates as propositional (semantic) sentence structures, based on Stanisław Karolak’s model. Konstrukcje z predykatami percepcji w języku słowackim i ich ekwiwalenty w języku polskim Artykuł jest próbą opisu szczególnego typu konstrukcji składniowych występujących w języku słowackim, tj. accusativus cum infinitivo, które łączą się z predykatami percepcji wzrokowej i słuchowej: Videl Petra bežať., Počul Evu spievať. Bezokolicznik w takich konstrukcjach jest w tradycji słowackiej opisywany jako odrębna część zdania, tzw. „doplnok”. W języku polskim konstrukcje oddawane są przez zdania podrzędne lub konstrukcje imiesłowowe. W drugiej części artykułu zaprezentowano opis tych predykatów w duchu składni semantycznej w oparciu o model Stanisława Karolaka w ujęciu porównawczym słowacko-polskim.

This paper is an attempt at drawing attention to the first Protestant translation of the whole Bible into Polish, which is traditionally known as Brest Bible or Radziwill Bible, in terms of its significance and place in the history of Polish language. The first part of this work is the introduction of some basic data from the field of origins, history and the state of previous philological research into Brest Bible. The second part of the paper shows the role of the translation in the process of shaping the characteristics of Polish biblical style and the way in which the translators used the richness and potential of the Polish language in the Renaissance. As the source material to complete the research task the author of the paper used some chosen areas of the language in Brest Bible, which included lexis and fixed expressions.

This paper is devoted to the history of a sonnet and bigger collections built of sonnets, a sonnet cycle and a wreath of sonnets, i.e. a specific cyclic work of a particular internal structure based on repeating verses within the whole. Also, a formal diversity of the sonnet form has been presented. The basic variants of the genre include: Italian and French sonnets, as well as an English sonnet in its several forms. Moreover, the rhyme schemes, which are the indicators of those variations, have been analysed, as well as metric patterns most often used in the sonnet. Another issue discussed in the paper is the sound structure in sonnets, i.e. orchestration, especially vocal harmony. Names of poets, who mostly contributed to the codification of the sonnet as a genre and popularizing this form in international literature, have been mentioned. All the ideas are illustrated with examples from the works written by the most distinguished Polish and European poets.

The article considers the economic and political use of small lead seals (tag seals) to validate different kinds of social relations in early medieval Poland and Rus’. Originated in Antiquity, the practice of sealing peaked in Byzantium from where it spread to Early Rus’. This is reflected, for example, in the use in late 11th-late 14th centuries of small lead seals referred to as the “Drohiczyn type”. In this paper I put forward an opinion that not all the early medieval small lead seals should be attributed to “coinless economy”. A study of the corpus of small lead seals from Drohiczyn and Czermno, and finds from Ma-zovia, has identified a group with iconography identical to the Polish Hohlpfennig, suggesting they were commercial-customs small lead seals used by the Piast dynasty, contemporary with the bracteates intro-duced in the first half/mid-13th-early 14th centuries. The extraordinary number of small lead seals found in Drohiczyn possibly reflects the outstanding position of the town in the Eastern and Central European relationships as well as a short-term relocation of trade routes leading north, caused by the military conflicts of the 1240-1280s in the upper course of the Western Bug. The practice of sealing could have been introduced by Conrad of Mazovia to Poland from Early Rus’. Subsequently, the small Polish seals might have contributed to the emergence of lead cloth seals in Western Europe as part of a cultural transfer

