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The Circular Economy (CE) has been on the agenda of the Brussels Capital Region (BCR) as means of combining sustainability and economic Igoals like fixating productive activities in the region and job creation. This paper draws on six cases in the agro-food sector to explore how the CE is inserted in the socio-spatial, economic, cultural, financial and institutional fabric of the region. We find that the CE comprises a plurality of practices, which promises multiple avenues for CE expansion. We recommend attending to this variegation, as policies seek coalitions between the Region, firms with diverging business models and missions, and community- based initiatives in different areas. We also identify the need to value “circular jobs” and recommend heightened sensitivity to urban circular economies beyond (1) those centered on middle/high income consumer markets, and/or (2) those fueling property market value rise.

The Circular Economy (CE) has been on the agenda of the Brussels Capital Region (BCR) as means of combining sustainability and economic goals like fixating productive activities in the region and job creation. This paper draws on six cases in the agro-food sector to explore how the CE is inserted in the socio-spatial, economic, cultural, financial and institutional fabric of the region. We find that the CE comprises a plurality of practices, which promises multiple avenues for CE expansion. We recommend attending to this variegation, as policies seek coalitions between the Region, firms with diverging business models and missions, and community- based initiatives in different areas. We also identify the need to value “circular jobs” and recommend heightened sensitivity to urban circular economies beyond (1) those centered on middle/ high income consumer markets, and/or (2) those fueling property market value rise.

The Circular Economy (CE) has been on the agenda of the Brussels Capital Region (BCR) as means of combining sustainability and economic goals like fixating productive activities in the region and job creation. This paper draws on six cases in the agro-food sector to explore how the CE is inserted in the socio-spatial, economic, cultural, financial and institutional fabric of the region. We find that the CE comprises a plurality of practices, which promises multiple avenues for CE expansion. We recommend attending to this variegation, as policies seek coalitions between the Region, firms with diverging business models and missions, and community- based initiatives in different areas. We also identify the need to value “circular jobs” and recommend heightened sensitivity to urban circular economies beyond (1) those centered on middle/ high income consumer markets, and/or (2) those fueling property market value rise.

Based on an analysis of the dynamics of advanced services in the Brussels economy, which account for more than a third of the total added value in BCR (Brussels-Capital Region), this article looks at the necessity for international attractiveness which accompanies the development of these services. Three reflections are developed in this framework. Firstly, given the international nature of the Brussels economy, the need as well as the possibility to strengthen the international economy linked to advanced services are examined. Next, the competition between the centre and the outskirts in the area of advanced services is examined. Finally, a critical analysis of the social impact of this economy is carried out, highlighting in particular the fact that these activities create few jobs.

Based on an analysis of the dynamics of advanced services in the Brussels economy, which account for more than a third of the total added value in BCR (Brussels-Capital Region), this article looks at the necessity for international attractiveness which accompanies the development of these services. Three reflections are developed in this framework. Firstly, given the international nature of the Brussels economy, the need as well as the possibility to strengthen the international economy linked to advanced services are examined. Next, the competition between the centre and the outskirts in the area of advanced services is examined. Finally, a critical analysis of the social impact of this economy is carried out, highlighting in particular the fact that these activities create few jobs.

Based on an analysis of the dynamics of advanced services in the Brussels economy, which account for more than a third of the total added value in BCR (Brussels-Capital Region), this article looks at the necessity for international attractiveness which accompanies the development of these services. Three reflections are developed in this framework. Firstly, given the international nature of the Brussels economy, the need as well as the possibility to strengthen the international economy linked to advanced services are examined. Next, the competition between the centre and the outskirts in the area of advanced services is examined. Finally, a critical analysis of the social impact of this economy is carried out, highlighting in particular the fact that these activities create few jobs.

