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Achtergrond: De huidige behandelingen voor stoornissen in het gebruik van middelen gaan vaak samen met uitval en/of terugval. Transcraniële gelijkstroomstimulatie (tDCS) heeft mogelijk een positief effect op deze problematiek. Doel: Gezien de vele recent verschenen studies, bieden we met deze systematische review een actueel kwalitatief overzicht van studies naar de klinische effecten van tDCS bij personen met een stoornis in het gebruik van middelen. Methode: Uitgebreid literatuuronderzoek in de elektronische database PubMed. We includeerden 43 studies bovenop de 7 die waren opgenomen in de eerdere review van Herremans en Baeken (2017) in dit tijdschrift. Resultaten: De meerderheid van de studies toonde een positief effect aan van tDCS op klinische maten zoals zucht en terugval in middelengebruik. Daarbij was er echter weinig eenvormigheid in de gebruikte protocollen en een grote diversiteit in uitkomstmaten. Conclusie: tDCS kan een effectieve behandeling zijn voor personen met een stoornis in het gebruik van middelen. Optimale parameters dienen vastgesteld te worden om de behandeling maximaal effectief en afgestemd op de individuele patiënt te maken.

BACKGROUND Thecausal influence of cortico-subcortical connectivity by means of brain stimulation seems to bean effective biological treatment in psychiatric patients. AIM To review the working mechanisms and moderating factors of two non-invasive brain stimulation techniques (NIBS), namely repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) and transcranial direct current stimulation (toes). METHOD We reviewed the current literature on the use of NIBS in neuropsychiatrie disorders. RESULTS First of all, stimulation parameters (location of the stimulation, intensity and duration of the stimulation, number of sessions) are important for the effect of NIBS. Secondly, it is important to consider the non-specific neuroplasticity that results from NIBS.Thirdly, recent studies suggest that NIBS should be combined with neurobehavioral interventions, namely cognitive interventions, for the purpose of modulating specific neural processes (i.e. specific neuroplasticity). CONCLUSION If we want to Improve the NIBS treatment in neuropsychiatrie patients, we need to consider the factors that influence the patients' response to treatment with ITMS and tDCS.

BACKGROUND Brain stimulation is the most direct form of neuromodulation. Direct brain stimulation is an older procedure that has taken various forms, but 'non-invasive brain stimulation' is a more recent development. AIM To provide an overview of the current arsenal of non-invasive brain stimulation techniques. METHOD We discuss the underlying principles, the pros and cons, and the applicability of non-invasive brain stimulation in experimental research and treatment of neuropsychiatrie disorders. RESULTS Non-invasive brain stimulation is a direct form of neuromodulation, which is not invasive, harmful or painful. Its effects are in principle temporary, which makes the technique suitable for experimental research. At the same time, temporary effects can have lasting clinical consequences, if they target neuroplasticity to aid rehabilitation or alleviate symptoms. CONCLUSION Whereas the value of non-invasive brain stimulation for research purposes is undisputed, its efficacy and value as a treatment for neuropsychiatrie disorders are still being debated. Nevertheless, the accumulated evidence about the clinical efficacy of the treatment for certain disorders is sufficiently compelling to start thinking about European regulations and standard medical insurance coverage.

BACKGROUND Brain stimulation is the most direct form of neuromodulation. Direct brain stimulation is an older procedure that has taken various forms, but 'non-invasive brain stimulation' is a more recent development. AIM To provide an overview of the current arsenal of non-invasive brain stimulation techniques. METHOD We discuss the underlying principles, the pros and cons, and the applicability of non-invasive brain stimulation in experimental research and treatment of neuropsychiatrie disorders. RESULTS Non-invasive brain stimulation is a direct form of neuromodulation, which is not invasive, harmful or painful. Its effects are in principle temporary, which makes the technique suitable for experimental research. At the same time, temporary effects can have lasting clinical consequences, if they target neuroplasticity to aid rehabilitation or alleviate symptoms. CONCLUSION Whereas the value of non-invasive brain stimulation for research purposes is undisputed, its efficacy and value as a treatment for neuropsychiatrie disorders are still being debated. Nevertheless, the accumulated evidence about the clinical efficacy of the treatment for certain disorders is sufficiently compelling to start thinking about European regulations and standard medical insurance coverage.

