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The paper argues that, counter to Walter Sinnott-Armostrong and Ewen Kingston’s view, we are morally required to refrain from joyguzzling, i.e., driving a fuel-inefficient car for no other purpose than having a good time. It is undisputed that joyguzzling is an example of a situation where the uncoordinated actions of a large group of individuals lead to an undesirable outcome. Additionally, it is highly unlikely that any one individual’s actions will have a significant impact on that outcome. But there are morally relevant differences between cases that share these characteristics. The paper clarifies the debate by introducing and discussing three different types of cases: drop-in-the-ocean cases, overkill cases and emergence cases. We argue that we may have moral obligations in drop-in-the-ocean cases, and that emissions of GHGs are not examples of overkill cases. Then we demonstrate through counterexamples that there are moral obligations in a subgroup of emergence cases we call joyguzzling-like cases. After criticizing the soundness of Kingston and Sinnott-Armstrong’s arguments, we critically address their relevance. We argue that Sinnott-Armstrong and Kingston fail to distinguish between two concepts of moral obligation — namely, autonomous and heteronomous moral obligation; that their most important arguments do not have any relevance to heteronomous obligations; and, finally, that heteronomous moral obligations are essential for social change. Keywords: joyguzzling, individual responsibility, climate ethics, harm principle, autonomous vs. heteronomous moral obligations

This paper attends to teacher intellectual risk-taking when attached to expression of positive emotions, in order to explore some of the reasons why teacher risk-taking may not appear in mathematics lessons. We know that risk-taking can be beneficial, but research has not really examined what form this might take in a classroom. In recent research, I investigated how positive emotions are discussed and used by experienced mathematics teachers. In particular how to examine the ‘in-the-moment’ emotions of the teacher, and what the modelling of experienced teachers tells us about the role of affect in mathematics teaching. This paper examines some affect episodes for elements of teacher risk-taking. The evidence suggests that teacher risk-taking enables the use of emotions, and vice versa, is integral to ‘good’ teaching, and that, in Bandura’s Social Learning Theory terms, modelling such behaviours appears beneficial to student learning and should be encouraged.

Today, citizens, professionals, civil servants, social enterprises, and others form different types of coalitions to overcome the challenges facing our modern cities. In this paper, the particularities of these types of groups are characterised and categorised into ten different types of city makers. Generally, these types of city makers bring value to cities, but we conclude that this value could be enriched through more participatory approaches that stimulate crossovers and accelerate the transition towards sustainable futures. Therefore, we characterise the different identified types as potential ‘participatory’ city makers. However, these participatory approaches and the networks between them still need to be developed, while improving conditions and dynamics that can enable and enhance innovation in urban environments. Design and systems thinking could contribute valuable methods and perspectives to the development of these participatory and systemic approaches. Finally, the categorisation presented in this paper must enable a better understanding of the transformative capacity of these different types of city makers, necessary for flourishing and sustainable communities.

Talking about architecture means talking not only about buildings but also about processes or systems. In the latter context, architecture is a way of thinking and looking at people, spaces, interrelations and interactions. Proclaimed by IDEO’s Tim Brown as one of the best system design forms of education available, architecture has potential in fields beyond the physical. In keeping with the views of renowned systems thinker Russell Ackoff, who graduated in architecture before focusing on operations research, the question arises whether the skills of architects can be applied more broadly in system and innovation design. This paper describes how architects deal with context and complexity from the perspective of the practice-oriented architectural programming method. From its early days in the 1960s, it offered architects a viable basis for an applied architectural design thinking method, but did not receive widespread attention from practitioners and academics. The method is critically assessed and compared to the known forms of design thinking from the viewpoint of industrial design. By describing a real-life project and students’ work from a newly created seminar in a department of architecture, the paper investigates the current and future relevance of an advanced version of architectural programming for architectural practice and education. It stresses the desirability of reinforcing the core skills of architects by developing a design thinking method rooted in architecture, which needs to be taught, developed and disseminated. In the long term, it is argued, architecture should be considered and integrated as a ‘systems and innovation design discipline’ in the fields of systems thinking and innovation research.

The sixth Relating Systems Thinking and Design Symposium (RSD6 2017) was held at the Oslo School of Architecture and Design in Norway in October 2017. The central theme of the symposium was “Environment, Economy, Democracy: Flourishing Together”, and called for contributions on democratic participation and policy innovation, sustainable business innovation, flourishing communities, and related systems-thinking-oriented approaches to architecture, settlements and the built environment. A wide range of contributions addressed themes, such as social impact in flourishing and change programs, health and population wellness, ecological design and bioregion development, human-scaled and regional economies, related sociotechnical and technological systems, etc. Yet, while the five earlier symposia did receive a number of papers that were focused on architecture and urban design, RSD6 was the first RSD symposium with a dedicated paper session on architecture and urban design. This special issue of Formakademisk collects together five of the papers that focus on architecture and urban design from a linked systems-thinking and design-thinking perspective. Each article pursues a distinct theme concerning the development of the profession, performance-oriented architecture and urban design, the role of exterior space in rethinking the architectural envelope, and questions of participation and community building. This breadth of themes in the selected articles indicates the increasingly deep impact of systems-thinking in the fields of architecture and urban design.

This paper draws on a longitudinal study of children’s text-oriented activities in and out of school. Through the analysis of the participant children’s talk about reading and the discourses which the talk creates, this paper provides arguments for reconsidering and widening existing discourses around reading within institutional practices in diverse societies. Drawing on the result, I argue that it is crucial to productively bring together functional, critical and affective imaginative dimensions when supporting children’s reading, while at the same time consider their various experiences and positions. The obvious goal is to bring together functional, meaning-making and critical aspects of literacy in ways in which children are supported in their socialisation as readers of literature and where also multilingual considerations are made.

