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Melanoma has a high propensity to form brain metastases, and in this review, we discuss the treatment options for brain metastases. These have previously been sparse, but with the introduction of targeted therapy and checkpoint inhibitors, studies including patients with brain metastases have been published. Recent studies investigating combination of either dabrafenib and trametinib or ipilimumab and nivolumab have proved promising. Based on phase II studies, the most effective treatment for patients with asymptomatic brain metastases seems to be ipilimumab and nivolumab. Symptomatic brain metastases are presently being further investigated.

Immune checkpoint inhibitors including anti-cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated antigen-4 and anti-programmed cell death-1 have revolutionized cancer therapy but have also induced serious immune-related adverse events including hormonal dysfunction. The objective of this review is to characterize the incidence, clinical presentation, management and prognosis of the endocrine-related adverse events including hypophysitis, thyroid dysfunction and diabetes mellitus. Combination therapy is associated with an increased risk of adverse events. We recommend close monitoring of the hormone levels and glycaemic status during and a year after treatment.

Within the last few years we have treated still more types of cancer with immune checkpoint inhibitors - anti-cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated-4 antibodies and anti-program-med cell death 1/anti-programmed cell death ligand 1 antibodies. A unique set of side effects called immune related adverse events irAEs may occur during treatment. Although severe irAEs remain rare they can become life-threatening. Early detection of irAEs and initiation of relevant treatment are therefore crucial to reduce the risk of long-term seque-lae. We provide a detailed overview of irAEs and recommendations for treatment according to established guidelines. Within the last few years we have treated still more types of cancer with immune checkpoint inhibitors - anti-cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated-4 antibodies and anti-program-med cell death 1/anti-programmed cell death ligand 1 antibodies. A unique set of side effects called immune related adverse events irAEs may occur during treatment. Although severe irAEs remain rare they can become life-threatening. Early detection of irAEs and initiation of relevant treatment are therefore crucial to reduce the risk of long-term seque-lae. We provide a detailed overview of irAEs and recommendations for treatment according to established guidelines.

Melanoma is an aggressive form of skin cancer which is the cause of a great number of skin cancer-related deaths worldwide and about 300 deaths in Denmark. After several years of failure of treatment of metastatic melanoma, the development of BRAF- and later MEK inhibitors was considered revolutionary. Treatment with BRAF inhibitors alone and especially in combination with a MEK inhibitor improves outcome for patients with BRAF V600-mutated metastatic melanoma. However, even when treated with the combination of the inhibitors, many patients develop acquired resistance within a year.