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OBJECTIVE: The aim of these studies was to examine the influence of hospital of diagnosis on the probability of receiving curative treatment and its impact on survival among oesophageal and gastric cancer. DESIGN: Although oesophageal and gastric cancer surgery is centralised in the Netherlands, the disease is often diagnosed in hospitals that do not perform this procedure. METHOD: Patients with potentially curable oesophageal or gastric cancer tumours diagnosed between 2005 and 2013 were selected from the Netherlands Cancer Registry. The probability to undergo curative treatment was examined for each hospital of diagnosis after adjustment for case-mix. Effects of variation in probability of undergoing curative treatment among these hospitals on survival were investigated Cox regression. RESULTS: All 13,017 patients with potentially curable oesophageal and 5,620 patients with potentially curable gastric cancer, diagnosed in 91 hospitals, were included. After adjustment, the proportion of oesophageal cancer patients receiving curative treatment ranged from 50% to 82% and from 48% to 78% for patients with gastric cancer in 2010-2013, depending on hospital of diagnosis (both P < 0.001). Furthermore, patients diagnosed in hospitals with a low probability of undergoing curative treatment had a worse overall survival in the period 2010-2013 (oesophageal cancer hazard ratio (HR): 1,15; 95%-CI: 1,07-1,24; gastric cancer HR: 1,21; 95%-CI: 1,04-1,41). CONCLUSION: The variation in probability of undergoing potentially curative treatment for oesophageal and gastric cancer between hospitals of diagnosis and its impact on survival indicates that treatment decision-making for these patients may be improved. Regional expert multidisciplinary team meetings in this field may improve the selection of patients for curative treatment.