It is important to get more knowledge about the impact of the use of technology on the learning of mathematics. Recent research shows that the use of digital equipment and software is related to better mathematical skills, but excessive use of digital resources may disturb concentration on learning. This special issue presents five papers on different areas of technology in mathematics education.

Sound and Vision Battlescape analysis: Towards a Unified Method for Battlefield Archaeology Ever since the survey at the site of the battle of Little Big Horn in the 1980s, the number of battlefield archaeological projects has been rising. Still, despite increasing research and publications on the subject, a clearly defined and unified method for battlefield archaeology that connects all the loose ends is still lacking. This paper sets out to present a unified method for battlefield archaeology, presented here as Battlescape Analysis. A battlescape is made of everything from overall logistics, climate and weather, tactics to the very battlefield itself􀀞 a whole that is more than the sum of its parts. Battlefields are parts of complex eco-systems in which an interplay of different agents and actants takes place. The different approaches that make out the unified method are mostly not novel but the intention of the article is to present a common language to facilitate work on the subject across boundaries.

In the face of the environmental and climate crisis, many organisations are being led to branch out, to take a path that shifts away from their original practices towards more sustainable futures. A variety of initiatives have emerged as a result of such concerns, aiming to facilitate that sought-after change. I shall explore how the use of collaborative workshops can be a tool in these environmental transition dynamics to support a practice of ecological redirection. In that context, this paper discusses the case of a speculative workshop that was designed in the context of the ecological redirection of the French Cité des Sciences et de l’Industrie. A particular focus is given to the design process of the workshop aiming to enhance the overlooked voices of local environmental activists and the tools that were developed in that context, proposing a methodology for a transition workshop.

The fundamental principle in experience design is a fluctuation between familiarity and unfamiliarity, which invites users to make his or her own sense of a design. This is an inclusivist attitude aiming at evoking curiosity about what is actually going on. One of the ways to generate this fluctuation is by manipulating the spatial scales as part of redesigning and restorying buildings. Through examining how novice designers handle spatial scales in their construction of an experience to come, the paper identifies four approaches, arguing that they may serve as scale-oriented design principles for restorying a building as either more familiar or more unfamiliar, more homely (“a place”) or more alien (“space”). Our argument is that these principles can be used systematically to promote this fluctuation as part of the making of future experiences of buildings and to stimulate user inclusion as a collaborate manner of future making.

This article seeks to create an overview of existing structures for dance education in the public educational systems and of cross-sectoral collaborations in the Nordic countries Denmark, Norway and Finland. A case study methodology of the field of dance education of each of the countries is used for an analysis that seeks to better understand the different kinds of structures we find in these countries. We trace ways of organising, dividing, and defining the field based on different types of documents such as policy documents, white papers, webpages, reports, research articles, and curricula. The analyses of case descriptions result in insights into which opportunities or lack of opportunities structures give for children and young people’s long-term engagement with dance as an arts educational practice, how well the systems for educating teachers seem to support dance in education, and, looking to dance education in New Zealand, there is a discussion about what might be ways forward to strengthen the field in the Nordic countries.

The last decades have seen regular and frequent modifications of the wording of school curricula in the Nordic countries together with increased appeals from teachers for further clarification. The paper analyzes how assessment of the subject English is presented in Sweden and Finland at the lower and upper secondary levels. The aim was to explore how much space was given to assessment in the texts, the types of expectations on school staff the texts generate, and the competences required to meet these, while considering the predominant curriculum theories reflected in these texts. It is a comparative case study combining qualitative and quantitative methods. The results show an imbalance between the two countries when it comes to space allocated to assessment. The Finnish curriculum is more extensive and distinct compared to the Swedish one. In both countries teachers’ main obligation is to make assessments based on knowledge and praxeological competence. Systematic and deliberative curriculum theory permeates both, but the shorter Swedish general guidelines give more space for local interpretation than the more detailed Finnish guidelines. Nevertheless, there are several issues in both curricula that can cause ambiguity. The importance of more distinct and transparent guidelines is thus apparent.

Muslim women dedicate themselves to Islamic educational activities as an important aspect of their religious engagement, and pious Muslim Danish women are no exception. One important element of this engagement appears to be the sharing of the knowledge gained with younger generations. In this paper, I scrutinize this aspect of contemporary Danish Muslim piety, asking how and why Danish Muslim women ‘pass on’ knowledge to children. I show that this transmission should be seen as a way of caring for the children as part of the Muslim community, and that this way of caring appears especially important in a setting where Islam is practiced as a minority religion. At the same time, the sharing of knowledge should be perceived as a virtuous practice, given that it is an aspect of the women’s own efforts to live virtuous lives.

This paper deepens the understanding of conditions for students' subject-specific reading comprehension created through different ways of working with reading in civic education, and the support students thus get to read verbal texts. Motivation for the study is found in an increasing need for knowledge about reading in various school subjects, and theoretical foundation is found in New Literacy Studies and disciplinary literacy. Video recordings were analyzed from lessons in three different schools and six different classes (ca 100h in total). The schools worked with reading in different ways, two schools used different models for teaching reading and one school did not use any particular model. The material was analyzed using thematic content analysis. Seven different functions for reading were identified together with reading materials. Furthermore, we analyzed which text levels were in focus. Results show that the classrooms where teachers work according to special models give clearer support to read and comprehend longer coherent verbal texts by using this type of texts and working with them through a variety of functions for reading activities, activities general for several subjects as well as more subject specific activities.

