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This collection, the last of four volumes on the history of compulsory education among the nations of Europe and the western hemisphere, analyzes statistics, methodology, reforms, and new tendencies. Twelve of the document's 18 articles are written in English, 3 are written in French and 3 are in Italian. Summaries accompany most articles; three of the foreign language articles have English summaries. Bibliographies are included with many selections. Titles and authors are as follows: "From the Methodology of Pedagogical Study of Obligatory Education" (Wlodzimierz Goriszowski); "Les Peres de l'Ecole Obligatoire Pris au Piege de la Statistique Scolaire (1876-1906)" (Jean-Noel Luc); "Primary Compulsory School at Viareggio (1860-1900)" (Luciana Bettalla and Fanny Coli); "School Attendance in The Netherlands" (Th. F. M. Boekholt); "L'Offre d'Ecole Avant l'Obligation Scolaire: L'Enseignement des Premieres Enquetes Bataves (1799-1811)" (Willem Frijhoff); "A Danish Reform Concerning the First Years of School" (Hans Vejleskov); "The Vanloese Experiment: New Education in Compulsory Education in Denmark in the Twenties" (Ellen Norgaard); "Historical Development of Compulsory Education in Socialist Countries (1917-present time)" (Gottfried Uhlig); "Parents and Compulsory Education Laws in England & Wales (1880-1980)" (Geoffrey Stevenson); "Prospettive dell'Istruzione Obbligatoria in Italia" (Luigi Ambrosoli); "La Continuite Scolaire et 'l'Ecole de Base' en Italie: Aspects Historiques et Perspectives" (Giovanni Genovesi); "Formazione Generale, Orientamento per gli Studi e/o per la Professione nell'Elevazione dell'Obbligo Scholastico al 16 Anni: La Questione Italiana, Oggi" (Vittorio Telmon); "From Optional to Compulsory: The Introduction, Development and Extension of 'English' in Norwegian Compulsory Education" (B. Brandtzaeg Gundem); "Reforms and New Tendencies: Norwegian Compulsory Education (Olav Sunnana); "Compulsory Education in the Canary Islands" (Pedro Sosa Also); "Compulsory Education in the United States: Its development and Some Recent Considerations" (Erwin v. Johanningmeier); "La 'Compulsory Education' nel Contesto Sovietico" (Giorgio Vuoso); and "A New Look at the Act of Teaching FL Reading" (Yvonne Poser and Gunter G. Pfister). (CJH)

This first of four volumes on the history of compulsory education among the nations of Europe and the Western hemisphere deals with historical antecedents and early development. Of the 29 total articles, 18 are in English and 2 have English summaries. Many selections include bibliographies. Titles and authors are as follows: "The Political Institutionalization of Compulsory Education" (Francisco O. Ramirez and John Boli); "L'Obbligo Scolastico e la Scuola di Base Nello Scritto d'un Pedagogista Cileno" (Alessandro Leonarduzzi); "Beginnings of Compulsory Education in the Republic of Columbia" (O. Negrin Fajardo and D. Soto Arango); "L'Obligation Educative en France des Origines a Nos Jours" (Paul Gerbod); "L'Introduction de l'Obligation Scolaire dans l'Allemagne Protestante du XVIe au XVIIIe Siecle" (Jean-Luc Le Cam); "Karl August Zeller (1774-1846). Aide-Camps pour la Prusse, Pays en Voie de Developpement en Matiere d'Education Nationale, dans le Contexte du Decalage Sud-Nord des Pays Germanophones" (Rudolf Koschnitzke); "The Historical Development of Compulsory Schooling in Germany" (Gabriele Weigand); "The History of Compulsory Education in Germany" (Karl-Heinz Guenther and Gert Geissler); "The Advent of Universal Compulsory Elementary Education in England and Wales" (D. K. Jones); "Gradual Regulation of Schooling Age and School Attendance in Hungary since 1777 up to Now" (Otto Vag); "The Debate about the Introduction of Compulsory Elementary Education of 1848 in Hungary" (Sandor Komlosi); "Compulsory Education in the Twenty Years after Italian Unification (1860-1880)" (Enzo Catarsi); "Chiesa e Obbligo Scolastico Nell'Italia Post-Unitaria (1860-1900)" (Carmela Covato); "Compulsory Education in The Netherlands" (J. F. A. Braster and N. L. Dodde); "School and Literacy. Introduction of the Elementary School in Norway in the 1730's and 1740's" (Knut Tveit); "The Idea of Unbroken Primary School in Norway" (Knut Jordheim); "L'Introduction de l'Obligation Scolaire dans la Pologne, la Prusse et l'Autriche" (Marianna Krupa); "Legal Foundation and Accomplishment of Compulsory Education in Poland in 1918-1939" (Jozef Zerko and Romuald Grzybowski); "L'Introduction et la Prolongation de la Scolarite Obligatoire au Portugal" (Joaquim Ferreira Gomes); "L'Enseignement Obligatoire dans les Constitutions Espagnoles due XIXe Siecle" (Federico Gomez Rodriguez de Castro); "Le Chemin Vers l'Enseignement Obligatoire en Espagne Avant 1857" (Anastasio Martinez Navarro); "Apport des Municipalites Constitutionnelles a l'Introduction de l'Enseignement Obligatoire en Espagne" (Julio Ruiz Berrio); "Compulsory Education in the Swiss Canton of Zurich from 1798 to 1859" (Fritz-Peter Hager); "La Reproclamation de l'Instruction Obligatoire, a Geneve, au XIXe Siecle: Du Refus de 1842 a l'Acceptation de 1872" (Charles Magnin); "Towards Compulsory Education: The School Revival Movement in the United States" (Jurgen Herbst); "The Roots of Compulsory Education in America" (L. Glenn Smith); "Compulsory Education in Utopia: Owen and Neef" (Dieter Jedan); "Compulsory Education in the Waldorf Schools in America" (Joseph A. Baust); and "Compulsory Education in Chicago" (Joan K. Smith). (CJH)

