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This briefing paper argues that austerity measures are a form of gender-based violence against women, girls and non-binary people, and lays out clear examples of how fiscal consolidation affects them. Its core argument is that ending austerity must be a priority. The policies that deliver austerity’s deadly consequences can no longer be marketed as the ‘logical’ and ‘inevitable’ economic options that they have been for decades, and certainly not by any government that claims a commitment to gender equality or ending gender-based violence. Austerity takes away from those who need it most, while ignoring common-sense ways to improve both revenue and prosperity. The paper goes on to share feminist economic alternatives offer pathways that can protect the Majority World from completely avoidable suffering., Ce document d’information explique que les mesures d’austérité sont une forme de violence basée sur le genre à l’encontre des femmes, des filles et des personnes non binaires, et présente des exemples clairs de la manière dont la consolidation fiscale les affecte. Son principal propos : mettre un terme à l’austérité doit être une priorité. Les politiques d’austérité aux conséquences mortelles ne peuvent plus être présentées comme les options économiques « logiques » et « inévitables » qu’elles ont été pendant des décennies, et certainement pas par un État qui prétend s’engager en faveur de l’égalité de genre ou de la fin des violences basées sur le genre. L’austérité dépouille celles et ceux dont les besoins sont les plus criants, tout en tournant le dos aux moyens de bon sens qui permettraient d’améliorer les revenus et la prospérité. Les alternatives économiques féministes offrent des voies susceptibles de protéger le monde majoritaire10 d’une souffrance totalement évitable.

In 2009, high-income countries committed in the Copenhagen Accords to mobilize US$100 billion a year by 2020 in climate finance for low- and middle-income countries. Oxfam reported on the progress of this commitment in 2016, 2018 and 2020. This year’s report finds that high-income countries have not only failed to deliver on their commitment, but also – as in previous years – generous accounting practices have allowed them to overstate the level of support they have actually provided. Moreover, much of the finance has been provided as loans, which means that it risks increasing the debt burden of the countries it is supposed to help., This paper calls on high-income countries to accelerate the mobilization and provision of climate finance, and to make up the shortfall from previous years, in a way that is equitable and just. High-income countries must provide finance that is transparent, with genuine accountability mechanisms, and that allows for far more local ownership and responsiveness to the needs of communities it is intended to reach. People on the frontlines of the climate crisis must have the funding they were promised for adaptation and mitigation, and to address the loss and damage they are already experiencing as a result of climate impacts., En 2009, les pays à revenu élevé se sont engagés par le biais de l’Accord de Copenhague à mobiliser 100 milliards de dollars par an avant 2020 dans le cadre du financement climat pour les pays à revenu faible et intermédiaire. Oxfam a rendu compte de la progression dans la réalisation de cet engagement en 2016, 2018 et 2020. Cette dernière édition du rapport révèle que les pays à revenu élevé ont non seulement manqué à leur engagement, mais ils ont, au cours des années précédentes, recouru à des pratiques comptables généreuses leur ayant permis de surestimer le niveau de soutien qu’ils apportent en réalité. De plus, une grande partie des financements ont été fournis sous forme de prêts, au risque d’augmenter le poids de la dette des pays qu’ils sont censés aider., Ce rapport appelle les pays à revenu élevé à accélérer la mobilisation et la fourniture des financements climat ainsi qu’à compenser les lacunes des années précédentes, de manière équitable et juste. Les pays à revenu élevé doivent fournir des financements transparents, s’articulant autour de véritables mécanismes de redevabilité, pour une plus grande appropriation locale et une bien meilleure réactivité aux besoins des communautés visées. Les populations se trouvant en première ligne de la crise climatique doivent impérativement recevoir le financement promis afin de faire face à l’adaptation et à l’atténuation et compenser les pertes et dommages découlant déjà des impacts climatiques.

Since 2020, the richest five men in the world have doubled their fortunes. During the same period, almost five billion people globally have become poorer. Hardship and hunger are a daily reality for many people worldwide. At current rates, it will take 230 years to end poverty, but we could have our first trillionaire in 10 years., This report shows how a huge concentration of global corporate and monopoly power is exacerbating inequality economy-wide. Seven out of ten of the world’s biggest corporates have either a billionaire CEO or a billionaire as their principal shareholder. Through squeezing workers, dodging tax, privatizing the state and spurring climate breakdown, corporations are driving inequality and acting in the service of delivering ever-greater wealth to their rich owners. To end extreme inequality, governments must radically redistribute the power of billionaires and corporations back to ordinary people. A more equal world is possible if governments effectively regulate and reimagine the private sector., Depuis 2020, les cinq hommes les plus riches du monde ont doublé leur fortune. Au cours de la même période, près de cinq milliards de personnes se sont appauvries. Les conditions de vie difficiles et la faim sont une réalité quotidienne pour de nombreuses personnes à travers le monde. Au rythme actuel, il faudra 230 ans pour mettre fin à la pauvreté, alors que nous pourrions voir pour la première fois la fortune d'un multimilliardaire franchir le cap des 1 000 milliards de dollars dans dix ans., L’énorme concentration du pouvoir des grandes entreprises et des monopoles à l’échelle mondiale exacerbe les inégalités à tous les niveaux de l’économie. Sept des dix plus grandes entreprises mondiales ont un PDG milliardaire ou un milliardaire comme actionnaire principal. En faisant peser la pression sur les travailleurs et les travailleuses, en évitant l’impôt, en privatisant l’État et en participant grandement au réchauffement climatique, les grandes entreprises creusent les inégalités et contribuent à gonfler toujours plus la fortune de leurs riches propriétaires. Pour mettre fin à ces inégalités extrêmes, les gouvernements doivent impérativement redistribuer le pouvoir des milliardaires et des grandes entreprises aux citoyen·nes ordinaires. Un monde plus égalitaire est possible si les gouvernements réglementent et réorganisent efficacement le secteur privé.