In this paper we present our work process, methods and concerns in developing and implementing a model for analysis of multimodal texts. Using a design-based research approach and a multimodal social semiotic framework on communication, we investigated three different groups of students using video recordings and participatory observations. The results revealed the development of the model through three different design cycles into the current version and how students contributed to this process. In addition, we examined how the design process can be understood from the concept of student agency and how it contributes to the understanding of theory. The findings show that by applying a design process, students are offered student agency while creating an opportunity for a joint exploration between students and teachers, which is a rewarding experience that contributes to the development of all participants.

The purpose of this essay is to consider how, if at all, participatory theatre serves the Sustainable Development Goal number 10: Reducing Inequality (SDG10). The paper draws on policy analysis methodology What’s the Problem Represented to be? (Bacchi 2009) to critically consider how inequity as a solvable social and/or economic problem is represented by SDG10. I then draw on two previous research projects, one conducted by myself and colleagues (2018) and one conducted by Masso-Guijarro and colleagues (2021) that explicitly explore how scholarship in participatory theatre orient to social change agenda to understand how participatory theatre represents the problem of inequality and how, if at all, this relates to SDG10. Finally, I recruit key participatory theatre projects from Denmark, Canada, Chile and New Zealand to consider practical ways of understanding how participatory theatre may contribute to combating inequality through its attention to the lived experiences of inequality, the potential for making changes to individual lives, and its orientation to hope. In doing this, I hope to contribute new perspectives on drama and equity that present a nuanced and critical consideration the relationship between public discourses, policy and practice.

This paper explores queer and racialised experiences in Danish academia through - what we call - sensible ruptures: affective, embodied and sensory ways of knowing. Taking seriously these modes of knowledge, the article outlines the creation of an online, audio-visual archive. Weaving together text, audio and images to unfold our concept of sensible ruptures, we demonstrate how the audio-visual can meaningfully contribute to capturing the affective and material fabric of racialised and queer experiences with/in Danish higher education. Sensible ruptures underscore the importance of understanding the complex processes of racialisation in an institutional and national context saturated by ambiguity and exceptionalism. We contend that thinking not only against, but beyond, disembodied colonial logics offers a different mode of knowledge creation, reconfiguring the self as permeable, constituted through and with our histories and surroundings. We centre friendship as a vital part of this process, harnessing queer epistolary to perform our pursuit of, and argument for, knowledge as always and inevitably relational.

The cultural sector is a potential instigator of change due to its experimental, performative, and relational nature. However, like everywhere else, the cultural sector re-enacts and thus conserves inequalities of various kinds through its outreach to wider audiences and its deep engagement in socio-cultural practices. By taking our actions within the ERASMUS+ project ‘Voices of Women’ as a creative catalyst, this paper scrutinizes a set of items for further discussion of arts-based pathways for sustainable transformation towards a more (gender) equal world. We discuss the ability of the arts to engage, educate, and transform power relations through three pathways towards sustainable transformation: 1. Canon critique; 2. Decolonization; and 3. New materialism. We argue that all three pathways enable novel forms of knowledge creation and actions in arts-based research, arts education, the cultural sector, and beyond. Cover image: Still picture from film: Music and Gender in Balance (Mittner and Bergli, 2018)

The present study analyzes and discusses mother tongue teachers’ perspectives on interdisciplinary collaboration with two specific groups of professionals: mainstream teachers and SEN teachers. A purposeful sampling with a maximum variation was chosen to obtain the highest possible representativeness. Thereafter, 13 individual, thematical, open-structured interviews were conducted. To discuss the themes arising from the abductive analysis of the interviews Bronstein’s (2003) theoretical model for interdisciplinary collaboration was used. The study forms part of a doctoral dissertation, which aims to get a more in-depth view of different measures that support multilingual students’ learning in the Swedish school context. In this paper, however, only results concerning mother tongue teachers’ perspectives on interdisciplinary collaboration with mainstream teachers and SEN teachers are presented. The results show that mother tongue teachers have a firm and consistent perception of their professional role, relying on the subject curriculum when planning, implementing, evaluating, and grading. However, interdisciplinary collaboration with mainstream teachers and special educational needs teachers is limited to solving structural and administrational challenges. The findings suggest that valuable multilingual resources would be made better use of when structural and administrative matters were formalized.

During the 1990s Jon Fosse went from being a prose writer with a limited Norwegian audience to becoming a playwright with an ever-expanding global distribution. His current international standing is closely connected to the fact that he began to write dramatic texts. With a point of departure in the recently acquired Jon Fosse Archive, the National Library of Norway has established a dataset of information about all documented stage productions of Fosse’s works worldwide in collaboration with the Sceneweb Archive. This paper conducts an analysis of this dataset from three angles: geography, social structure, and organizational factors. It is no denying that Fosse has become a world dramatist, but the study shows that his distribution has a strong European bias, where three nations stand out, Norway, France, and Germany. Using social network analysis, the study identifies the major hubs in the global network of stage artists involved in producing Fosse and reveals that most of them are Norwegian or Swedish. However, these artists have engaged in transnational, artistic collaborations that over time have created a form of distributed ownership to his works. Additionally, Fosse has fared well in the system of international festivals which has further strengthened his global standing.

