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In 2019-2020, the Brussels Capital Region will be home to some 24 000 more students than there were in 2013-2014, in preschool, primary and secondary education. This growth generates additional needs in infrastructure, but also in teachers. An interuniversity research team from the Université Libre de Bruxelles, the Vrije Universiteit Brussel, the Université Saint-Louis and the Université catholique de Louvain have analysed the data available so as to have a clearer view of the Brussels perspective. The IBSA/BISA Cahier No 5, summarised in a Brussels Studies Fact Sheet, lays out their estimates of the number of teachers needed in 2019-2020.

This synopsis highlights the various facets of the housing problem in Brussels through different approaches (demographic, legal, political and sociological). It does not constitute an exhaustive state of knowledge regarding housing, but presents a panorama of current knowledge and challenges. It highlights the different dimensions of housing in the context of demographic growth and social fragmentation, reveals the controversies and debates on this subject and points out the main challenges for the future.

This synopsis highlights the various facets of the housing problem in Brussels through different approaches (demographic, legal, political and sociological). It does not constitute an exhaustive state of knowledge regarding housing, but presents a panorama of current knowledge and challenges. It highlights the different dimensions of housing in the context of demographic growth and social fragmentation, reveals the controversies and debates on this subject and points out the main challenges for the future.

In 2019-2020, the Brussels Capital Region will be home to some 24 000 more students than there were in 2013-2014, in preschool, primary and secondary education. This growth generates additional needs in infrastructure, but also in teachers. An interuniversity research team from the Université Libre de Bruxelles, the Vrije Universiteit Brussel, the Université Saint-Louis and the Université catholique de Louvain have analysed the data available so as to have a clearer view of the Brussels perspective. The IBSA/BISA Cahier No 5, summarised in a Brussels Studies Fact Sheet, lays out their estimates of the number of teachers needed in 2019-2020.

This synopsis highlights the various facets of the housing problem in Brussels through different approaches (demographic, legal, political and sociological). It does not constitute an exhaustive state of knowledge regarding housing, but presents a panorama of current knowledge and challenges. It highlights the different dimensions of housing in the context of demographic growth and social fragmentation, reveals the controversies and debates on this subject and points out the main challenges for the future.

In 2019-2020, the Brussels Capital Region will be home to some 24 000 more students than there were in 2013-2014, in preschool, primary and secondary education. This growth generates additional needs in infrastructure, but also in teachers. An interuniversity research team from the Université Libre de Bruxelles, the Vrije Universiteit Brussel, the Université Saint-Louis and the Université catholique de Louvain have analysed the data available so as to have a clearer view of the Brussels perspective. The IBSA/BISA Cahier No 5, summarised in a Brussels Studies Fact Sheet, lays out their estimates of the number of teachers needed in 2019-2020.

The Mosque of Djenné, Mali, was first founded in the 14th century, destroyed in 1830 during a jihad (holy war) of the orthodox Peul population and rebuilt in 1907. In the city of Djenné the mosque, also called the Great Mosque, takes a dominant place on a higher level at the market place. Though typical and local architecture and materials are used, the mosque is in it origins a traditional and orthodox one with the Gibla-wall, the covered hall for praying in the eastern part of the building and an inner square. The east-facade, with the outer-side of the Gibla-wall is marked by three towers, the main tower being the Mirab-tower, the place where the Imam leads the sermon inside the mosque. Beams of palm-wood in the facade are used for climbing by the masons during the annual maintenance of the mosque. The inner hall has an irregular shape, measuring 50 x 26 meters, the roof being supported by 90 columns. The main entrances are at the north and the south side of the mosque. Especially the northern facade shows the traditional characteristics of the Sudan-gable with three pilasters, a palm-wood beam and seven pointed elements, the Sarafar Idye. The south entrance is more simple in its appearance, being the entrance of the people of the poor western part of Djenné. Like the other houses in Djenné, the front-part of the mosque, with the hall, is the area of the men. The inner square of the mosque and the arcade is, like the rear-part of the traditional house, the area of the women. In the exterior and the interior of the mosque there is a narrow relationship with the traditional architecture of the living-houses of Djenné with a unique unity between mosque and city. The mosque, built of sun-dried bricks and plastered with clay, needs every year its regular maintenance and repair of the damage, caused by rain and sun. This annual maintenance is a duty for the whole community of Djenné and means an important event in the social life of the city. It keeps up the traditions and skills of the well-organized masons guild of Djenné. Each part of the city is responsible for a certain part of the mosque and the several parts of the city start already preparing the fresh clay one month before the event. The repair and maintenance of the mosque has the character of an annual festival. Masons with their pupils are encouraged by the focal nobility, the old people, women and children. Young boys hurry to provide the workers with fresh clay, nobles give cigarettes, dates, sweets etc. The event, which takes two days, is announced at the Friday before by the Imam after a gathering of the representatives of each part of the city After the event the remaining fresh clay is available for everyone who needs for repair of his own house. The mosque not only plays an important monumental role in the city as a whole, but also in a social and practical way by the annual gathering of the people, by preserving traditions and skills and by delivering materials for repair of the traditional private houses.