Conflicts and shocks linked to climate change are more frequent and intense, leading to poverty and inequality, exacerbating these phenomena and people’s vulnerability., In this context, humanitarian relief, development programmes and peacebuilding are not serial processes; they are all needed at the same time to tackle the systemic inequalities that trap people in poverty and expose them to risk., The triple nexus, or programming across humanitarian-development-peace pillars, thus means creating synergies and common goals across short-term emergency response programmes and longer-term social change processes in development, as well as enhancing opportunities for peace so that individuals can enjoy the full spectrum of human rights., This briefing paper aims to identify the tensions and dilemmas that Oxfam faces when programming across the nexus and sets out new policy to address these dilemmas, building upon Oxfam’s 2019 discussion paper on the triple nexus., Les conflits et les crises liés au changement climatique sont de plus en plus fréquents et intenses, provoquant pauvreté, inégalités et exacerbant ces phénomènes ainsi que la vulnérabilité de certaines populations., Dans ce contexte, l’aide humanitaire, les programmes de développement et la consolidation de la paix (triple nexus) ne sauraient se résumer à une suite de processus ; ils doivent tous être mis en œuvre simultanément, pour s’attaquer aux inégalités systémiques qui piègent les gens dans la pauvreté et les exposent à des risques., Le triple nexus implique donc la recherche de synergies et d’objectifs communs entre les programmes d’intervention d’urgence à court terme et les processus de changement social à plus long terme dans le domaine du développement, ainsi que la recherche de la paix afin que les individus puissent jouir de l’ensemble des droits de l’homme., Ce document d’information vise à identifier les tensions ou les dilemmes auxquels Oxfam est confrontée lorsqu’elle assure une programmation sur la base du nexus. Il propose la définition d’une nouvelle politique pour répondre à ces dilemmes, en s’appuyant sur le document de discussion d’Oxfam de 2019 au sujet du triple nexus.

As 2020 draws to a close, the economic devastation caused by the COVID-19 pandemic shows no sign of abating. Without urgent action, global poverty and inequality will deepen dramatically. Hundreds of millions of people have already lost their jobs, gone further into debt or skipped meals for months. Research by Oxfam and Development Pathways shows that over 2 billion people have had no support from their governments in their time of need. Our analysis shows that none of the social protection support to those who are unemployed, elderly people, children and families provided in low- and middle-income countries has been adequate to meet basic needs. 41% of that government support was only a one-off payment and almost all government support has now stopped., Decades of social policy focused on tiny levels of means-tested support have left most countries completely unprepared for the COVID-19 economic crisis. Yet, countries such as South Africa and Bolivia have shown that a universal approach to social protection is affordable, and that it has a profound impact on reducing inequality and protecting those who need it most., In addition to the full paper and executive summary, an Excel file with the data analysed by Oxfam and Development Pathways is available to download on this page, along with an annex on the crisis in Latin America and the Caribbean.

We are living through an unprecedented moment of multiple crises. Tens of millions more people are facing hunger. Hundreds of millions more face impossible rises in the cost of basic goods or heating their homes. Poverty has increased for the first time in 25 years. At the same time, these multiple crises all have winners. The very richest have become dramatically richer and corporate profits have hit record highs, driving an explosion of inequality. This report focuses on how taxing the rich is vital to addressing this unprecedented polycrisis and skyrocketing inequality. The report explores how, in recent history, taxation of the richest was far higher; how talk of taxing the rich and making billionaires pay their fair share is hugely popular; and how taxing the rich claws back elite power and reduces not just economic inequality, but racial, gender and colonial inequalities, too. The report lays out how much tax the richest should pay, and the practical, tried and tested ways in which governments can raise such taxation. It shows us how taxing the rich can set us clearly on a path to a more equal, sustainable world free from poverty., Nous traversons une période sans précédent marquée par des crises multiples. Des dizaines de millions de personnes supplémentaires sont aujourd’hui confrontées à la faim. Des centaines de millions d’autres font face à des augmentations intenables du coût des produits de première nécessité ou du chauffage. Pour la première fois en 25 ans, la pauvreté gagne du terrain. Mais parallèlement, d’autres profitent de ces crises multiples. Les plus fortuné·es se sont considérablement enrichi·es, et les bénéfices des entreprises ont atteint des sommets, provoquant une explosion des inégalités. Ce rapport montre en quoi il est indispensable de taxer les personnes riches pour faire face à cette succession de crises sans précédent et à la montée en flèche des inégalités. Il détaille comment, dans l’histoire récente, l’imposition des plus riches était bien plus élevée. Il souligne le fait que les discours visant à taxer les personnes riches et à faire payer aux milliardaires leur juste part sont extrêmement populaires. Il met en évidence la manière dont l’imposition des personnes riches permet de limiter le pouvoir des élites et de réduire non seulement les inégalités économiques, mais aussi les inégalités raciales, de genre et coloniales. Il dévoile le montant de l’impôt que les plus riches pourraient payer, ainsi que les solutions éprouvées dont disposent les gouvernements pour lever cet impôt. Il explique comment la taxation des personnes riches peut clairement nous mettre sur la voie d’un monde plus égalitaire, durable et exempt de pauvreté.