Computer-based assessments is becoming more and more common in mathematics education, and because the digital media entails other demands than paper-based tests, potential threats against validity must be considered. In this study we investigate how preparatory instructions and digital familiarity, may be of importance for test validity. 77 lower secondary students participated in the study and were divided into two groups that received different instructions about five different types of dynamic and/or interactive functions in digital mathematics items. One group received a verbal and visual instruction, whereas the other group also got the opportunity to try using the functions themselves. The students were monitored using eye-tracking equipment during their work with mathematics items with the five types of functions. The result revealed differences in how the students undertook the dynamic functions due to the students’ preparatory instructions. One conclusion is that students need to be very familiar with dynamic and interactive functions in tests, if validity is to be ensured. The validity also depends on the type of dynamic function used.

Fiction is often incorporated into the teaching of history in Swedish high schools. However, critical thinking skills are required in order to distinguish historical truths from the artistic freedom of fiction, not least because types of data that constitute historical evidence frequently lack information about the thoughts, feelings and beliefs of the people involved. In providing such elements, literature may either distort understanding of the past or help to develop the critical thinking skills needed when considering historical evidence. This paper includes an empirical examination of how six Swedish teenagers responded to Markus Zusakʼs novel, The Book Thief. The interviews revealed that Zusakʼs narrative style affords critical thinking, but also that collective reasoning and guidance are needed.

Vocational education and training is amongst the educational areas drawing the biggest attention by mass media and a key topic of political debate in Sweden. This is by no means surprising if we take into account that nearly half of Swedish youngster follows any of the vocational training lines offered at upper secondary education. But, is this a unique 'Swedish discussion'? Are there other international frame factors influencing and some how conditioning the discussion about the strategic importance of VET? If, so which are these frame factors? This paper attempts to give initial answer to these questions by contextualizing VET discussion in Sweden from an international perspective that includes social transformations from modernity to the so called postmodernity and the impact on work market demands. The paper present these new demands, as well as qualifications required. The chapter uses a wide range of references that includes Education For All (EFA) Global Monitoring Report of 2012 focused on the third goal of Education for All, that is to ensure that all young people have the opportunity to acquire skills. The urgency of reaching this goal has sharpened acutely since 2000 as a consequence of a global economic downturn impacting on unemployment. The paper intends to contribute to better understanding of the challenges as well to create awareness and encourage discussion in different contexts and levels, that is vocational school, VET teacher training, policy making and VET planning.

Abstract Sustainability education is an interdisciplinary endeavor and should thus in-clude music as well. In this paper, I explore the under-researched field of music and sustainability education. My central thesis is that music and attentive listening have a potential of strengthening students’ aesthetic experience and world bonding, two essential elements of their sustainability engagement. The paper consists of a review of research on art, music and sustainability education, an elaboration on eco-acoustics and efforts to apply music to the sonic world, and a discussion of the training of music-sustainability competencies. In the existing research on music and sustainability education, I find a latent tension between those who regard music as a means for teaching for sustainability, and those who view music as genuine knowledge that there is need of in sustainability education. Perhaps the greatest fallacy is to reduce music to a mere tool to reach sustainability goals. Then music’s aesthetic and creative potential is lost. We need fresh and unconventional ideas to cope with the present situation in a desirable future direction. Listening as world engagement, I discuss in relation to the skills of doing music: listening to music, performing music, and making music. I argue that there is much to learn from soundscape artists when it comes to refining students’ ears for the environment’s sonic expressions. Such a refinement presupposes, however, an interdisciplinary commitment in school of practicing the skill of listening, also in other subjects than music. Keywords: music, aesthetic experience, attentive listening, sustainability education Musikk og utdanning for bærekraft – en motsetning? Sammendrag Utdanning for bærekraftig utvikling forutsetter tverrfaglig samarbeid og skal derfor også inkludere musikkfaget. I artikkelen diskuterer jeg musikkens potensielle rolle i utdanning for bærekraftig utvikling, et til nå lite utforsket tema. Min antakelse er at musikk og oppmerksom lytting har potensial til å styrke elevers estetiske erfaring og forbundethet med verden, to forutsetninger for deres engasjement for en bærekraftig fremtid. Artikkelen består av en gjennomgang av eksisterende forskning på kunst, musikk og bærekraft i undervisningen, en drøfting av øko-akustikk, musikk og oppmerksom lytting, og en diskusjon av oppøving av kompetanser som er felles for musikk og utdanning for bærekraft. Min utforsking av eksisterende forskning viser en latent spenning mellom dem som anser musikk som et middel i undervisning for bærekraft og dem som oppfatter musikk som genuin kunnskap for en bærekraftig utvikling. Dersom musikk gjøres til et rent redskapsfag for å nå bærekraftmålene, går dens estetisk-kreative egenart tapt. For å bevege oss mot en bærekraftig fremtid trengs ukonvensjonelle ideer og djerv handling. Lytting som estetisk erfaring diskuterer jeg i forhold til musikkfagets tre kompetanser: å lytte til musikk, å fremføre musikk og å lage musikk. Jeg argumenterer for at det er mye å lære av soundscape-kunstnere når det gjelder å oppøve elevers evne til å bli var omgivelsenes lydlige uttrykk. Oppøving av en oppmerksom lytting forutsetter en tverrfaglig vilje i skolen til å øve lytteevnen, også i andre fag enn musikkfaget. Nøkkelord: musikk, estetisk erfaring, oppmerksom lytting, utdanning for bærekraftig utvikling

This paper illustrates the impact of political economy on young people’s life courses and intergenerational processes in rural Africa. Rapid transformations and social changes in rural Africa often as a result of political economy contributes to the increasing malleability of rural contexts and tensions across the life courses of children and youth. The temporality and spatiality of globalisation are illustrated using the neo-liberal policies in the Economic Structural Adjustments Programmes (ESAPs) and the global educational policies in the Millenium Development Goals (MDGs). The paper discusses the epistemological and methodological implications of political economy in rural African societies including approaches that capture complex interpenetrating factors contributing towards “constructions of young lives”, “contexts and identities” and “agency and social responsibilities”.