Czech i-Stem Feminine Nouns Ending in -n and Their Development in Older Czech (from 1300 to 1900) In this paper we follow both the functional and formal development of word-formative formants *-snь, *-znь, *-nь during the Old and Middle Czech periods and during the period of the National Revival and afterwards, and the word-formative and formal development of Czech i-stem feminines with the component -n- during the same period. These nouns are formed by derivation using the suffixes mentioned above or by conversion using the grammatical formant *-ь, and, after the disappearance of the softness correlation, they identically end in the form of direct singular cases on the -n nasal. In order to eliminate alternations of the morphological base, they change their ending in these forms from -(e)n to -(e)ň during their development. As a result, in the later developmental stages of the language, they converge formally to the Old Czech ja-stem feminines originally ending in -ně or -ně/-eň, which also changed their forms nom./acc. sg. in favour of the ending -eň during the development. At the same time, the no longer productive suffixes -n, -ně (in Proto-Slavic *-nьja) and partly also -sn, -zn (Modern Czech -seň, -zeň) merge into a new, self-applying suffix -(e)ň. Czeskie rzeczowniki żeńskie z tematem -i zakończone na -n i ich rozwój w starszych okresach rozwoju języka czeskiego (1300–1900) Niniejszy artykuł pokazuje zarówno funkcjonalny i formalny rozwój formantów słowotwórczych *-snь, *-znь, *-nь w okresie staro- i średnioczeskim oraz w okresie odrodzenia narodowego i poodrodzeniowym, jak również słowotwórczy i formalny rozwój czeskich rzeczowników żeńskich z tematem -i z komponentem -n- w tym czasie. Analizowane rzeczowniki są tworzone przez derywację za pomocą wymienionych sufiksów lub przez konwersję za pomocą formantu gramatycznego *-ь, a po zaniku miękkości w przypadkach niewymagających przyimka kończą się w liczbie pojedynczej spółgłoską nosową -n. W toku dalszego rozwoju, w celu wyeliminowania zmienności podstawy morfologicznej zmieniają swoje zakończenie w tych formach z -(e)n na -(e)ň. W rezultacie na późniejszych etapach rozwoju języka zbiegają się one formalnie ze staroczeskim tematem -ja rzeczowników żeńskich zakończonych pierwotnie na -ně lub -ně/-eň, które również zmieniły formy w mianowniku/bierniku liczby pojedynczej na końcówkę -eň. Jednocześnie nieproduktywne już sufiksy -n, -ně (prasłowiańskie *-nьja) i częściowo także -sn, -zn (współczesne czeskie -seň, -zeň) łączą się w nowy sufiks -(e)ň.

The paper reflects on the concept of modern democracy as we encounter it in Czech philosophy, specifically in the work of Masaryk and his interpreters and critics, i.e. especially Rádl and Patočka, then in critical theory, focusing especially on the work of Habermas, and then in the work of Arnason, where we trace his inspiring political philosophical movement between Czech philosophy (Masaryk, Patočka, Kosík) and critical theory in both its German (Marx, Max Weber, Habermas) and French versions (Lefort, Castoriadis) and his creative critical dialogue with Eisenstadt. Modern democracy is not fundamentally different from liberal democracy, but more emphasizes autonomy, emancipation, its socially imaginary and critically creative dialogical participation.

Orthographic and orthoepic diversity of Serbo‑Slovak interlingual approximates The paper is a presentation of the results of a qualitative formal analysis of different types of Serbo-Slovak interlingual approximates (false friends, interlingual homonyms). In his earlier research on Serbo-Slovak approximation, the author of this paper defined the appropriate terminology and the meaning of the notions similar and identical in terms of quantitative analysis. The results of the study are based on lexical material containing 266 pairs of Serbo-Slovak approximates. They have been classified into four groups – interlingual homonyms, homophones, homographs and paronyms. We found that the differences between approximates are similar in their nature within the groups they were classified into. The existence of these types of differences is possible due to the presence of numerous spelling principles in the Slovak orthography – which features a combination of the phonetic, morphological, grammatical and etymological principles. In the Serbian language, the phonetic principle is the only one consistently present, and the morphological principle can be seen only in a few exceptions. Orthoepic differences are closely related to the orthographic ones. In addition, we can distinguish other kinds of differences which result from a different etymological development or are accidental. Comparing and understanding differences gives a comprehensive and clear view of the formal differentiation of Serbo-Slovak interlingual approximation. Ortograficzne i ortoepiczne zróżnicowanie słowacko‑serbskich aproksymatów międzyjęzykowych W niniejszym artykule zaprezentowane zostały wyniki analizy jakościowej pojedynczych rodzajów serbsko-słowackich aproksymatów międzyjęzykowych (wyrazów zdradliwych, homonimów międzyjęzykowych) pod względem ich formy. Autor w swoich wcześniejszych badaniach nad aproksymacją serbsko-słowacką zajął się zdefiniowaniem odpowiedniej terminologii i ustaleniem znaczenia pojęć podobny i identyczny za pomocą analizy ilościowej. Wyniki badań opierają się na materiale leksykalnym liczącym 266 par serbsko-słowackich aproksymatów. Zaklasyfikowano je do czterech grup – homonimy, homofony, homografy oraz paronimy międzyjęzykowe. Okazało się, że różnice między aproksymatami mają podobny charakter w zależności od tego, do której z grup aproksymaty zostały zaklasyfikowane. Pojawienie się tych różnic wynika z istnienia kilku zasad ortograficznych w pisowni języka słowackiego – połączenie zasady fonetycznej, morfologicznej, gramatycznej oraz etymologicznej, podczas gdy w języku serbskim obecna jest tylko zasada fonetyczna, morfologiczną można zauważyć w kilku wyjątkach. Różnice ortoepiczne są ściśle powiązane z ortograficznymi. Oprócz tego wskazać można takie różnice, które wynikają z odmiennego rozwoju etymologicznego lub są przypadkowe. Porównanie i poznanie różnic daje możliwość pełniejszego spojrzenia na formalne zróżnicowanie serbsko-słowackich aproksymatów międzyjęzykowych.