In 2009, high-income countries promised to provide $100bn a year in climate finance to low- and middle-income countries by 2020. They have failed to keep this promise. Their official reports claim that the climate finance they provided and mobilized reached $83.3bn in 2020, but Oxfam estimates the real value was only around a third of that reported., Immediate action is needed to restore trust in the $100bn goal and ensure that the provision of climate finance is fair and robust. For too long, most high-income countries have persisted in counting the wrong things in the wrong way. There are too many loans, too much debt, too few grants, too little for adaptation, and too much dishonest and misleading accounting., This paper sets out recommendations for action at COP27 and beyond to rectify these issues, restore trust in climate finance and stop the world’s poorest climate-vulnerable countries and communities being short-changed of the climate finance they urgently need, and to which they are entitled., En 2009, les pays à revenu élevé se sont engagés à verser 100 milliards de dollars par an de financement climat aux pays à revenu faible et intermédiaire d’ici 2020. Ils n’ont pas atteint cet objectif. Leurs rapports officiels affirment que le financement climat fourni et mobilisé a atteint 83,3 milliards de dollars en 2020, mais Oxfam estime que la valeur du financement climat effectivement fourni n’a représenté qu’un tiers environ du montant déclaré., Une action immédiate est nécessaire pour restaurer la confiance dans l’objectif des 100 milliards de dollars et pour veiller à ce que le financement climat soit équitable et solide. La plupart des pays à revenu élevé ont trop longtemps continué de comptabiliser des éléments inappropriés de façon incorrecte. Il y a trop de prêts, trop de dettes, trop peu de subventions, trop peu pour l’adaptation, et trop de comptabilité malhonnête et trompeuse., Ce rapport formule des recommandations d’action pour la COP27 et au-delà en vue de corriger ces problèmes, de restaurer la confiance dans le financement climat et d’éviter que les pays et les communautés les plus pauvres du monde, vulnérables sur le plan climatique, soient privés du financement climat dont ils ont besoin de toute urgence et auquel ils ont droit.

Las previsiones de retroceso económico y social en América Latina y el Caribe son alarmantes. La COVID-19 golpea con fuerza la región marcada que tendrá que afrontar una contracción del 9,4%, una de las más severas en todo el planeta. La desigualdad, la informalidad y la insuficiente dotación sanitaria lastran las posibilidades de hacer frente a la pandemia. Pero son los más vulnerables quienes asumen el costo, hasta 52 millones de personas que podrían caer en la pobreza y 40 millones podrían perder sus empleos, un retroceso de 15 años para la región., Pero la COVID-19 no afecta a todos por igual, una élite se mantiene inmune al contagio de la crisis económica. Desde el principio de los confinamientos, hay 8 nuevos milmillonarios en América Latina y el Caribe, personas con un patrimonio superior a los mil millones de dólares. Las personas más ricas han aumentado su fortuna en US$ 48 200 millones desde marzo 2020, lo que equivale a un tercio del total de los paquetes de estímulo de todos los países de la región., Para hacer frente a esta crisis tan profunda, Oxfam propone una serie de reformas que recaigan sobre quienes más tienen y menos han sufrido la pandemia. Entre otros un impuesto sobre el patrimonio neto de las personas más ricas con el que se podría recaudar al menos US$ 14 260 millones, 50 veces más de lo que ahora se estaría recaudando sobre esta élite de grandes fortunas., In the context of the COVID-19 pandemic, forecasts for economic and social decline in Latin America and the Caribbean are alarming. The region will face a 9.4% contraction in its economy, among the most severe in the world. Coping with the pandemic is hindered by inequality, weak and insufficient social protection and limited public health capabilities. Up to 52 million people could fall into poverty and 40 million could lose their jobs – a 15-year setback for the region., Yet, an elite remains ‘immune’ to the contagion of the economic crisis. Since the beginning of the pandemic, there have been 8 new billionaires in LAC: 1 every 2 weeks since the lockdowns began. The richest people have increased their fortune by $48.2bn since March 2020, equivalent to a third of the total stimulus packages of all countries in the region., In this paper, Oxfam proposes a series of reforms targeting those who have being less affected by the pandemic. They include a net wealth tax that could potentially generate $14.3bn, 50 times more than billionaires in the region pay now in theory, under current tax systems.

The world has entered a new and dangerous era of climate change impacts, causing huge loss and damage and driving up inequality in the world’s poorest countries and communities that have contributed least to the climate crisis. New research by Oxfam estimates that funding requirements for UN humanitarian appeals linked to extreme weather are eight times higher than they were 20 years ago, and over the past five years nearly half of appeal requirements have gone unmet. Funding for emergency humanitarian response is piecemeal and painfully inadequate, as is broader support to address loss and damage such as rebuilding homes and vital infrastructure., Scaled-up financial support from governments, corporations and individuals most responsible for causing the climate crisis, and most able to pay, is an immediate necessity. A new finance facility must be created to help ensure that finance to address loss and damage is accessible and sustained, is additional to adaptation, mitigation and ODA commitments, and is delivered in accordance with the principles of climate justice.