Reconciliation processes – wherein governments and other organizations examine their past institutional practices to understand contemporary problems in relation to minorities or indigenous groups – have become a widespread international phenomenon in recent decades. In Sweden, such an ongoing process is the reconciliation work between the Church of Sweden and the Sami. In this process, which recently resulted in the publication of a scholarly anthology (or a “white book”), educational history has come to play a vital part. The present article uses the Church of Sweden’s White Book as an empirical object of study to examine in more detail the role and significance of knowledge of educational history for this specific reconciliation process. By focusing on various scientific complexities and epistemological tensions that tend to arise in these kinds of undertakings, this paper also aims to problematize the white book genre itself as a path to historical knowledge. By doing this, this article’s overall ambition is to contribute to future scholarly work in reconciliation activities, white papers and truth commissions. This study applies a qualitative content analysis and connects theoretically to the growing field of transitional justice research.

In this paper, we examine the phenomenon of representation through the theoretical lens of ambivalence, concentrating on the people involved in representation: representatives . We argue that the theoretical concept of ambivalence can be helpful in analysing and understanding the various tensions environmental and other representatives encounter in their practice . Based on the concepts of “sociological ambivalence”, “ideological dilemma”, and “the organizational centaur”, as well as on insights from social studies of science and sustainability studies, the paper develops a typology of three potential sources of ambivalence: role conflicts, value conflicts, and conflicts between goals and means . In addition, the paper identifies various ways of co- ping with ambivalence, including the construction of meta-norms, organizational and network support, pragmatism, drawing boundaries for reasonable and acceptable actions, rule bending and discursive negotiation . The paper concludes that the concept of ambivalence adds crucial insights to the positions, practices, and challenges of environmental representatives and notes that ambivalence is not only a matter of tensions and conflicts but can be a source of reflexivity, learning, and agency.

The study presents results of several years of research into the issues of the creation, opera- tion and specificity of the operation of Baltic lightvessels – useful at the time of the lack of stationary lighthouses on shipping routes. The described ships were characteristic shipping marks of Denmark, Sweden, Finland, Russia and Germany at the turn of the 11th and 20th centuries. The specificity of the units, also called lightships, required the use of research methods such as historical analysis and synthesis, induction and geographical method. The presented paper is only a part of the Scandinavian problems that arose during the oper- ation of the specific entities described. A number of scientific papers have been delivered at both national and international conferences. Archival materials related to the operation of lightships were acquired by the authors in the German, Swedish and Russian state archives.

Summary. It has been doubted whether people in peripheral Norway were able to master the technique of extracting metal from solid rock, prior to the Late Middle Ages, when German miners prospected and explored ore deposits. This paper sheds light on metallurgists working in the medieval Old town of Oslo, their access to local raw materials, and their metallurgical expertise and abilities. It is argued that people living in Oslo had access to the rock mineral galena (PbS), and that by AD 1150–1200, at the latest, they had the technology to produce lead. It can be contended that metallurgical activities took place in two different areas of the town. The study also indicates that local lead was in circulation simultaneously as lead from foreign sources, which may have provided new opportunities for actors in the town. While the lead was used to produce so-called everyday products, indications of serial production of spinning whorls, exceeding that of a normal household, could have been connected to a specialized industry for shoe production. Furthermore, this paper demonstrates how with crossdisciplinary methods, new information can be gathered from old treasures.

Title: Imagining Pastness. Comics, Media ecology and Memory in Maus and Vi kommer snart hem igen The ethical and epistemological challenges accompanying representations of the past have been at the center of historiography at least since the days of Leopold von Ranke in the mid-nineteenth century. The artifice of representational forms, as well as the ideological entanglements of the position of enunciation, has always been in conflict with Ranke’s historiographical goal of telling the past as “it really was”. In the heyday of postmodernism and in the wake of the so-called linguistic turn, the epistemological and ethical impact of representational forms was widely debated. This paper uses two concepts presented during the postmodernist debates – Linda Hutcheon’s “historiographical metafiction” and Hayden White’s “practical past” – in a discussion of two graphic narratives about the Holocaust, Art Spiegelman’s canonical Maus. A Survivor’s Tale (1986, 1991) and Vi kommer snart hem igen (2018) by Jessica Bab Bonde and Peter Bergting. Adapting Hutcheon’s and White’s concepts to a posthumanist and media-ecological conceptuality, in which the worldmaking power of media is highlighted as a co-productive or sympoietic process, the paper “Imaging Pastness. Comics, Media Ecology and Memory” shows how the past is not represented, but rather emerges from the embodied participation in the medium as memory technology

The aim of this paper is to investigate Verganti’s framework for design-driven innovation (DDI) in the context of design practice and to discuss, elaborate and deepen the understanding of DDI, especially on aspects related to design. To meet this aim, an in-depth longitudinal case study of a DDI project for developing a radical new vision for an offshore ship bridge concept is performed. DDI is generally recognised as an in-depth research process, but we also approach it as a highly creative, generative process of design in which design artefacts serve as knowledge production and exploration. Therefore, Verganti’s divide between research and creativity and his critique of user centredness are challenged. The paper adds complementary understandings to Verganti’s framework, particularly regarding the role of design, and the Generative Design-Driven Innovation framework is developed.