Usage and lexicographical practice (example of the verb dedykować ‘to dedicate’ in modern Polish) The purpose of this paper is to analyze the contemporary usage of the Polish verb dedykować (to dedicate) and its participle dedykowany (dedicated). Dur­ing last few years under the influence of English semantics and pragmatics this verb became one of the most popular words in the Polish marketing and IT jargon. The data provided by the National Corpus of Polish enables to state that the contemporary usage of the verb differs significantly from the semantic description published in the dictionaries of Polish. Therefore the scope of this paper is to promote the corpus driven approach to the lexicography. Since the new meaning of the analyzed verb is an English borrowing the paper deals also with the problem of adjusting English morphological patterns to the rules of Slavic verbal inflexion. As it can be observed in the text this gram­matical divergence leads in the case of new borrowings to the widely diversified and unstable language usage. Uzus a praktyka leksykograficzna (na przykładzie czasownika dedykować we współczesnej polszczyźnie) Celem artykułu jest analiza występujących we współczesnej polszczyźnie użyć czasownika dedykować. Szczególną uwagę językoznawców zwróciły w jego przypadku neologizmy semantyczne typu dedykowany, których nowe znaczenie, znamienne dla języka marketingu oraz profesjolektu informatycznego, zapożyczone zostało z języka angielskiego. Dane korpusowe umożliwiły stwierdzenie, że czasownik ten używany jest również w innych znaczeniach, nieoddanych dotychczas w odpowiedni sposób w słownikach współczesnego języka polskiego, zaś same neosemantyzmy cechuje niezwykle rozchwiany pod względem semantycznym oraz składniowym uzus.

Multi-Aspect Interpretation of the Phraseme in Nikolaĭ Alefirenko’s Monograph Teoretychni pytannia frazeolohiï: On the Occasion of His Jubilee This article is dedicated to the renowned Russian and Ukrainian linguist Nikolaĭ Alefirenko on the occasion of his 75th birthday. The paper consid­ers his approach to the study of the phraseme presented in his monograph Teoretychni pytannia frazeolohiï [Theoretical Issues of Phraseology] (1987), which includes a multi-dimensional and comprehensive description of this concept through the prism of his philosophy of language, and which is based on the material of the Ukrainian language from the early Soviet period of his scholarly activity. The article draws attention to the intertextual dimen­sion of Alefirenko’s monograph, noting his knowledge of tradition and heritage of classical linguistics on the one hand, and novel approaches in the modern study of language on the other, coupled with a careful selection of illustrative material from a large body of phraseological dictionaries as well as literary works and journalistic texts. The phraseme is approached as a multifaceted phenomenon, and it is captured using a system of definitions clarifying its features and types. It is analysed in the context of the philosophy of language – through the prism of semantics, syntactics and pragmatics. The author’s scientific thinking is characterised by the ability to see this issue in all linguistic dimensions. As interpreted by Afirenko, the phraseme is (1) “a symbol of the life of a language”, (2) a structural unit of the lan­guage system, (3) a component of the linguistic (phraseological) picture of the world (4) with peculiar epistemological roots, (5) an active component of the communication process, (6) reflecting the philosophy and logic of the language and (7) demonstrating a kind of connection with units of all its levels; (8) “a unit of the highest language level”; (9) “one of the means of human self-expression”. In Afirenko’s model, the phraseme is a complex unit which is unique in nature, and his understanding fully corresponds to the modern linguistic paradigm. Although his study was written 35 years ago, it is certainly still novel today. Wieloaspektowe rozumienie frazemu w monografii Nikołaja Alefirenki Теоретичні питання фразеології. Z okazji jubileuszu badacza Artykuł jest dedykowany wybitnemu rosyjskiemu i ukraińskiemu języko­znawcy Nikołajowi Alefirence z okazji jego 75. urodzin. Dotyczy rozważań nad pojęciem frazemu, przedstawionych przez badacza w monografii Теоретичні питання фразеології [Zagadnienia teoretyczne frazeologii] (1987). Praca ta zawiera kompleksową i wielostronną analizę frazemu w kontekście filozofii języka wyznawanej przez autora, opartą na materiale języka ukraińskiego z wczesnego radzieckiego okresu działalności naukowej lingwisty. W artykule zwrócono uwagę na intertekstualne ujęcie zagadnienia. Odnotowano erudycyjność autora zarówno w kontekście tradycji, spuścizny językoznawstwa klasycznego, jak też nowatorskich poglądów we współczesnej lingwistyce, podpartych analizą dużej liczby słowników frazeologicznych, utworów literatury pięknej i publicystyki. Frazem jest traktowany jako zjawisko wieloaspektowe, definiowane za pomocą systemu określeń doprecyzowujących jego cechy i typy. Analizowany jest przez pryzmat semantyki, syntaktyki i pragmatyki. Rozumienie frazemu cechuje językoznawcza wieloaspektowość. Alefirenko uznaje go za (1) „symbol życia języka”, (2) strukturalną jednostkę systemu języka, (3) komponent językowego (frazeologicznego) obrazu świata, (4) element mający swoiste korzenie episte­mologiczne, (5) aktywny składnik procesu komunikacyjnego, (6) komponent odzwierciedlający filozofię i logikę języka, (7) element związany z innymi jednostkami języka, na wszystkich jego poziomach, (8) „jednostkę najwyższego poziomu języka”, (9) „jeden ze sposobów wyrażania siebie przez człowieka”. Jest jednostką kompleksową i niepowtarzalną, której rozumienie odpowiada współczesnemu lingwistycznemu paradygmatowi naukowemu. Monografia powstała 35 lat temu, ale do dziś niewątpliwie pozostaje pracą nowatorską.