The deadline for achieving the Sustainable Development Goals is looming, and the poorest countries face significant funding gaps as well as growing economic inequality that stands in the way of poverty reduction. This means that aid has a critical role to play, and a new mission to fight both inequality and poverty. This is only possible if donors put the interests of the poorest people ahead of their own interests., This paper identifies ten principles that are crucial to ensuring that aid rises to this challenge. It asks donors to act quickly to ensure the SDGs have a chance of success.

The wealth of the world's 10 richest men has doubled since the pandemic began. The incomes of 99% of humanity are worse off because of COVID-19. Widening economic, gender, and racial inequalities—as well as the inequality that exists between countries—are tearing our world apart. This is not by chance, but choice: “economic violence” is perpetrated when structural policy choices are made for the richest and most powerful people. This causes direct harm to us all, and to the poorest people, women and girls, and racialized groups most. Inequality contributes to the death of at least one person every four seconds. But we can radically redesign our economies to be centered on equality. We can claw back extreme wealth through progressive taxation; invest in powerful, proven inequality-busting public measures; and boldly shift power in the economy and society. If we are courageous, and listen to the movements demanding change, we can create an economy in which nobody lives in poverty, nor with unimaginable billionaire wealth—in which inequality no longer kills., Depuis le début de la pandémie, la fortune des dix hommes les plus riches au monde a doublé. 99 % de l’humanité a des revenus moins importants que prévu à cause de la COVID-19. L’augmentation des inégalités économiques, de race et de genre, ainsi que les inégalités entre pays, fragmentent notre monde. Ceci n’est pas le fruit du hasard, mais de décisions politiques délibérées : une « violence économique » s’opère lorsque les choix de politiques structurelles sont faits pour les personnes les plus riches et les plus puissantes. Ces choix nous affectent toutes et tous, en particulier les personnes les plus pauvres, les femmes et les filles et les groupes racisés. Les inégalités contribuent à la mort d’au moins une personne toutes les quatre secondes. Mais nous pouvons repenser nos économies de façon radicale afin de faire de l’égalité notre priorité. Nous pouvons nous attaquer à la concentration extrême des richesses grâce à une fiscalité progressive ; investir dans des mesures publiques luttant contre les inégalités et repenser la distribution du pouvoir dans l’économie et la société. Si nous agissons avec courage et que nous écoutons les mouvements appelant au changement, nous pourrons construire une économie dans laquelle personne ne vit dans la pauvreté alors même qu’une autre personne peut amasser des milliards, une économie dans laquelle les inégalités ne tuent plus.

Europe is facing unacceptable levels of poverty and inequality. Instead of putting people first, policy decision making is increasingly influenced by wealthy elites who bend the rules to their advantage, worsening poverty and economic inequality, while steadily and significantly eroding democratic institutions. Austerity measures and unfair tax systems across Europe are skewed in favour of powerful vested interests. It is time to reverse the course of poverty and inequality in Europe, putting people first., This briefing paper reviews the current situation and presents recommendations to help put an end to poverty and extreme inequality in Europe. It draws on data from Oxfam's research paper Background Data for Oxfam Briefing ‘A Europe For the Many, Not the Few’ for which the raw data can be viewed via our online data tool.

As we continue to fight against the COVID-19 pandemic, it is vital that no one is excluded from vaccine coverage. This briefing note addresses some of the challenges faced by displaced people – including refugees, asylum seekers, IDPs, stateless people, and others in displacement contexts – in accessing COVID-19 vaccinations. It identifies a range of administrative and logistical barriers, the issue of lack of information and vaccine hesitancy, and gender-specific barriers to access for these populations. The briefing note provides recommendations to governments, UN agencies, and other actors to help address these challenges and ensure vaccine access for all displaced people.

Gender Based Violence (GBV) is a global pandemic existing in all social groups across the globe, yet it has largely been ignored in the COVID-19 response and recovery plans., It is evident that the COVID-19 pandemic has intensified GBV, including domestic violence and intimate partner violence amongst other forms of violations, but the investments in GBV prevention and response are dramatically inadequate, with just 0.0002% of the overall COVID-19 response funding opportunities going into it. Barriers to achieving gender justice, such as harmful social norms, continue to exist, but progress made since the start of the 16 Days of Activism Against Gender-Based Violence Campaign show that there are solutions, and feminist activism has been a driving force for progress on eliminating gender-based violence., Les violences basées sur le genre (VBG) constituent une autre pandémie qui touche tous les groupes sociaux, dans le monde entier. Elles ont pourtant été en grande partie omises des plans de réponse à la COVID-19 et des plans de reprise., Il est évident que la pandémie de COVID-19 a intensifié les VBG, dont les violences domestiques et les violences au sein du couple, mais les investissements dédiés à la prévention des VBG et à la réponse à ces violences se sont révélés profondément inadaptés, ne représentant que 0,0002 % des fonds consacrés à la réponse au coronavirus. Les obstacles à la justice de genre, et notamment les normes sociales toxiques, persistent, mais les progrès réalisés depuis le lancement de la campagne de 16 jours d’action contre les violences basées sur le genre prouvent que des solutions existent, et que l’activisme féministe peut conduire à l’élimination des violences basées sur le genre

Care work needs to be recognized, shared and invested in now more than ever given that progress on Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 5 - Achieve Gender Equality – is behind target and COVID-19 has created additional challenges with increases in care work, poverty and precariousness that could reverse gains made in gender equality and poverty reduction. Tools that can enable countries to monitor and track progress and hold governments to account on these commitments are critically needed as countries rebuild their economies and address the fallouts from the pandemic. The Care Policy Scorecard provides a practical tool to assess and track the extent to which government policies related to care are adopted, budgeted for and implemented, and the extent to which they have a transformative effect on care. It can be used at the national or sub-national level. The Scorecard is intended to be used by civil society, government and academia alike. Whether you are a policy maker, work for an NGO or are a researcher, the Scorecard allows you to carry out an assessment of the care public policy environment in your country to understand where there is positive progress, and where there are gaps and room for improvement.