This second of four volumes on the history of compulsory education among the nations of Europe and the western hemisphere covers schools, pupils, teachers, programs, and methods. Of the volume's 16 selections, 13 are written in English and 3 are written in Italian. Most selections contain summaries; summaries of the Italian articles are written in English. Bibliographies accompany most articles. Titles and authors are as follows: "Child Labour and Compulsory Education. Acceptance and Resistance of Belgian Working-Class Families (1880-1920)" (Bie De Graeve); "The Belgian Primary School Teacher and Compulsory Education (1830-1914)" (Franky Simon); "A Major Educational Controversy in Finland: Are Six-Year Olds Ready for School?" (Mikko Ojala); "19th Century Ideas on Compulsory Education: Who Was Compelled?" (Patricia Smart); "Scuola dell'Obbligo e Nuova Alfabetizzazione: Parlare e Scrivere dalla Scuola Media Unificata (1962) agli Anni Ottanta" (Patrizia Mazzotta); "Normal and Non-Normal Children in the Light of Compulsory Education in The Netherlands, Circa 1850-Circa 1920" (Jeroen Dekker); "The Problem of Compulsory Schooling and Universal Elementary Education in the Kingdom of Poland in the Second Half of 19th Century and the Beginning of the 20th Century" (Julian Dybiec); "School Buildings, Programmes and Methods after the Introduction of Compulsory Education in Finland (1921-1939)" (Martii T. Kuikka); "Primary School Architecture and the Retreat from Open-Plan" (Peter Cunningham); "Compulsory Schooling and the Redefinition of English Education" (Roy Lowe);"The Effects of Compulsory Education on School Architecture" (Attila Horvath); "Rapporti tra Igiene e Scuola nella Seconda Meta dell''800 Inizi del '900. L'Igiene Pedagogica" (Maria Teresa Bassa Poropat and Diana De Rose); "L'Estensione dell'Obbligo Scholastico Fino a Quattordici Anni, in Italia, in Rapporto agli Effetti Sui Contenuti e Sui Metodi" (Franco Bochicchio); "Pedagogic Modeling and Criteria for the Construction of Public Schools in Spain at the Beginning of the Century" (Isidoro Gonzalez Gallego); "An Essay in Schooling of Illiterates in Spain (1963-1966)" (Jose Romero Delgado); and "Compulsory Education and Curriculum Expansion in the United States (1880-1940)" (William J. Reese and Ronald D. Cohen). (CJH)