This paper has a twofold aim in determining who should be granted electoral rights at the state level, one negative and another positive. The negative part deconstructs the link between state-level political membership and citizenship and contests naturalization procedures. This approach argues that naturalization procedures, when coercively used as a necessary condition for accessing electoral rights at the state level, are both inconsistent with liberal democratic ideals and an inexcusable practice in liberal democratic states. The positive part of the paper seeks to establish what – if not the acquisition of citizenship –could determine state-level political membership for non-citizens. In other words, it attempts to explain how and in what conditions non-citizens may become political members of a state without naturalizing. This approach considers the most prominent arguments that base state-level political membership on residency, i.e. residency as a legal status granted by the previous members of the community and residency as physical presence within a defined jurisdiction. It argues that, in a world of increasing human mobility across borders, while the former way of understanding residency might be too restrictive, the latter might be too banal to forge membership ties that form a political community. Domicile is the proposed alternative, introduced as a type of residency that is self-given and remains stable despite numerous changes of residency. Domicile is a legal term that indicates where a person officially registers her permanent home even when residing abroad. In sum, this is an argument against naturalization as the access door for electoral rights at the state level and in favor of defining membership in the political community based on domicile.

Teacher education programs have an especially important role in reorienting education to realise education for sustainable development (ESD). In this paper, we investigate how ESD can be realised in science teacher education and we present findings from a case study in a Norwegian teacher education institution that has the overall aim of educating teachers who can contribute to sustainable development. Data was collected through participant observation and interviews, and, together with instructional artefacts and student assignments, analysed based on a model for science ESD. The paper provides an example of how ESD can be realised through a strengths model where ESD is founded in the strengths among the teacher educators and existing teaching practices. The results indicate that an emphasis on experiential learning and sociocultural learning theory builds a thorough foundation for ESD. However, the teaching has to be explicit in order to reach all student teachers.

The fourth special issue of FormAkademisk on the theme of Systemic Design features articles from RSD5 2016 held at OCADU, Toronto October 13 to 15. The themes of these five full papers are covering development of the design field at large, methodology development and practice of learning and education. The other main thread in this issue is sustainability, circular economy and urban co living strategies. The special issue follows after the publication of the RSD5 proceedings , containing videos, abstracts and working papers from the conference. In these full papers the themes form the presentations and working papers are developed further. The proceedings are found at: https://systemic-design.net/rsd-symposia/rsd5-2016/ Parallel to this special issue a Springer Book is published with Peter Jones as editor presenting an additional set of selected papers. Following the three former special issues it is fair to state that systemic design has developed beyond the initial point where it was still unclear what the notion of Systemic Design was covering and how it should be developed. The current issue demonstrates that systemic design has a wide reach and depth in its explorations. Cover image by Elisabeth Bjørndal Skjelten.

Less than 100 medieval triptychs, or fragments of such, are preserved in Norway. About 30 of these are in the churches. A common understanding used to be that the medieval - Catholic - ecclesiastical art was thrown out or altered as a result of the reformation of the Danish-Norwegian church in 1536-37. This myth has been modified in the last decades, and there is an agreement that the alteration of the reformed church room was in general, in Norway, a slow process. Starting from 12 examined late medieval triptychs, the main question for the paper is therefore when the surviving triptychs were changed the first time? Additional questions which are discussed in the paper are as follows; Is the first alteration caused by the reformation, or are there other reasons for the change of the triptychs? Is there a pattern in how they were modified? Is it possible to say who the initiators of the changes are, or who paid? What values were given to the Catholic objects that made them survive in the reformed church? The research presented in this paper confirms the slow process. The first alteration of each of the 12 examined triptychs takes place in the period 1634-1875. Almost all are repainted the first time they are altered, five are mounted in a new altarpiece or carved frame. Information on who initiated the change is found for five of the 12, but only for two of the altarpieces is the alteration cost listed in the church accounts.

In recent years images of the Vikings have inspired the development of new approaches in the international fitness training sector as well as fitness influencers in re-enactment environments and Contemporary Paganism. This paper introduces a wide selection of novel approaches to Vikings in fitness and strength training and traces their historical origins, modern contexts and strategies of gendering the human body and the past. In an analysis of the masculinisation of Viking training, I argue that the modern Viking fitness training trend contains elements of Vitalism, Darwinism, Romanticism and Muscular Christianity.

This study analyses research reports on textbooks in genetics education regarding the fact-value distinction. From the perspective of four possible fact-value-related discourses, I have conducted a content analysis of 19 research reports on genetics in textbooks after 2002 (articles, book chapters, and one paper based on a conference presentation.) The general background for this review is an underlying interest in combining and integrating academic achievements and value(s) education in the context of science education in the field of genetics and human beings, by, at the same time realizing the challenges in practicing the principle of interdisciplinarity. This “interest” has been illustrated both in the science education literature and in general educational theory during the last decades. Our study falls into two parts. First, we conducted a qualitative interpretative content analysis. Second, we used a quantitative approach by counting value-related words. We identified the discourses on a continuum, from single-academic-discipline-oriented discourse (based on the natural sciences) to interdisciplinary value-oriented discourse involving the social sciences and/or the humanities with their related concepts and debates. Based on our study we can recommend future researchers on textbooks to be aware of the discourses we have exemplified and therefore explicitly delimitate their study accordingly. In this context one research field could be to study what textbooks say about how to discuss value questions in the context of science and science education.