Many governments and companies are adopting net zero climate targets as they recognize the urgency of the climate crisis. Without clear definition, however, these targets risk being reliant on using vast swathes of land in low-income countries to capture carbon emissions, allowing the biggest emitters to avoid making significant cuts in their own emissions. ‘Net zero’ could end up being a dangerous distraction that could delay the rapid reductions in emissions that high-emitting countries and companies need to make if we are to avoid catastrophic climate breakdown. It could also lead to an explosion in demand for land which, if not subject to careful safeguards, might risk increasing hunger and fuelling land inequality. Net zero should be a pathway to real and transformative climate action and not greenwash. Carbon emissions need to be reduced now, and land-based climate solutions must centre ‘food-first’ approaches that help achieve both zero emissions and zero hunger., De nombreux gouvernements et entreprises adoptent des objectifs climatiques « zéro émission nette » face à l’urgence de la crise climatique. Mais sans définition claire, ces objectifs risquent de reposer sur l’utilisation de vastes étendues de terres dans les pays à faible revenu pour capturer les émissions de carbone et éviter ainsi aux plus grands émetteurs de réduire considérablement leurs propres émissions. L’objectif « zéro émission nette » pourrait devenir un moyen dangereux de faire diversion, susceptible de retarder la réduction des émissions que les entreprises et les pays fortement émetteurs doivent mettre en place d’urgence pour éviter un dérèglement climatique catastrophique. Il pourrait également entraîner une flambée de la demande en terres qui, si elle n’est pas assortie de garanties, risquerait d’exacerber la faim et d’alimenter les inégalités foncières. L’objectif « zéro émission nette » ne doit pas devenir un « vernis vert », mais s’accompagner de véritables actions climatiques synonymes de changement. Il est indispensable de réduire dès maintenant les émissions de carbone. Les solutions climatiques basées sur le foncier doivent suivre des approches qui privilégient la production alimentaire afin d’atteindre le double objectif « zéro faim, zéro émission ».

From 2013 to 2016, Oxfam's Behind the Brands campaign called on the world’s 10 biggest food and beverage companies to adopt stronger social and environmental sourcing policies and spurred significant commitments on women’s empowerment, land rights and climate change. Now, as the coronavirus pandemic worsens inequality and food insecurity around the world, we assess whether the companies have taken meaningful steps to implement the commitments they made in response to the campaign., In this report we find that while companies have taken action at the global level, progress stalls in translating those approaches to countries and through supply chains. There are positive examples and innovations happening in key sourcing countries. But key blockages must be addressed – including by providing the right incentives, disclosing suppliers and supporting suppliers to take up the agenda – to create change at scale.

The coronavirus pandemic has the potential to lead to an increase in inequality in almost every country at once, the first time this has happened since records began. The virus has exposed, fed off and increased existing inequalities of wealth, gender and race. Over two million people have died, and hundreds of millions of people are being forced into poverty while many of the richest – individuals and corporations – are thriving. Billionaire fortunes returned to their pre-pandemic highs in just nine months, while recovery for the world’s poorest people could take over a decade. The crisis has exposed our collective frailty and the inability of our deeply unequal economy to work for all. Yet it has also shown us the vital importance of government action to protect our health and livelihoods. Transformative policies that seemed unthinkable before the crisis have suddenly been shown to be possible. There can be no return to where we were before. Instead, citizens and governments must act on the urgency to create a more equal and sustainable world., La pandémie de coronavirus pourrait aggraver les inégalités dans la quasitotalité des pays de la planète simultanément, une première depuis que ce type de données est consigné. Le virus a mis au jour et amplifié les inégalités de richesse, les inégalités de genre et les inégalités raciales existantes, tout en s’en nourrissant. Plus de deux millions de personnes ont perdu la vie, et des centaines de millions de personnes basculent dans la pauvreté alors que bon nombre des entreprises et des particuliers les plus riches prospèrent. Les milliardaires ont retrouvé le niveau de richesse qui était le leur avant la pandémie en seulement neuf mois, alors qu’il faudra plus de dix ans aux personnes les plus pauvres pour se relever des impacts économiques du coronavirus. La crise a mis au jour notre fragilité collective, ainsi que l’incapacité de notre économie profondément inégale à œuvrer dans l’intérêt de toutes et tous. Elle nous a également démontré l’importance cruciale de l’intervention des gouvernements dans la protection de notre santé et de nos moyens de subsistance. Des politiques transformatrices qui semblaient inenvisageables avant la crise se sont soudain révélées possibles. Le retour au monde d’avant n’est pas une option. Au lieu de cela, les citoyen-ne-s et les gouvernements doivent se mobiliser autour de l’urgence de créer un monde plus égalitaire et plus durable

New estimates show that just eight men own the same wealth as the poorest half of the world. As growth benefits the richest, the rest of society - especially the poorest - suffers. The very design of our economies and the principles of our economics have taken us to this extreme, unsustainable and unjust point. Our economy must stop excessively rewarding those at the top and start working for all people. Accountable and visionary governments Businesses that work in the interests of workers and producers A valued environment Women's rights A strong system of fair taxation, Are central to this more human economy., The sources and methodology behind the headline facts in this paper are explained in the separate methodology note.

