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In Australia there is an obligation to promote the informed participation of financial consumers while in South Africa there is an obligation to educate consumers. The Australian obligation is concerned with the financial system as a whole while the South African obligation has generally been focused on general financial education as a tool to promote financial inclusion. There is no obligation for consumers to attain a minimum standard of literacy in credit or finance generally. Financial literacy is one among a number of strategies directed towards inducing changes in consumer behaviour. It sits between the old regulatory model which relies on disclosure of information for effective and rational decision-making and a newer regulatory model which takes into account individuals' perceptions and behavioural biases and may seek to accommodate for these by imposing obligations on financial services providers beyond the mere disclosure of information. Financial literacy is generally the ability to understand how money works, how a person can earn money or make it more. It specifically refers to the set of skills and knowledge that allows people to make informed and effective decisions with all of their financial resources. This article discusses Australian and South African legal obligations and social responsibilities aimed at promoting the financial literacy of consumers.

The availability of DNA-markers more tightly linked to the Huntington's disease locus made presymptomatic and exclusion testing possible with an accuracy of up to 98%. The testing programme started in Leiden in August 1987. In 56 adults with 25% and 50% risks presymptomatic tests were performed. In 8 persons the risk was increased to 98%, in 17 it was decreased to less than 5%. In two instances the test was not informative. The remaining 29 persons have not yet been tested for different reasons. So far 3 exclusion tests were requested: one showed a decreased risk, one has not yet been performed and one request was rejected. The results and the reactions to the test are discussed.