The Ukrainian Vocative: Changing Views on the Functions of the Morphological Form іn the Context of Social Transformations This article highlights changes in the linguistic interpretation and practice of using the vocative case in Ukrainian which took place during the centuries. The study demonstrates the relation between the linguistic evaluation of this morphological form and political situation, and the status of the Ukrainian language. During theSoviet Unionperiod, linguists pointed out that the address function is peculiar to two morphological forms of a noun, i.e. the vocative and the nominative. Stylists recommended using the nominative in the official and business spheres; they considered the vocative more suitable for everyday speech. Modern Ukrainian language experts consider the vocative to be the only nor­mative form of appeal. They suppose that using the nominative in the address form is a deviation from the norm caused by the influence of the Russian language, which prevailed in theSoviet Union. As a result of the traumatic experience of Soviet totalitarianism, issues of the literary standard of Ukrainian and its purity are acute. Thus, the linguistic evaluation, recommendations on the usage of the vocative in modern papers of Ukrainian linguists are often emotional and appeal to the speaker’s commitments. The nominative often performs the address function in the spoken language of the Ukrainians; the vocative may have a full and reduced form of both kinds. Print media orient themselves towards the literary standard and usage of the vocative. The belles lettres reflect the competition of morphological forms of the noun for the appeal expression, which is peculiar to uncontrolled speech. Ukraiński wołacz: zmiana funkcji formy morfologicznej na tle przemian społecznych Artykuł przedstawia analizę zmian w interpretacji lingwistycznej i prak­tyce używania wołacza, które nastąpiły w trakcie XX i XXI stulecia. Wykazano związek między oceną lingwistyczną tej formy morfologicznej a sytuacją polityczną, statusem języka ukraińskiego. W okresie radzieckim języko­znawcy zwracali uwagę, że funkcja odwołania występuje w dwóch formach morfologicznych rzeczownika – w wołaczu i w mianowniku. Styliści zalecali używanie mianownika w stylu urzędowym, wołacz uznano za formę właściwą przede wszystkim dla języka mówionego. Współcześni językoznawcy ukra­ińscy uważają wołacz za jedyną formę normatywną odwołania, a mianownik w tej roli interpretowany jest jako odchylenie od normy spowodowane wpły­wem dominującego w Związku Radzieckim języka rosyjskiego. W wyniku traumatycznych doświadczeń radzieckiego totalitaryzmu kwestie standardu literackiego i czystości języka ukraińskiego są postrzegane jako bardzo draż­liwe. Dlatego ocena lingwistyczna, zalecenia dotyczące użycia wołacza we współczesnych pracach ukraińskich językoznawców mają często charakter emocjonalny i odwołują się do przekonań mówiąсego. W mowie Ukraińców funkcję odwołania pełni często mianownik, a wołacz może mieć zarówno pełne, jak i skrócone formy dwojakiego rodzaju. W przypadku wydań drukowanych typowe jest koncentrowanie się na standardzie literackim, a zatem stosowanie wołacza. Konkurencja form morfologicznych rzeczownika w wyrażaniu apela­tywnym, charakterystyczna dla swobodnej mowy, znajduje odzwierciedlenie w literaturze pięknej.