International climate finance is vital to global cooperation on climate change. As many developing countries reel from the effects of coronavirus, the prospect of climate-induced extreme weather risks compounding crises and poverty. Climate change could undo decades of progress in development and dramatically increase global inequalities. There is an urgent need for climate finance to help countries cope and adapt., Over a decade ago, developed countries committed to mobilize $100bn per year by 2020 to support developing countries to adapt and reduce their emissions. The goal is a critical part of the Paris Agreement., As 2020 draws to a close, Oxfam’s Climate Finance Shadow Report 2020 offers an assessment of progress towards the $100bn goal. The third in a series, this report looks at the latest donor figures for 2017–18, with a strong focus on public finance. It considers how climate finance is being counted and spent; where it is going; how close we are to the $100bn goal; and what lessons need to be learned for climate finance post-2020.

The worsening inequality crisis triggered by COVID-19 is fuelled by an economic model that has allowed some of the world’s largest corporations to funnel billions of dollars in profits to shareholders giving yet another windfall to the world’s top billionaires, a small group of mostly white men. At the same time, it has left low wage workers and women to pay the price of the pandemic without social or financial protection. Since the onset of the pandemic, large corporations have put profits before workers’ safety, pushed costs down the supply chain and used their political influence to shape policy responses. COVID-19 should be the catalyst for radically reining in corporate power, restructuring business models with purpose and rewarding all those that work with profits, creating an economy for all.

Mientras el mundo entero trata de ponerse a salvo de la pandemia, los pueblos indígenas de América Latina agonizan y algunos podrían llegar a desaparecer. El abandono estatal y la ausencia de servicios adecuados de salud integral y agua segura los hace extremadamente vulnerables al virus que se extiende a toda velocidad por el continente. Para evitar que se produzca un etnocidio, los gobiernos de la región deben respetar y apoyar los cordones sanitarios y otras medidas adoptadas por los pueblos indígenas para protegerse a sí mismos, impedir toda actividad extractiva o que implique un riesgo de contagio en sus territorios y alrededores, así como atender urgentemente y de manera coordinada sus necesidades de salud, alimentarias y de protección. Pero la salida de la crisis exige además terminar con la explotación, la discriminación y las desigualdades históricas en la provisión de bienes públicos, , así como garantizar el respeto a los derechos territoriales colectivos y superar un modelo extractivista que destruye la salud de los pueblos indígenas y del planeta., While the whole world attempts to save itself from the pandemic, the indigenous peoples of Latin America are dying, and some may even disappear. Abandoned by the state and with no adequate comprehensive healthcare services or clean water, they are extremely vulnerable to the virus that is fast expanding throughout the continent. To avert ethnocide, governments in the region must respect and support the quarantine boundaries and other measures adopted by indigenous peoples to protect themselves. Governments must also prevent any extractive industry activity or activities that imply a risk of contagion in indigenous territories and surrounding areas, and urgently address health, food security and protection needs in a coordinated manner. But to overcome the crisis also requires an end to exploitation, discrimination and historical inequalities in the provision of public resources, as well as guaranteeing respect for collective territorial rights and transforming the extractive model that is destroying the health of indigenous peoples and of the planet.

New analysis shows the economic crisis caused by Coronavirus could push over half a billion people into poverty unless urgent and dramatic action is taken. This virus affects us all, even princes and prime ministers. But the equality ends there. By exploiting the extreme inequalities between rich and poor people, rich and poor nations and between women and men, unchecked this crisis will cause immense suffering., We can only beat this virus through coming together as one. Developing countries must act to protect their people, and demand action from rich nations to support them. Rich country governments must massively upscale their help – led by the G20. This paper lays out an Economic Rescue Plan For All that meets the scale of the crisis, mobilizing at least $2.5 trillion dollars to tackle the pandemic and prevent global economic collapse. It prioritizes helping people directly: giving cash grants to all who need them. An immediate suspension of the debt payments of poor countries, combined with a one-off economic stimulus by the IMF and an increase in aid and taxes, can pay for this., The key points of the ‘Economic Rescue Plan For All’ would be, 1. To provide cash grants for all who need them. All workers suffering a loss of income must have access to some form of income replacement, be it a wage subsidy, unemployment benefit, sick pay or other benefits., 2. Bail out businesses responsibly. The stimulus packages announced in response to the pandemic must not make the same mistakes as were made in the 2008 financial crisis. Instead, bailout money must go into the hands of the most vulnerable people – workers and small businesses who are the least prepared to cope., 3. Suspend and cancel debts. Cancelling debt payments is the fastest way to keep money in countries and to free up resources to tackle the urgent health, social and economic crises resulting from the global pandemic., 4. Issue Special Drawing Rights. The G20 should immediately propose an emergency issuance of $1 trillion in SDRs., 5. Increase aid now. Donors should provide immediate emergency support to limit the outbreak and save lives, both through multilateral bodies like the World Health Organization that are responsible for managing the global response and directly to developing countries., 6. Adopt emergency solidarity taxes. Governments must make use of extraordinary measures to tax those who can afford to be taxed, in order to fund the global health package and the global economic relief measures.