The following papers on interdisciplinary cooperation in second language instruction are included: (1) "Language Teaching: Possibilities for Interdisciplinary Co-operation," by James E. Alatis; (2) "L'insegnamento della letteratura italiana (The Teaching of Italian Literature)," by Ezio Raimondi; (3) "Objective Evaluation and Transparency," by Rebecca M. Valette; (4) "Comment integrer l'etude de la litterature a l'apprentissage des langues etrangeres (How to Integrate the Study of Literature with the Teaching of Foreign Languages)," by Jean Verrier; (5) "Mediendidaktik: Moeglichkeiten und Perspektiven im Sprachunterricht (Educational Media: Possibilities and Perspectives in Language Instruction)," by Horst G. Weise; and (6) "Nutzbarmachung der in der Muttersprache erworbenen Fertigkeiten beim Erlernen einer Fremdsprache (Utilization of Proficiency Acquired in the Native Language in Learning a Foreign Language)," by Irmhild Wragge-Lange. Each paper except the first is followed by a summary in English of the discussion engendered by the paper. (JB)

The 16 papers presented in this volume are arranged according to three sub-topics of the general theme of second language instruction: individual needs, interdisciplinary cooperation, and multilingualism. The first paper in each section is the main lecture, which is followed by specialized lectures. (JB)

The following papers on the issue of multilingualism in second language instruction are included: (1) "Problemes linguistiques dans les societes plurilingues (Linguistic Problems in Multilingual Societies)," by Amadou-Mahtar M'Bow; (2) "Aim: Multilingualism. The Dismantling of Resistance and Prejudice," by Eva Koberski; (3) "Problemes poses en Susisse par l'enseignement des languages vivantes (Problems Posed in Switzerland by the Teaching of Modern Languages)," by Jean-Bernard Lang; (4) "Lingue in contatto e stratificazione linguistica (Languages in Contact and Linguistic Stratification)," by Ottavio Lurati; and (5) "Planung des Fremdsprachenunterrichts in den Laendern der Europaeischen Gemeinschaft (Planning for Foreign Language Instruction in the Countries of the European Community)," by Franz J. Zapp. Each paper except the first is followed by a summary in English of the discussion engendered by the paper. (JB)

Papers on language difficulties encountered by migrant workers' children include: "Anomie in Bicultural Education" (Hugo Baetens Beardsmore); "An Investigation into Bilingual Education for Children from Favoured Socio-Economic Backgrounds" (Hugo Baetens Beardsmore); "Orientations of Foreign Children Relating to Placement in Special Classes" (in French) (Jean Clevy); "Contribution to Reflection on the 'Training' of Teachers with Foreign Children" (in French) (Jean Clevy); "Bilingual Education for the Children of Migrant Workers: The Adaptation of General Models to a New Specific Challenge" (Joshua A. Fishman); "Prospects for Family Training" (in French) (Jean-Pierre Lagarde); "Contribution to the Understanding of Scholastic Problems of Migrant Workers' Children" (in French) (Xavier Piolle); "An Experiment in Multicultural Education in a Portuguese Migrant Situation" (in French) (Iraci Poleti); "Critical Description of an Experiment on the Teaching of the Native Language to Migrant Children" (in French) (Bernard Py); "Placement of Migrant Children in the Genevan Community and Schools" (in French) (Micheline Rey-Von Allmen); "Migrant Languages: Linguistic Change in Progress" (Mario Saltarelli, Susan Gonzo); "Implications of Recent Sociolinguistic Research for the Problems of Migrant Worker Children" (Roger W. Shuy); "Helping Migrant Children to Communicate: Some Implications of the Council of Europe Work in Language Systems Construction" (J. L. M. Trim); and "Linguistic Problems of Immigration and Proposal for Language Instruction Appropriate to the Level of Children" (in Italian) (Teresa Di Fonzo, Patrick Van Molle). (MSE)

Experts in education from universities and other centers of research, coming from almost 60 countries and meeting in a world congress, studied the factors underlying self realization in education. The essential points presented through the various reports are: (1) All human beings have potentialities which should be developed to an optimum degree. It is the responsibility of society to develop conditions which will enable the individual to achieve self actualization. (2) There is complete agreement that self realization is one of the most important questions throughout the world. (3) Self realization is a very complex problem which involves many conditions and which is affected by very diverse influences. (4) The problems which confront all educators and teachers in the realization of personality are manifold. (5) Educational research in relation to the problem of self actualization has shown itself to be of major importance. This volume contains the papers presented at the conference. Those presentations that are in a foreign language are summarized in English. (CJ)