The Names for a Locksmith in German, Polish and East Slavic Languages This article analyses the names for a locksmith in German, Polish, Ukrainian and Belarusian. The paper outlines previous explorations in this respect and identifies their shortcomings. The author presents the distribution of the forms under study in different groups of German dialects between the thirteenth and sixteenth centuries and traces their origins. He also discusses their orthographic, phonetic and morphological assimilation in the Slavic languages. The analysis of historical and linguistic sources has made it possible to identify selected phonetic and morphological processes which occurred in German and are visible in Polish, Ukrainian and Belarusian. Nazwy ślusarza w języku niemieckim, polskim i językach wschodniosłowiańskich Niniejszy artykuł jest poświęcony analizie nazwy ślusarz w językach: niemieckim, polskim, ukraińskim i białoruskim. Opracowanie przedstawia dotychczasowe badania w tym zakresie i wskazuje ich niedociągnięcia. Autor opisuje dystrybucję badanych form w różnych grupach dialektów języka niemieckiego od XIII do XVI wieku oraz ustala ich pochodzenie. Następnie omawia ich ortograficzną, fonetyczną i morfologiczną asymilację w językach słowiańskich. Analiza źródeł historycznojęzykowych pozwoliła zidentyfikować wybrane procesy fonetyczne i morfologiczne, które zaszły w języku niemieckim i są widoczne w językach: polskim, ukraińskim i białoruskim.

Common Usage vs Codified Standard: Problems with the Codification of Anglicisms in the Contemporary Russian Language This article focuses on the important problem of codification of the most recent borrowings of British and American English origins in the contemporary Russian language. Standardization of loanwords is a current issue of vital importance, as it has a global reach, which means that it affects not only the Russian language but many other national languages that are under the influence of the English language – the contemporary lingua franca. The codification of the lexis of foreign origin is examined based on material obtained from contemporary lifestyle maga­zines published in Russian. This type of press disseminates borrowed neologisms particularly intensively and, at the same time, creates the language use of the given discourse. The excerpted vocabulary items have been confronted with the lexis of the most recent Russian spelling dictionaries. The deliberations contained in this paper show a fragment of linguistic reality changing under the influence of ubiq­uitous English language, where common usage competes with the linguistic norm. The article shows the difficulties caused by lexical transfer of loanwords faced by specialists in prescriptive linguistics (e.g. a common problem of orthographic variation). Norma uzualna vs norma skodyfikowana. O problemach kodyfikacji anglicyzmów we współczesnym języku rosyjskim Niniejszy artykuł zwraca uwagę na istotny problem kodyfikacji najnowszych zapożyczeń anglo-amerykańskiej proweniencji we współczesnej ruszczyźnie. Temat standaryzacji zapożyczeń jest aktualny i niezwykle ważny, bowiem ma on zasięg globalny, zatem dotyczy nie tylko języka rosyjskiego, lecz wielu innych języków narodowych, które znajdują się pod wpływem angielszczyzny – współ­czesnej lingua franca. Badanie kodyfikacji leksyki obcego pochodzenia oparto na materiale zaczerpniętym z najnowszych rosyjskojęzycznych czasopism kolorowych typu life style. Ten rodzaj prasy szczególnie ochoczo rozpowszechnia zapoży­czone neologizmy, jednocześnie kreuje uzus danego dyskursu. Wyekscerpowany materiał porównano z leksyką zawartą w najnowszych słownikach ortograficznych języka rosyjskiego. Niniejsze rozważania dają obraz fragmentu rzeczywistości językowej zmieniającej się pod wpływem wszechobecnej angielszczyzny, w której uzus konkuruje z normą językową. Ponadto wskazano tu szereg problemów wywoływanych zapożyczeniami leksykalnymi, z którymi zmagają się specjaliści z obszaru językoznawstwa normatywnego (np. powszechny problem wariantywności ortograficznej zapożyczeń).