Economic inequality is out of control. In 2019, the world’s billionaires, only 2,153 people, had more wealth than 4.6 billion people., This great divide is based on a flawed and sexist economic system that values the wealth of the privileged few, mostly men, more than the billions of hours of the most essential work – the unpaid and underpaid care work done primarily by women and girls around the world. Tending to others, cooking, cleaning and fetching water and firewood are essential daily tasks for the wellbeing of societies, communities and the functioning of the economy. The heavy and unequal responsibility of care work perpetuates gender and economic inequalities., This has to change. Governments around the world must act now to build a human economy that is feminist and values what truly matters to society, rather than fuelling an endless pursuit of profit and wealth. Investing in national care systems to address the disproportionate responsibility for care work done by women and girls and introducing progressive taxation, including taxing wealth and legislating in favour of carers, are possible and crucial first steps., Time to Care online report summary, Learn more about the WE-Care programme, Les inégalités économiques échappent à tout contrôle. En 2019, les milliardaires du monde entier, c’est à dire seulement 2 153 personnes, se partageaient plus de richesses que 4,6 milliards de personnes. Ce clivage profond s’appuie sur un système économique sexiste et injuste qui valorise davantage la richesse d’une minorité privilégiée, constituée d’hommes principalement, plutôt que les milliards d’heures de travail de soin – non rémunéré ou peu rémunéré - des femmes et des filles dans le monde. Prendre soin des autres, cuisiner, nettoyer, aller chercher de l’eau et du bois de chauffage sont des tâches essentielles au bien-être des sociétés et des communautés ainsi qu’au bon fonctionnement d’une économie. La responsabilité lourde et inégale du travail de soin perpétue les inégalités économiques et de genre., Il est temps que cela change. Les gouvernements du monde entier doivent agir maintenant afin de construire une économie centrée sur l’humain qui défend des valeurs féministes et valorise ce qui est réellement important pour la société, plutôt que d’alimenter une course sans fin au profit et à la richesse. Des solutions existent et il y a urgence à les mettre en place : investir dans des systèmes de soin afin de répartir plus équitablement le travail de soin effectué aujourd’hui par les femmes et les filles et mettre en place une fiscalité plus juste et progress.

Worldwide, more than 65 million people have fled conflict, violence and persecution. Millions more are driven from their homes by disasters, drought and inequality. This paper tells the stories of some of those millions of people., Many have relied on local people sharing their scarce resources. In contrast, too many governments have failed to share their resources, and their welcome, in the same spirit., This September, world leaders will gather in New York for the UN Summit on Refugees and Migrants, and for President Obama's Summit on Refugees. These summits will achieve some, though certainly not all, of what is needed. They will recognize the need to share responsibility for refugees as a principle. The challenge beyond the summits will be to create a radical new approach that builds on this conclusion, and upholds the rights of human beings on the move.

Recent decades have seen a dramatic rise in extreme economic inequality. Those at the top of the income scale have received a disproportionate share of the gains of global growth., This risks further entrenching gender inequality and funnelling the gains from women's labour to those already at the top. Too often women are in low paid, insecure work, carrying out the majority of unpaid care work without access to public services, made worse by the same processes driving extreme economic inequality., This paper sets out why efforts to tackle economic and gender inequality must go hand in hand. Drawing on research from around the world and the experiences of women in developing countries, it presents recommendations for governments and corporations to address the obstacles to full economic equality women still face.

A good-quality public education is liberating for individuals. It can also be an equalizer within society. This report shows the unparalleled power of public education to tackle growing inequality and bring us closer together. To achieve this, education must be both of good quality and equitable; it should be free, universal, adequately funded, with well-supported teachers, and accountable public oversight. Fairer taxation of the wealthiest can help pay for it.

Tax havens deprive governments around the world of billions of dollars each year, fuelling inequality and poverty. The EU blacklisting process was announced as an attempt to put an end to the era of tax havens. Unfortunately – according to Oxfam research – the EU is set to whitewash some of the world’s worst tax havens., This paper reveals how during the first annual review of the EU’s blacklist and grey list of tax havens, at least nine notorious tax havens will be de-listed, including Bermuda, the Cayman Islands and Panama. The report also shows that five EU member states would be blacklisted if the EU applied its own criteria to member states.

Our economy is broken, with hundreds of millions of people living in extreme poverty while huge rewards go to those at the very top., The number of billionaires has doubled since the financial crisis and their fortunes grow by $2.5bn a day, yet the super-rich and corporations are paying lower rates of tax than they have in decades. The human costs – children without teachers, clinics without medicines – are huge. Piecemeal private services punish poor people and privilege elites. Women suffer the most, and are left to fill the gaps in public services with many hours of unpaid care., We need to transform our economies to deliver universal health, education and other public services. To make this possible, the richest people and corporations should pay their fair share of tax. This will drive a dramatic reduction in the gap between rich and poor and between women and men., Check out the interactive online version of the report., Notre économie est défaillante : des centaines de millions de personnes vivent dans l’extrême pauvreté alors que d’immenses richesses sont concentrées dans les mains d’une minorité., Le nombre de milliardaires a doublé depuis la crise financière et leur fortune augmente chaque jour de 2,5 milliards de dollars. Or, les élites fortunées et les grandes entreprises bénéficient des taux d’imposition les plus bas de ces dernières décennies. Les coûts humains (des enfants sans enseignant-e-s, des cliniques sans médicaments) sont considérables et ce sont les plus pauvres qui en payent le prix. Les femmes en souffrent particulièrement, contraintes de combler des services publics insuffisants par de nombreuses heures de travail de soin non rémunéré., Nous devons transformer nos économies pour garantir l’universalité de l’accès à la santé, à l’éducation et à d’autres services publics. Pour cela, les entreprises et les plus riches doivent payer leur juste part d'impôts. Cela permettra de réduire considérablement l’écart entre les riches et les pauvres et entre les femmes et les hommes.