The prerequisites for formal training in Swedish educational Crafts have changed over time under the influence of two long-lasting societal processes: academisation and digitalisation. In different, yet interconnected ways, these processes of change are challenging the materiality, the making and the action-based knowledge that characterise educational Crafts. The paper presents how primary school teachers’ view the influence of academisation and digitalisation in their work and explores the consequences that change processes hold for the teaching practice in Crafts. The study is based on qualitative interviews with Craft teachers whose graduation year was between 1983 and 2021. Theoretically, Craft is considered to be a living ecology in an educational system. In the analysis, academic drift on various levels is combined with media-ecology concepts to clarify the diffusion of academisation and digitalisation in both time and space. The findings show academic drift leading to increased text-based knowledge production on several levels, yet also an unexpected weakening of action-based knowledge in Crafts. Balancing student and staff drift is further shown to result in the avoidance of written text in favour of digital visual, oral and bodily mediations in the production of knowledge. The study’s overall results question an ongoing ‘reverse’ academic drift and what is at stake in the Crafts ecology’s efforts to achieve balance.

In this paper, I present the methodological and theoretical deliberations behind a mapping of how crafts are presented in the Danish cultural heritage industry. I trace the historical background of crafts in the Danish heritage industry and present definitions of key concepts such as ‘craft’ and ‘the Danish heritage industry’. I then develop a research design consisting of a questionnaire and ethnographic fieldwork. I consider how research questions about scope and variation can be operationalized in the questionnaire and how theoretical perspectives from critical heritage studies (Smith, 2006) and vital materialism (Bennett, 2010; 2012) can inform the questionnaire and fieldwork. Finally, some preliminary findings are presented along with some comments on the use of questionnaires in heritage research.

This paper examines different aspects of wooden pole fence-buildings through two different perspectives. In the first part of the article, the material-economic conditions and the nature of the crafts involved in the building technique is examined through a sloyd-theoretical perspective. By comparing approaches and methods of the wooden pole fence building-technique with those of domestic sloyd rather than architecture, an attempt is made at understanding the techniques epistemological nature. The versatile nature of the building technique is emphasized, and its regenerative qualities highlighted. The second part takes a closer look at the craft procedures involved in the making of a wooden pole fence-building through a processual reconstruction of a small barn based on a filmed documentation of the building process from the 1930s. Through practical experiments, attempts are made to understand and recreate the craft procedures documented in the film. Questions about the selection of wood for the barn and how material conditions affect the craft procedures are discussed. A filmed documentation of three of the procedures of the reconstruction gives an insight into the process.

This study focuses on the idea that industrial production methods, combined with a craft-based approach, enable the production of distinctive expressive thermal functionalities. We developed extruded modules based on a hands-on explorative craft approach in parallel with virtual simulations to explore how heat and cold are transported dynamically through building modules. This paper discusses the developed method and process used in a multidisciplinary approach that combines the quality of craft-based practice with architecture, engineering and programming, focusing on how craft practitioners experiment with material, technique and aesthetics in such a multidisciplinary approach. In this study, immediate concrete design proposals demonstrated a helpful way of establishing common ground for multidisciplinary collaboration. Concrete design proposals are pivotal in addressing the suggested design’s advantages and disadvantages and clarifying the differences and potentials between the specialisations in question. Based on the initial design proposals, it was clear how the craftsperson’s previous experiences within crafts practice quickly led to the identification of realisable solutions based on experimental setups and aesthetic solutions and, at the same time, was able to foresee possible complications.

What is craft practice? The purpose of this paper is to contrast the categorization of craft practice with that of skill and innovation. I argue for the relevance of innovative skilled practice to future-making. Both skill and craft play an important part in collective engagements with futuring. With an ethnographic methodology, typical of anthropological fieldwork, I have explored skill in dairy farming, cheese making, and currently food gardening. In all these three realms, the results of ethnographic observation are that ideational processes immediately connect to intimate acquaintance with materials and ecosystems (including flora and fauna, soil, climate, landscape and humans). My conclusion is that craft practice and its outcomes imply a highly localized cosmology of evaluation. I show how comparative ethnography allows the mapping of these relations between people and places, and their more-than-local connections.

Lilli Zickerman (1858–1949) was an entrepreneur who took part in organising the Swedish handicraft associations in the late 19th century. She was also a pioneer in the archives and active in the feminine sphere of textile handicraft. From 1914–1931 she conducted a huge inventory called Swedish Folk Textile Art that consists of more than 24,000 photographs and descriptions of vernacular textiles and manuscripts for a planned series of books and films. By mapping textile handicrafts, she aimed to preserve traditional textile craft techniques to inspire their continued production. Her intention was to create an archive for the inspiration and education of future textile artists. The inventory has had effects that are still apparent today; this paper illuminates the ways in which Zickerman’s ideas about textile handicrafts have contributed to the continuation of Swedish cultural heritage and how it has become an authorised heritage discourse that continues to guide the scholars and practitioners involved in the history of textiles and their production. Here, we will present the first article within an ongoing project on Swedish Folk Textile Art and how it was conducted. We will contextualise the ideas and knowledge that it contains by focusing on Zickerman’s intention to preserve the past to serve the future. From a critical craft perspective, we will discuss geographical mapping as a method for investigating the invent­tory; the inclusion and exclusion of geographical areas, textile techniques, materials and people; the ideas and the knowledge that are expressed in the inventory; and the networks that it created. By doing so, we aim to highlight the connections between people, between people and materials, and between history and the current day.