Objective: To gain insight into the differences in emergency care offered to elderly (65+ years) and younger patients (20-64 years). The emergency care pathway includes: out-of-hours general practitioner cooperatives, regional ambulance services, psychiatric emergency medical services, accident and emergency departments and acute cardiac care units., Design: Retrospective cohort study., Method: We used data from all emergency care contacts from the Emergency Care Monitor of April 2015 and April 2016 from an emergency care region in the east of the Netherlands ('Acute Zorgregio Oost'); this involved 84,647 care contacts with 55,061 patients. We defined pathway emergency care contacts as multiple emergency care contacts with different healthcare providers within the emergency care pathway, and differentiated between single or repeated care contacts with a single emergency healthcare provider. We investigated differences in presenting symptoms, diagnoses, lead time, hospital admissions and mortality in the chain care., Results: Emergency care contact was more often pathway contact in elderly than in younger patients (26% vs. 16%; p < 0.0001). Elderly patients more often received a diagnosis of CVA, pneumonia or exacerbation of COPD, while younger patients more often had simple contusions or abdominal symptoms. Pathway lead time was longer in elderly than in younger patients (median difference: 33 minutes; 95% CI: 25-40. Elderly patients were admitted to hospital more often (71% vs. 39%, p < 0.0001) and their mortality rate was higher (2.0% vs. 0.5%; p < 0.0001)., Conclusion: Elderly patients in the emergency care pathway have more frequent and longer pathway contact and present themselves with a more complicated and life-threatening clinical picture than younger patients. New solutions should be explored to ensure that the emergency care pathway remains accessible and available and offers sufficient quality for the increasing number of elderly.

The famous and beautifully illustrated monograph "On the Constitutional and Local Effects of Disease of the Suprarenal Capsules" was published by Thomas Addison in 1855. This was the first description of the disease that now bears his name. Thomas Addison provided the first real contribution to the knowledge of adrenal function after three centuries of non-productive speculation and is one of the founders of modern endocrinology.

Obesity hypoventilation syndrome (OHS) is a condition in which obesity and chronic hypoventilation during waking hours are combined. Patients with OHS are more likely to be hospitalized and to require intensive-care monitoring compared with patients with similar degrees of obesity without hypoventilation. Treatment with chronic non-invasive positive pressure ventilation (NPPV) is associated with a lower morbidity and mortality. We present 2 cases of OHS; in the first case, a 56-year-old woman, we show that it is very important to diagnose and treat OHS at an early stage in order to avoid severe morbidity. In the second case, a 31-year-old man, we show that if a patient with OHS and chronic NPPV looses a significant amount of weight NPPV can be discontinued. Patients with OHS should be treated in a multidisciplinary team in order to achieve significant weight loss, so NPPV could be a temporary treatment or even be avoided.

Pain management for trauma patients is a neglected aspect in the chain of emergency care in general practices, ambulance services, mobile trauma teams and in hospital emergency departments. The aim of the guideline 'Pain management for trauma patients in the chain of emergency care' is to provide pain management recommendations for trauma patients in the chain of emergency care and thereby improve the assistance that patients receive. Paracetamol is the treatment of choice, if necessary with additional use of NSAIDs or opioids; NSAIDs can be administered in the absence of contra-indications, but should be avoided in cases where the patient history is unknown; fentanyl and morphine can be given for severe pain during emergency care, esketamine can be considered in patients with severe pain and hypovolemia. The guideline contains 3 algorithms for measuring pain and for its pharmacological treatment in the chain of emergency care. Implementation of the algorithms requires an alternative working procedure; pain scores must be documented, and general practitioners and nursing staff may administer opioids intravenously.