Land is the bridge between companies’ environmental and social sustainability agendas, and it is foundational to both. To implement their commitments on climate change, net zero emissions, human rights, women’s empowerment, and farmer livelihoods, companies must focus on land in agricultural value chains: who controls it, who can access it, who has rights to it, and who enjoys the benefits derived from it (‘land inequality’). This Briefing for Business presents eight land-focused ‘essential issues for business action’- and corresponding recommendations - that leading companies can integrate into their existing sustainability efforts., La terre constitue un pont entre les objectifs de durabilité environnementale et sociale des entreprises. Elle joue un rôle fondamental dans ces deux sphères. Afin de respecter leurs engagements envers la lutte contre le changement climatique, l’objectif zéro émission nette, les droits humains, l’autonomisation des femmes et la protection des moyens de subsistance des paysans et paysannes, les entreprises doivent revoir la place de la terre dans les chaînes de valeur agricoles, en prêtant attention aux entités qui la contrôlent, qui y ont accès, qui jouissent de droits à la terre, et qui en tire des avantages ; en d’autres termes, en étudiant les « inégalités foncières ». Ce document d’information à l’attention des entreprises présente huit « enjeux critiques exigeant une mobilisation des entreprises ». Ces enjeux, qui ont tous trait à la terre, sont accompagnés de recommandations que les grandes entreprises peuvent intégrer à leurs efforts en faveur de la durabilité.

Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC) is still the most unequal region in the world, despite economic growth and the reduction of both poverty and inequality over the last decade. Political and economic elites have shaped fiscal systems which, in general, have a very limited impact when it comes to correcting inequalities and in some cases have deepened them. Public finances in LAC reflect an inequitable social and economic model which perpetuates the concentration of power and discrimination. Government revenues are undermined by high rates of tax evasion and avoidance in a region with huge social needs. This briefing paper calls for courageous reforms to create fair and equitable fiscal systems in LAC. By supporting quality essential social services and social protection mechanisms; by increasing the role of tax systems as instruments of the redistribution of wealth; by reducing the current high levels of tax evasion and tax avoidance; and by doing so through ensuring transparency in those reforms, a new fiscal system would help to address and reduce entrenched inequalities across the region.

Across G20 countries and beyond, women are paid less than men, do most of the unpaid labour, are over-represented in part-time work, and are discriminated against in the household, in markets and in institutions. In 2012 in the Los Cabos Declaration, G20 leaders committed to tackling the barriers to women’s full economic and social participation and to expanding opportunities for women in their countries., Oxfam and the Heinrich Böll Foundation support this commitment, and this paper calls on the G20 to assess its agenda and act on its commitments to women’s rights and gender equality. During the Australian presidency, the G20 has the chance to make good its promises for truly inclusive growth – working to make women more resilient to economic crises through gender-sensitive economic growth and gender-equal employment policies.

In 2015 the world has a historic opportunity to set ambitious goals to end poverty and protect the planet. As the era of the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) comes to an end, two major injustices continue to undermine the efforts of millions of people to escape poverty and hunger: inequality and climate change. The post-2015 framework that succeeds the MDGs must address these twin challenges through stand-alone goals to eradicate extreme economic inequality and to ensure climate-resilient and sustainable low-carbon development, as well as in targets throughout the framework that address both., This paper puts forwards Oxfam’s proposals for what new goals and targets should be included and how they can be designed to bring about lasting change.

Almost half of the world’s wealth is now owned by just one percent of the population, and seven out of ten people live in countries where economic inequality has increased in the last 30 years. The World Economic Forum has identified economic inequality as a major risk to human progress, impacting social stability within countries and threatening security on a global scale. This massive concentration of economic resources in the hands of fewer people presents a real threat to inclusive political and economic systems, and compounds other inequalities – such as those between women and men. Left unchecked, political institutions are undermined and governments overwhelmingly serve the interests of economic elites – to the detriment of ordinary people. In this paper, Oxfam shows how extreme inequality is not inevitable, with examples of policies from around the world which have reduced inequality and developed more representative politics, benefiting all, both rich and poor. Oxfam calls on leaders at the 2014 World Economic Forum at Davos to make the commitments needed to counter the growing tide of inequality.

Universal Health Coverage is about the right to health. Everyone – rich or poor – should get the health care they need without suffering financial hardship. Unfortunately, some donors and developing country governments are promoting health insurance schemes that exclude the majority of people and l may also reinforce inequality – by prioritizing people who are formally employed and excluding the most poor and marginalized who cannot afford to pay premiums, especially women., However, a number of developing countries are rejecting this model and prioritizing general government spending for health to successfully scale up health coverage. Funding through progressive taxation and international aid is the key to achieving Universal Health Coverage. Oxfam estimates that improving tax collection in 52 developing countries could raise an additional $269bn – enough to double health budgets in these countries., This paper explains why urgent action on global tax evasion and avoidance is needed to ensure that countries can generate and retain more of their own resources for health. Donors and governments should abandon unworkable insurance schemes and focus on financing that delivers universal and equitable health care for all.