In my paper, I describe my insights as manager of the textile workshop at the Department of Design at Linnaeus University, as well as how we teach material-based work. Part of my work as a workshop manager is to conduct a major clean-up at the end of every year. Last year, when I was standing in front of a pile of waste textiles, I began to reflect on how this pile of textile had been transformed from well-working material into waste. In a previous project with the research group Praktikforum, together with my colleagues, I explored what kinds of waste we produced when we made material-based artistic work. Thus, it was no surprise that practice-based work produced waste. The surprise was what I could understand from it. Looking closer into the waste, I obtained a deeper understanding of what had happened in the workshop during the year; how the students had used the material, what they had learned and what sometimes went wrong became obvious. I gained a deeper understanding of how we use, understand and teach/learn about materials and how we can develop the workshop by learning from the waste. At the same time, I learned the technique of ‘inbraiding’. For me, this was a new craft technique, in which waste textiles can be used when making rugs. I saw the opportunity to use the waste and upcycle it. By exhibiting the rug, I want to discuss the possibility of working more sustainably with crafts.

Craft teaching and learning are evolving today at an unprecedent pace, driving the need for skills that increasingly fuse tradition with innovation. However, mapping craft skills is complex, due to both the multiplicity of factors determining skill development and the uncertainty surrounding future developments. In this paper, we present the methodological approach designed for the MOSAIC project, an ambitious Erasmus+ that addresses the need for skills in arts and crafts through research, creation of innovative craft training, and the establishment of a craft observatory. Firmly grounded within the field of craft science research, the methodology is rooted in the theory of practice and deploys a participatory process to further explore crafts skill needs. However, to the purpose of this article, we focus on a particular methodological aspect, that is, how we use cultural mapping to explore the complex craft skill ecosystem and analyse the rich data sets collected through a mixed set of instruments. Cultural mapping involves the systematic collection, documentation, and analysis of information about cultural assets – here: craft skills – within specific geographic areas or communities. In MOSAIC, we use cultural mapping as an approach to establishing an analytical continuum between top-down (e.g. legislation) and bottom-up (e.g. industry) approaches to the analysis of skill needs in MOSAIC partner countries. This approach is a good example of a context-appropriate research strategy that reaches beyond the borders of disciplines. As such, it fosters a holistic approach to craft science research that speaks to craft researchers, educators, and policymakers.

Reconstruction is an essential tool for gaining knowledge of shipwrecks in maritime archaeology. This paper examines some theoretical and practical consequences of viewing vessels not as finished objects but as things that are continuously being made during their lifetime. This is done by proposing perspectives on things that uphold their biography as an essential characteristic. To illustrate this, the 16th-century shipwreck Bispevika 16 (Oslo harbour) will be an example of a vessel showing minor and significant technical changes throughout its life. Its most manifest change is the addition of an outer layer of carvel planks on the lapstrake-built hull. This makes this vessel one of a growing number of archaeologically known converted lapstrake-built vessels in Northern Europe.

This paper investigates the active role of materials in shaping ideation processes during interdisciplinary studio-based collaborations. Using ethnographic data collected from a graduate-level course conducted across multiple studio settings, we analysed how materiality facilitates interactions between students and studio instructors meeting for the first time when creative ideas are not yet fully formed and knowledge of unfamiliar materials is not yet embodied. The findings elucidate how certain materials are central to (1) demonstrating, (2) understanding, (3) sharing, (4) explaining, (5) generating and (6) challenging aspects related to ideation processes within such interactions. We conclude this work by emphasising the need for further research that focuses on material mediation in the context of student–instructor relationships.

In this paper I use theory on craft and psychophysical wellbeing to extract insights on the value and meaning I found in woodcarving after being diagnosed with terminal brain cancer. I continued to carve wood throughout the entire diagnosis and treatment period. I was already an experienced woodcarver and had done extensive research on my own making processes. Both the making and research provided meaning and value for me in my ordeal. I discuss three lessons I learned: 1) Deliberate controlling of attention on the here and now worked as a coping mechanism, giving meaning and value to my situation; 2) Grounding myself in physical touch with a close connection to the material contributed to maintaining my positive identity as both maker and researcher, and acted as another coping resource; and 3) As I made the objects, I re-made myself. My intention to save and finish these artifacts, and the joy I experienced as I finished them, gave meaning and purpose to my situation. These lessons support previous findings on craft and wellbeing, contribute insider insights on the use of wood in art making during cancer treatment, and they could potentially inspire others facing dire straits to use crafting to cope.

Over the past decade, rapid technological advancements and budget constraints have increased the de­mand for online education (Martin et al., 2020). Furthermore, the COVID-19 pandemic has vastly ac­cele­ra­ted this trend, compelling almost all education providers to migrate their courses to online learning platforms (Theelen & Van Breukelen, 2022). In view of other profound crises that affect mobility, such as climate change, political instabilities and future pandemics, it is safe to assume that online learning will remain in demand, even in a post-pandemic world ) (Bayne et al., 2020). In this context, while educational research has made significant progress in establishing design principles that ensure effective online teaching and learning, the main focus of this scholarly work is on the acquisition of declarative knowledge and cognitive skills. Moreover, since very little is known about the online teaching and distance learning of psychomotor skills (Kouhia et al., 2021; Lehtiniemi et al., 2023), this paper and exhibition explore how eye-tracking technology (ETT) creates unique opportunities to improve craft education in hybrid and distant learning settings.

The papers in this issue comprise the proceedings of the 2nd Biennial International Conference for the Craft Sciences, held 20–22 September 2023 in Mariestad at the Craft Laboratory, affiliated with the Department of Conservation, University of Gothenburg, Sweden. Craft is an integral aspect of daily life and work, activated in all the knowledgeable processes of making and transforming ideas into artefacts and services. Craft is commonly anticipated as a form of production, but it may also be practiced as a social and political activity and as a way of knowing and being in the world. Craft is omnipresent and multi-folded. Consequently, craft research is diverse, conducted across and within different disciplines and academic contexts, and operates with distinct perspectives and approaches.