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In this review, we discuss a new definition and treatment options of allergic alveolitis (AA). AA is an immune-mediated interstitial lung disease triggered by inhaled antigens, it is defined as non-fibrotic (inflammatory) and/or fibrotic, and diagnosis relies on a multidisciplinary approach using clinical, radiological and sometimes histological assessments. Treatment involves early antigen elimination and may include corticosteroids or other immunosuppressants. Prognosis varies from reversible inflammation to irreversible fibrosis. Early detection is crucial for better outcomes., (Published under Open Access CC-BY-NC-BD 4.0. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/.)

Interstitial lung abnormalities (ILA) are incidentally observed specific CT findings in patients without clinical suspicion of interstitial lung disease (ILD). ILA with basal and peripheral predominance and features suggestive of fibrosis in more than 5% of any part of the lung should be referred for pulmonologist review. The strategy for monitoring as described in this review is based on clinical and radiological risk factors. ILA are associated with risk of progression to ILD and increased mortality. Early identification and assessment of risk factors for progression are essential to improve outcome., (Published under Open Access CC-BY-NC-BD 4.0. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/.)

Numerous studies have shown that perioperative heparin bridging in patients treated with a vitamin K antagonist leads to an increased incidence of bleeding and so far, there is no evidence that it leads to a significant reduction in postoperative thromboembolism as summarised in this review. Prophylactic dosage of heparin is recommended after major surgery. Heparin bridging is not relevant in patients receiving a direct oral anticoagulant due to the rapid onset and offset of action of DOACs.

Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis is a chronic, progressive and fatal disease which primarily occurs in male patients over 60 years with a smoking history. Cryobiopsy is a new promising method for obtaining lung tissue for histologic analysis with fewer complications than surgical lung biopsy. Cryobiopsy allows more patients to be diagnosed. Antifibrotic treatment has shown to decrease progression and prolong survival time in both early and later stages of the disease. Early diagnosis and treatment are therefore of great importance to prevent disease progression and reduce mortality.