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Objective: The aim of study was to explore the trends in prevalence of obesity and pedometer-determined physical activity (PA) in Czech 4-7-years old preschool children from 2005 to 2015. Methods: The cross-sectional study in two cohorts of preschool children carried out during spring and autumn 2005 (11 kindergartens: 84 girls and 92 boys) and 2015 (10 kindergartens: 87 girls and 105 boys), using the same measurements and procedures in both cases. PA were monitored by unsealed pedometer Yamax digiwalker SW-200 at least 8 continuous hours a day over 7 consecutive days. Body weight and height was measured using calibrated scales Tanita WB 110 S MA and Antropometer A-319. Results: In the prevalence of obesity was observed nonsignificant increase between 2005 and 2015 for girls (7.14%2005 vs. 9.20%2015) and boys (6.52%2005 vs. 9.52%2015). PA (mean steps/day) was significantly higher (p < 0.05) in the total cohort of preschool children in 2015 than in 2005 (11,739 vs. 10,922 steps/day) and overall (p < 0.001) in boys than girls (11,939 vs. 10,668 steps/day). Decline of leisure time step counts in weekdays between 2005 and 2015 in girls (6,8652005 vs. 6,0592015, p < 0.01) and boys (7,8612005 vs. 6,4362015, p < 0.001) is compensated by the increase of step counts in kindergarten (girls: 3,0582005 vs. 5,3302015, p < 0.001; boys: 4,0032005 vs. 5,9992015, p < 0.001). Conclusions: Despite a small, non-significant increase in obesity among Czech preschool children remains the prevalence (< 10%) to healthy acceptable level. Daily PA programme in kindergartens effectively replaces the decline in PA in leisure time of weekdays and even helps to increase a weeklong PA of pre-schoolers compared to 2005 and 2015. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]