The subject to be presented and described in the present paper are word combinations with mythological (Graeco-Roman) origins occurring in eight crime novels penned by Marek Krajewski, taking the shape of: (i) better or less known phrasemes, or conventional petrified multiword units reproduced in a communicative act to express particular intentions and intensions; (ii) phrasematic innovations, or phrasemes modified formally and/or semantically and used against the grain of the phraseological norm; or (iii) literary nonce phrasemes, that is multiword units created ad hoc for the purposes of style and world depiction, containing eponyms and eponymisms of mythological origin which exist in Polish. The proposed examination of conventional (the titular convention), innovative, and nonce (the titular invention) units used in the excerpted crime novels is of a qualitative and functional nature, since its focus is on an attempt to point out and discuss the functions which the selected examples serve in the literary messaging. Polyword mythology-based expressions fulfil numerous and various (often at the same time) functions in M. Krajewski’s crime novels, incl. cultural-identitarian, content-focused, expressive, evaluative, aesthetic and others.

This paper is devoted to the lexeme tchawica from a diachronic perspective. The first part is the description of a trachea (its functions and structure) as an anatomical organ, which is followed by the analysis of its etymology. The main focus of investigation is the description of tchawica in the history of the Polish language and dialects. For this purpose, synonyms, derivatives, variant forms (in terms of phonetics and morphology), names based on foreign words (derived from Latin and Greek), as well as hybrid names, have been pointed out. According to the analysis, these names are differentiated both in terms of motivation and form.

Verbal modificational formatives in Polish The paper presents the classification of verbal derivatives according to Aktionsart in Polish (Verbs containing modificational formatives). In the first part of this paper the main aim is to describe a research project about the semantic-derivational category of Aktionsarten in Slavonic languages. The second part of this paper focuses on the characterization of Polish types of verbal action. The term «types of verbal action» subsumes semantic-derivational classes of verbs distinguished on the basis of modifications in the meanings of verb bases, from the point of view of quantitative characteristics. These derivatives represent the following Aktionsarten: temporal, Aktionsarten with the varied degree of intensity and iterative Aktionsarten. Within the scope of particular Aktiosarten the division of derivatives into semantic groups according to the subtypes of Aktionsarten are formal ways of expressing them has been carried out. The article points at the problem of explaining the various meaning of Aktionsarten.

Some problems of the dialectal vocabulary – the Polish folk names of dragonflies This paper deals with the Polish folk names of a dragonfly – an insect belonging to the order Odonata. Over 90 Polish dialectal names were gathered and analyzed here. The motivation of these names has been discussed in this paper. Moreover, the information about the geographical occurrence of these lexemes is given here.As it has been appeared, these names mainly refer metaphorically to some typical morphological or behavioral characteristic feature of the dragonfly, for example samolot, lalka, szklarz. Some lexemes reflect also the folk beliefs. For example, there are names in which an association between the dragonfly and the snake is expressed – gadzia głowa, węzi pastuch. Generally, the names of a dragonfly in Polish dialects are culturally determined.

On Adam Stanisław Krasiński’s forgotten Słownik synonimów polskich and its predecessors The paper consists of two parts. The first one covers characteristics of dictionaries (dated from XVIth to XIXth century), groups of synonyms regarding mainly the Latin (e.g. Gradus ad Parnassum), which also include equivalents of national languages (especially the Calagius three-language dictionary was examined and Czech-Latin dictionaries of synonyms dated XVIth century). The second part of the paper is a discussion over methodology of the first Slavic dictionary of synonyms (Słownik synonimów polskich [Dictionary of Polish Synonyms]) by A. S. Krasiński. Not-elaborated in details so far (in the subject-matter literature) the dictionary combines a few types of dictionaries (apart from the dictionary of synonyms): general dictionary of Polish language, dictionary of phrasal verbs, language correctness dictionary, book of quotations and proverbs and translational dictionary.