Astronomy after Oort: The Changes in Administrative Culture in Science and the Universities in the 1970s and 1980sIn the early 1970s Dutch universities were reformed, while scientific research was faced with new social and political demands. A decade later science and university policy changed again, with increasing roles for market pressure and competition.These developments might seem opposed, but in this paper David Baneke will argue that in fact there was great continuity, both concerning the backgrounds of the policy and the practical consequences. Their goal was to cope with the rapid increase in scale and the costs of science, to open up closed elitist networks, and to counter inefficiency and arbitrary spending. The pressure to reform came both from policy makers and from within the universities themselves. In all cases the changes resulted in professional management structures and an increase in bureaucracy.In this paper, Baneke will analyse these developments from theperspective of the internationally prominent Dutch astronomical community, which experienced a serious crisis in 1970 in which every part of the disciplinary infrastructure was reconsidered. Rond 1970 werden de Nederlandse universiteiten grondig hervormd en werden er nieuwe maatschappelijke eisen gesteld aan wetenschappelijk onderzoek. In de jaren tachtig werden die hervormingen deels teruggedraaid, terwijl marktwerking en concurrentie een grotere plaats kregen in het wetenschapsbeleid.Die ontwikkelingen lijken tegenstrijdig, maar in dit artikel betoogt David Baneke dat er een grote continuïteit bestaat, zowel in de achtergronden van het beleid als in de uitwerking in de wetenschappelijke praktijk. Het waren pogingen om schaalvergroting en kostenstijging beheersbaar te houden, gesloten regenteske netwerken open te breken en willekeur en inefficiëntie te bestrijden. De druk om te veranderen kwam zowel van de overheid als uit de universiteiten zelf. Het gevolg was in alle gevallen een sterke groei van professionele managementstructuren en bureaucratie. Baneke analyseert deze ontwikkelingen vanuit het perspectief van de internationaal prominente Nederlandse astronomische gemeenschap, die rond 1970 een ernstige crisis doormaakte waarin de hele disciplinaire structuur ter discussie stond.

Astronomy after Oort: The Changes in Administrative Culture in Science and the Universities in the 1970s and 1980s In the early 1970s Dutch universities were reformed, while scientific research was faced with new social and political demands. A decade later science and university policy changed again, with increasing roles for market pressure and competition. These developments might seem opposed, but in this paper David Baneke will argue that in fact there was great continuity, both concerning the backgrounds of the policy and the practical consequences. Their goal was to cope with the rapid increase in scale and the costs of science, to open up closed elitist networks, and to counter inefficiency and arbitrary spending. The pressure to reform came both from policy makers and from within the universities themselves. In all cases the changes resulted in professional management structures and an increase in bureaucracy. In this paper, Baneke will analyse these developments from the perspective of the internationally prominent Dutch astronomical community, which experienced a serious crisis in 1970 in which every part of the disciplinary infrastructure was reconsidered. Rond 1970 werden de Nederlandse universiteiten grondig hervormd en werden er nieuwe maatschappelijke eisen gesteld aan wetenschappelijk onderzoek. In de jaren tachtig werden die hervormingen deels teruggedraaid, terwijl marktwerking en concurrentie een grotere plaats kregen in het wetenschapsbeleid. Die ontwikkelingen lijken tegenstrijdig, maar in dit artikel betoogt David Baneke dat er een grote continuïteit bestaat, zowel in de achtergronden van het beleid als in de uitwerking in de wetenschappelijke praktijk. Het waren pogingen om schaalvergroting en kostenstijging beheersbaar te houden, gesloten regenteske netwerken open te breken en willekeur en inefficiëntie te bestrijden. De druk om te veranderen kwam zowel van de overheid als uit de universiteiten zelf. Het gevolg was in alle gevallen een sterke groei van professionele managementstructuren en bureaucratie. Baneke analyseert deze ontwikkelingen vanuit het perspectief van de internationaal prominente Nederlandse astronomische gemeenschap, die rond 1970 een ernstige crisis doormaakte waarin de hele disciplinaire structuur ter discussie stond.

