Search

Door middel van een gestructureerde medicatie-analyse door klinisch geriater en ziekenhuisapotheker-klinisch farmacoloog zijn (potentiële) geneesmiddelgerelateerde problemen in kaart gebracht. Patiënten die werden opgenomen op de afdeling geriatrie en waar de klinisch geriater en/of de ziekenhuisapotheker problemen zagen of voorzagen werden beoordeeld volgens een vast model. De voorgestelde interventies werden plenair besproken en de uitgevoerde (of overgenomen) interventies werden vervolgd. In een periode van 30 maanden werden de medicatiegegevens van 184 patiënten aan een medicatie-analyse onderworpen. Van de voorgestelde interventies door de ziekenhuisapotheker werd 65% overgenomen door de klinisch geriater. Het stoppen van medicatie, doseerwijzigingen of vervangen van een bestaand middel werden het meest uitgevoerd. Interventievoorstellen die niet werden overgenomen betroffen vooral onwil van de patiënt of diens begeleider of logistieke problemen.

Mansard roofs get only an occasional mention in modern Dutch works on the history of building construction. The successful spread of mansard roofs came in two waves: in the seventeenth century, with an extension into the eighteenth, and in the second half of the nineteenth century. This article deals with both periods and addresses the question of how the development of this roof type in the Netherlands compares with that in neighbouring countries, concluding with its application in private houses in Amsterdam in the second half of the nineteenth century. Although the country of origin cannot be definitively determined, France’s leading part in the development and spread of this roof, in both the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, is undisputed. The earliest documented example dates from 1546, long before the birth of François Mansart (1598-1666), who popularized the roof and so gave it his name. The reasons for preferring mansard roofs to the much older saddle roofs are both functional and architectural in nature. In the seventeenth century, large buildings with mansard roofs started to appear in England and Scotland, possibly under French influence; in Germany, after one or two early examples, the mansard roof gained ground from 1700 onwards. From the very beginning there was a wide variety of structures and roof pitches. Interestingly, the Germans preferred a steeper upper slope than the French and their roofs were often structurally heavier than their French counterparts. The mansard roof appeared early on in the Netherlands; it is possible that the broken roof on the Amsterdam Bushuis from 1550 is the earliest example. Under the Republic, despite a few seventeenth-century specimens, the mansard roof only really started to take off in the course of the eighteenth century, notably on large and prominent buildings. In the nineteenth century the mansard roof was used on a large scale on urban residential buildings. Once again, France was the instigator of a wave of mansard roofs that on this occasion spread rapidly to many parts of the world. In Paris in particular this resulted in a roofscape dominated by the mansard roof. Towards the end of the nineteenth century, the first rapidly and cheaply built housing blocks started to spring up in Amsterdam. In many of the urban expansion schemes such blocks were given continuous roofs with a ridge line parallel to the building line. Although a light-weight structure was used for the mansard roof in the second half of the nineteenth century, probably to save on material and costs, there were many variations in appearance. Characteristic features of the mansard roof gradually disappeared between 1860 and 1920, until a virtually vertical structure with a flat roof remained.

Christiaan van der Spek, Sous les Armes. Het Hollandse leger in de Franse tijd 1806-1814 (Dissertatie Universiteit Utrecht 2016; Amsterdam: Boom, 2016, 479 pp., isbn 978 90 5875 698 5).

A floating cellar is a brickwork basin that can be moved up and down with the groundwater level. It is a relatively unknown phenomenon with a history in which all sorts of fascinating questions are intermingled. Besides dealing with the water, technical conditions in the field of making mortar, brickwork and pumping, the final fixing of the floating cellar basins and the problems of protection are ingredients for a closer look at the phenomenon. In the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries Amsterdam went through a few impressive growing pains resulting, among other things, in the ambition to utilise the available space in the merchants' houses in the town as much as possible. The scarce land available was usually more expensive than raising or deepening the already existing buildings. A recurrent problem was that cellar floors kept bursting open because of the strong upward water pressure as a result of peaks in the height of the groundwater level due to tides and storm floods. It is not quite clear when the first real floating cellar was built in Amsterdam. It was probably around the middle of the seventeenth century. The earliest drawing of such a specimen known so far was published in 1674 by the well-known master builder Philips Vingboons. In 1701 the municipality prescribed a maximum depth for cellar floors of just above town level. It is likely that the wider application of floating cellars did not take place until after this regulation. Special characteristics of floating cellars are the bonds in shiner courses of bricks on their flat sides and the use of trass mortar so as to be able to make watertight brickwork. The Amsterdam floating cellars were fixed after 1871, when the town water level was stabilised by the construction of the Oranje sluices. Floating cellars were also found in surrounding Dutch towns and villages. Without exception these are situated in the lowest areas with a relatively high and unstabilised groundwater level. Most of them date from the nineteenth century. An older and still functioning specimen is to be found in Edam. Since a few years the phenomenon has been studied systematically by the Bureau Monumenten & Archeologie in Amsterdam.