Цигулка, гъдулка… and other names for ‘violin, fiddle’ in Bulgarian (in comparison to other Slavonic languages) This paper analyses names for ‘violin’ in Bulgarian, examined against a Slavonic background. A broader approach has been taken to these names, because the article concerns not only the “classic” violin, but also the folk instruments (fiddles), which have different names in Bulgarian (and other Slavonic languages): цигулка, гъдулка, гусла, кемане, лаута, виолина, гънилка, виулица. These names are described from the semantic, derivational and etymological point of view. The noun цигулка, the basic name of ‘violin’, occurs only in Bulgarian and it is unknown in other Slavonic languages, although there are documented derivatives in Serbo-Croatian. The noun кемане ‘violin’, from Turkish, also occurs in Macedonian and Serbo-Croatian and other languages belonging to the Balkan league. The second part of the papers is devoted to the names for ‘violin’ in other Slavonic languages. Some names, extant only in some of the Slavonic languages, are derived from an onomatopoeic stem (Bulg. цигулка, Pol. skrzypce, East-Slavonic скрипка). Most of the Slavonic languages have a noun derived from gǫsli, a Common Slavic ancestor, but in some Slavonic languages (Czech, Slovak, and Sorabic) this word now means the classic violin, while in others it means ‘fiddle’ (comp. Pol. gęśle, Bulg. гусла), and in the Eastern Slavonic languages and Old Church Slavonic it means a ‘plucked string instrument’ ‘a kind of lute’. In Serbo-Croatian it means both the classic violin and primitive fiddle. Polabian has its own name form ‘violin’ gigléikia, which comes from German.

The principles of bipartism, political ideology and political leadership reflect in the wholeness of political parties in the United States. The aim of the paper is to analyse the scale of interconnection and interrelationship between political leaders and the polarization of the Republican Party and its electoral successes or failures. The results of the research confirmed the long-lasting trend of the division of the Republican Party and the absence of a unifying political leader capable of restoring the integrated position of the American right.

This paper explores the process of building a new literary community of the younger Russian-language writers in Kazakhstan starting from the 2000s. As a response to the shortcomings of previous literary infrastructure, writers created new ways of writing and literary interactions that can be called a new literary economy. The concept of literary economy refers to the act of a new literature creating its own infrastructure and literary space, with the objective of joining the world literary space. The younger Kazakhstani authors produce a new type of literature by (re-)writing language, time and space, and in doing so they produce new bilingual, historical and spatial imagination that results in a new identity. In this process of rewriting, authors create surplus value for their works and capitalize on their particular literary and cultural identities. By ‘value’ I mean new meanings and new ways of being Russophone.

This article examines the post-Soviet as a category of analysis in the study of historical memory and nation-building in the former Soviet Union. Post-soviet memory suggests a continuum in space and time that will be critically addressed through the lens of a local case study, the borderland city of Lviv. Two questions structure the analysis: how we shape our surroundings and how they shape us. Following postcolonial theories derived from urban and memory studies, Lviv is presented as a palimpsest made of temporal, spatial or even imaginary layers from which it could be possible to recount the multiple narrations at play in the historical memory of the city. Finally, the paper questions whether the category of cultural hybridity may be instrumental in conceptualizing the multilayered structure of identification processes in the post-Soviet space, moving beyond cultural and national essentialism.

New Perspectives on Early Cinema History is a selection of papers originally presented at an international conference held in Ghent, Belgium in 2018, organised by this book’s editors: Mario Slugan, a lecturer in film studies at Queen Mary, University of London (and a former editor at Apparatus), and Daniël Biltereyst, a professor of film and media studies at Ghent University and director of its centre for film and media studies. The eleven essays – written mainly by European academics, plus two from Canada and one from Malaysia – provide an excellent overview of new trends.

This paper presents a case study of rallies in absentia which took place in Russia during the quarantine of 2020 on the platform Yandex.Navigator. Created by tech giant Yandex and similar to Google Maps, it allows users to check in at a particular geographic location and post comments, as if one were physically present. On April 20, 2020, multiple users in major Russian cities simultaneously checked in at symbolically significant urban sites like Red Square in Moscow and demanded the declaration of a national state of emergency and the compensation of financial losses. Due to the functionality of the digital tool that was used to create the augmented reality of a video game, participants re-enacted the “space of appearance” (the term by Hannah Arendt) where bodies in their plurality put forward claims to those in power by performing their message. This interpretation draws on the concepts of public space, performativity, and virtual/augmented reality to suggest that it is productive to think of this rally in terms of the heuristic potential of the case. The rally can be seen as a generic case of virtual gatherings that might be sustained with the help of digital technologies creatively repurposed for political uses in an increasingly digitised world.