Astronomy after Oort: The Changes in Administrative Culture in Science and the Universities in the 1970s and 1980s In the early 1970s Dutch universities were reformed, while scientific research was faced with new social and political demands. A decade later science and university policy changed again, with increasing roles for market pressure and competition. These developments might seem opposed, but in this paper David Baneke will argue that in fact there was great continuity, both concerning the backgrounds of the policy and the practical consequences. Their goal was to cope with the rapid increase in scale and the costs of science, to open up closed elitist networks, and to counter inefficiency and arbitrary spending. The pressure to reform came both from policy makers and from within the universities themselves. In all cases the changes resulted in professional management structures and an increase in bureaucracy. In this paper, Baneke will analyse these developments from the perspective of the internationally prominent Dutch astronomical community, which experienced a serious crisis in 1970 in which every part of the disciplinary infrastructure was reconsidered. Rond 1970 werden de Nederlandse universiteiten grondig hervormd en werden er nieuwe maatschappelijke eisen gesteld aan wetenschappelijk onderzoek. In de jaren tachtig werden die hervormingen deels teruggedraaid, terwijl marktwerking en concurrentie een grotere plaats kregen in het wetenschapsbeleid. Die ontwikkelingen lijken tegenstrijdig, maar in dit artikel betoogt David Baneke dat er een grote continuïteit bestaat, zowel in de achtergronden van het beleid als in de uitwerking in de wetenschappelijke praktijk. Het waren pogingen om schaalvergroting en kostenstijging beheersbaar te houden, gesloten regenteske netwerken open te breken en willekeur en inefficiëntie te bestrijden. De druk om te veranderen kwam zowel van de overheid als uit de universiteiten zelf. Het gevolg was in alle gevallen een sterke groei van professionele managementstructuren en bureaucratie. Baneke analyseert deze ontwikkelingen vanuit het perspectief van de internationaal prominente Nederlandse astronomische gemeenschap, die rond 1970 een ernstige crisis doormaakte waarin de hele disciplinaire structuur ter discussie stond.

Astronomy after Oort: The Changes in Administrative Culture in Science and the Universities in the 1970s and 1980s In the early 1970s Dutch universities were reformed, while scientific research was faced with new social and political demands. A decade later science and university policy changed again, with increasing roles for market pressure and competition. These developments might seem opposed, but in this paper David Baneke will argue that in fact there was great continuity, both concerning the backgrounds of the policy and the practical consequences. Their goal was to cope with the rapid increase in scale and the costs of science, to open up closed elitist networks, and to counter inefficiency and arbitrary spending. The pressure to reform came both from policy makers and from within the universities themselves. In all cases the changes resulted in professional management structures and an increase in bureaucracy. In this paper, Baneke will analyse these developments from the perspective of the internationally prominent Dutch astronomical community, which experienced a serious crisis in 1970 in which every part of the disciplinary infrastructure was reconsidered. Rond 1970 werden de Nederlandse universiteiten grondig hervormd en werden er nieuwe maatschappelijke eisen gesteld aan wetenschappelijk onderzoek. In de jaren tachtig werden die hervormingen deels teruggedraaid, terwijl marktwerking en concurrentie een grotere plaats kregen in het wetenschapsbeleid. Die ontwikkelingen lijken tegenstrijdig, maar in dit artikel betoogt David Baneke dat er een grote continuïteit bestaat, zowel in de achtergronden van het beleid als in de uitwerking in de wetenschappelijke praktijk. Het waren pogingen om schaalvergroting en kostenstijging beheersbaar te houden, gesloten regenteske netwerken open te breken en willekeur en inefficiëntie te bestrijden. De druk om te veranderen kwam zowel van de overheid als uit de universiteiten zelf. Het gevolg was in alle gevallen een sterke groei van professionele managementstructuren en bureaucratie. Baneke analyseert deze ontwikkelingen vanuit het perspectief van de internationaal prominente Nederlandse astronomische gemeenschap, die rond 1970 een ernstige crisis doormaakte waarin de hele disciplinaire structuur ter discussie stond.