BACKGROUND Thecausal influence of cortico-subcortical connectivity by means of brain stimulation seems to bean effective biological treatment in psychiatric patients. AIM To review the working mechanisms and moderating factors of two non-invasive brain stimulation techniques (NIBS), namely repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) and transcranial direct current stimulation (toes). METHOD We reviewed the current literature on the use of NIBS in neuropsychiatrie disorders. RESULTS First of all, stimulation parameters (location of the stimulation, intensity and duration of the stimulation, number of sessions) are important for the effect of NIBS. Secondly, it is important to consider the non-specific neuroplasticity that results from NIBS.Thirdly, recent studies suggest that NIBS should be combined with neurobehavioral interventions, namely cognitive interventions, for the purpose of modulating specific neural processes (i.e. specific neuroplasticity). CONCLUSION If we want to Improve the NIBS treatment in neuropsychiatrie patients, we need to consider the factors that influence the patients' response to treatment with ITMS and tDCS.

BACKGROUND Thecausal influence of cortico-subcortical connectivity by means of brain stimulation seems to bean effective biological treatment in psychiatric patients. AIM To review the working mechanisms and moderating factors of two non-invasive brain stimulation techniques (NIBS), namely repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) and transcranial direct current stimulation (toes). METHOD We reviewed the current literature on the use of NIBS in neuropsychiatrie disorders. RESULTS First of all, stimulation parameters (location of the stimulation, intensity and duration of the stimulation, number of sessions) are important for the effect of NIBS. Secondly, it is important to consider the non-specific neuroplasticity that results from NIBS.Thirdly, recent studies suggest that NIBS should be combined with neurobehavioral interventions, namely cognitive interventions, for the purpose of modulating specific neural processes (i.e. specific neuroplasticity). CONCLUSION If we want to Improve the NIBS treatment in neuropsychiatrie patients, we need to consider the factors that influence the patients' response to treatment with ITMS and tDCS.

BACKGROUND Thecausal influence of cortico-subcortical connectivity by means of brain stimulation seems to bean effective biological treatment in psychiatric patients. AIM To review the working mechanisms and moderating factors of two non-invasive brain stimulation techniques (NIBS), namely repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) and transcranial direct current stimulation (toes). METHOD We reviewed the current literature on the use of NIBS in neuropsychiatrie disorders. RESULTS First of all, stimulation parameters (location of the stimulation, intensity and duration of the stimulation, number of sessions) are important for the effect of NIBS. Secondly, it is important to consider the non-specific neuroplasticity that results from NIBS.Thirdly, recent studies suggest that NIBS should be combined with neurobehavioral interventions, namely cognitive interventions, for the purpose of modulating specific neural processes (i.e. specific neuroplasticity). CONCLUSION If we want to Improve the NIBS treatment in neuropsychiatrie patients, we need to consider the factors that influence the patients' response to treatment with ITMS and tDCS.

BACKGROUND Thecausal influence of cortico-subcortical connectivity by means of brain stimulation seems to bean effective biological treatment in psychiatric patients. AIM To review the working mechanisms and moderating factors of two non-invasive brain stimulation techniques (NIBS), namely repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) and transcranial direct current stimulation (toes). METHOD We reviewed the current literature on the use of NIBS in neuropsychiatrie disorders. RESULTS First of all, stimulation parameters (location of the stimulation, intensity and duration of the stimulation, number of sessions) are important for the effect of NIBS. Secondly, it is important to consider the non-specific neuroplasticity that results from NIBS.Thirdly, recent studies suggest that NIBS should be combined with neurobehavioral interventions, namely cognitive interventions, for the purpose of modulating specific neural processes (i.e. specific neuroplasticity). CONCLUSION If we want to Improve the NIBS treatment in neuropsychiatrie patients, we need to consider the factors that influence the patients' response to treatment with ITMS and tDCS.