This article tries to familiarise the correspondence from Wałcz region and Krajna to Toruń magistrate on the basis of letters stored in the holding of State Archives in Toruń. 75 catalogue descriptions of letters from 12 towns located in the north-western territories next to the borders of pre-partition Republic of Poland were presented. One cannot exclude that there are more of them in Toruń Archives, but only two sections chosen from so called Catalogue II (Acts of Toruń) and Catalogue III (Craftsman letters) were submitted in the query.Chronological borders of the correspondence presented are from 1402 to 1799; however, majority of the correspondence come from the XVIII century. The authors are both private persons and institutions (craftsman associations, city councils, evangelical commune council). Among craftsmen and city council letters one can find so called birth certificates (Geburtsbrief ), job certificates (Lehrbrief ) and ecommending letters (Empfehlungsbrief ). Court letters concern cases similar to contemporary ones: inheritance issues, suits for vendor cheating, legal proceeding in case of murders and others. Private persons ask the city council of Toruń to help them execute debts from Toruń inhabitants. Evangelical commune from Łobżenica asks a few times for financial help.Material gathered in the article constitutes the excellent source for research on chancery’s functioning at that time, both when it comes to senders and recipients of letters.One can see some regularity in the forms of some typical documents – just like crafts man letters mentioned above – independently of the town they were issued. After the first partition of Poland (1772), when the territories under discussion were taken over by Prussia, there appeared even printed forms of certificates of craftsmen training. Court correspondence was ad hoc in nature, where only polite forms of address were repeated. Later, letter content was described and the recipient noted down the date of their receipt. Only a few craftsman letters were written on the parchment paper, rest of them were paper. Thanks to that, one can find water marks next to common samples; there are also watermarks hardly ever met in the subject literature. With majority of letters there are seals of senders, among others hanging wax seals, shellac seals, paper-shellac seals and wafer seals. The correspondence was mainly in German language due to the neighbourhood of Brandenburg and later – Prussia. Latin and Polish languages were used as well. The condition of letters varies a lot – from excellent to poor. Letters of Catalogue III are currently stored separately while the letters of Catalogue II are stored in sewn files.

Keywords, tags... and what else? Keywords and their latest versions, called tags, are the object of this paper. Those expressions are treated as elements of the lexical systems of respective languages: the keyword language and the tag language. Our presentation of those vocabulary groups is intended to demonstrate that they are not homonymous, in structural or functional respects. Those two lexical resources are presented rather from the viewpoint of the theory of indexing and retrieval languages as well as the information search theories. Considering the future of the languages in question, the author presents the folksonomies and the possibilities of application of the respective vocabulary collections in the construction of tools required for semantization of the information retrieval environment in the Internet, including the construction of ontology and thought maps. Special attention was paid to the idea that keywords and tags are practically equivalent to specific “languages” which, similarly to natural languages, are subjected to continuous changes. For that reason, it is necessary to regularly monitor them and consider their practical application in document and information description and search. The works on keywords constitute a step towards the construction of linguistic tools for the needs of a semantic website. This paper is a contribution to the discussion on the development of keyword vocabularies created at the Institute of Slavic Studies of the Polish Academy of Sciences in Warsaw. Such vocabularies constitute part of the Slavic bibliographic information system. Słowa kluczowe, tagi…, i co dalej? Przedmiotem artykułu są słowa kluczowe oraz ich nowsza odmiana zwana tagami. Wyrażenia te zostały potraktowane jako elementy systemów leksykalnych odpowiednich języków: języka słów kluczowych oraz języka tagów. Prezentacja tych grup słownictwa ma na celu wykazanie, że nie są to homonimiczne grupy leksyki zarówno pod względem strukturalnym, jak i funkcjonalnym. Wymienione zasoby słownictwa zostały zaprezentowane z punktu widzenia teorii języków informacyjno-wyszukiwawczych oraz teorii wyszukiwania informacji. Biorąc pod uwagę przyszłość omawianych języków, zaprezentowano folksonomie oraz możliwości wykorzystania omówionych zbiorów słownictwa w budowie narzędzi do semantyzacji środowiska wyszukiwawczego w Internecie, w tym do budowy ontologii i map myśli. Szczególną uwagę zwrócono na to, że słowa kluczowe i tagi to w praktyce swoistego rodzaju „języki”, które, podobnie jak język naturalny, podlegają ciągłym zmianom, stąd potrzeba stałego śledzenia i uwzględniania pragmatyki ich stosowania w opisie i wyszukiwaniu dokumentów i informacji. Prace nad słowami kluczowymi stanowią krok w kierunku budowy lingwistycznych narzędzi na potrzeby semantycznego Web-u. Artykuł stanowi głos w dyskusji nad tworzonymi w Instytucie Slawistyki PAN w Warszawie słownikami słów kluczowych stanowiącymi element systemu slawistycznej informacji bibliograficznej.