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Public support for business focused on european funds Abstract The doctoral thesis is focused on the topic of public business support from the perspective of law enactment. The primary focus of this thesis is to identify problematic questions, analyse such questions with regards to contemporary practice enforcement, and consecutive proposition of trouble solving proposals including specific propositions for legislation enactment de lege ferenda. The thesis is focused on legal regulations of the business support in form of donation provided to the businesses for the purpose of business support in narrow terms. The thesis describes public support provided from the European structural and investment funds. I have also included, for completeness 'sake, European Union's initiatives that are supervised directly by the European Union. The thesis also includes comparation of programming periods of 2014y - 2020y and 2021y - 2027y. As for the business distinction of businesses into small and medium businesses I have provided legal definitions of small and medium businesses. Since the definitions of a small and medium businesses are nowadays closely connected with the term of public procurement, I have also included ambiguities of the definition with regards to public procurement law. I have also analysed selected...

Artificial Intelligence (AI) will become one of the most influential technologies of the 21st century. An excellent research and development (R&D) is a crucial condition for a successful implementation of AI in the innovative business and, above all, for the realization of disruptive innovations. The objective of this contribution is an analysis and an evaluation of the current targeted support of the AI field within the national R&D system from the middle of the past decade till present, and in more detail in the past five years. The targeted support of the R&D in AI has grown in the past ten years significantly. In the second half of this decade, the growth of the support escalated and since 2015 both the volume and the number of commenced projects doubled. At the same time also the private R&D expenditure increased moderately from approximately20 % of the total AI R&D expenditure by approximately 10 percent points. The higher education sector received approximately 70 % of the support and the majority of the remaining approximately 20 % was directed into the private sector. The predominantly supported segment was manufacturing. The Czech Academy of Sciences received only approximately 7% of the total AI R&D targeted spending. The highest number of projects and the largest fraction of the support (38 %) was focused in the period 2014–2018 towards machine learning and AI associated with robotics (12 %). About two thirds of the support went to the applied R&D and the most supported field was the manufacturing industry. In the past three years, the spending in the field of the human work automation grew significantly up to the current 30 % share of the public expenditure. Despite of a robust growth of the AI D&D in the past years the targeted support suffers from fragmentation. It currently depends on the R&D programs managed by government departments (ministries) which have been originally conceived with different objectives, and on generic programs of the national grant agencies. It turns out as well that a significant fraction of projects was in particular areas where the current state of AI approaches the human capabilities and thus the potential for disruptive innovations has been depleted. Setting up a specific research program for both the basic and applied AI research within the recently adopted National AI Strategy of the Czech Republic is an essential step for successful harnessing of AI.

Tento článek odpovídá na otázku, zda je Turecko připraveno vstoupit do otevřeného vojenského konfliktu se Sýrií Bašára al-Asada. Text vychází z adaptace Clausewitzova předpokladu, že pro vítězné vedení války musí stát disponovat třemi zdroji: vlastními bojovými silami, podporou obyvatelstva a podporou spojenců. Turecko vykazuje slabiny ve vojenské doméně, zejména v oblasti letectva a protivzdušné obrany a není jisté, že by bylo schopné ovládnout vzdušný prostor v konfliktní oblasti. Turecké obyvatelstvo si vleklý zahraniční konflikt dlouhodobě nepřeje. Země je navzdory mnoha neshodám pevně zakotvena v NATO a její strategické zájmy se neliší od zájmů svých strategických spojenců. Turecko si rovněž nemůže dovolit dostat se do přímého konfliktu s Ruskem. Text uzavírá, že Turecko si vstup do otevřeného ozbrojeného konfliktu nemůže dovolit politicky ani vojensky. This article examines whether Turkey is ready for a full-scale military conflict with Bashar Al-Assad’s Syria. It draws from an adaptation of Clausewitz’s concept of three resources that a state must possess to be able to win a war: the fighting forces proper, popular support, and its allies. Turkey is at a significant disadvantage when it comes to its air force and air defense capabilities. Should a major confrontation erupt, Turkey would not be guaranteed to be able to control the relevant air space. Turkish citizens do not favor seeing their country in a foreign quagmire. Despite myriad differences, Turkey it is still deeply embedded within NATO, and its strategic interests do not differ from those of its strategic allies. Turkey also cannot afford to risk an open military conflict with Russia. The article concludes that Turkey is politically and militarily not capable of fighting a full-scale war in Syria.

The article is devoted to an analysis of the public support and results of the security oriented R&D in Czechia in the years 2011–2015. The aim is to provide a knowledge base for active participation of users of results and existing and potential beneficiaries of public support in the development of the system and programs of the security research after 2017. The introductory part of the text describes the national environment of the security R&D, and the methodology of the data analysis of projects and programs and the bibliometric analyses of results of the security research. The analysis is focused in particular upon the distribution of the public funding, and the results obtained in R&D programs financed by the Ministry of the interior (MoI). The existing overlaps between R&D activities sponsored by MoI and by other governmental bodies are also examined.

The article aims at identifying main structural characteristics and development trends of business R&D support in the Czech Republic in the period 2007–2015 and their assessment in light of the development of total R&D expenditures in the business sector. Possible impacts of business research support on R&D expenditure from own resources of businesses and on R&D employment are also examined at the level of individual economic sectors. The volume of support annually allocated from the state budget to non-investment R&D activities of businesses culminated between 2009 and 2012. Compared to domestic companies, the companies in foreign ownership obtained only a quarter of public support but their share in total R&D expenditures in the business sector exceeds over a long period the share of domestic companies. Moreover, the difference has further grown in the last years mainly due to rapid increase of private funding from abroad. As regards to the size of businesses the reduction of public funding in the last years occurred primarily in the group of large businesses. However, the decreasing volume of public funding impacted only minimally on large businesses while the reliance of medium and especially small businesses on public resources is considerably higher. Substantial amounts of R&D support from the state budget were allocated particularly to high-tech and medium high-tech industries: manufacture of computer, electronic and optical products; manufacture of machinery; and manufacture of other transport equipment. Unlike in the majority of industrial branches where the absolute annual amounts of public support decreased during the last years, the amounts allocated to the sector of IT services grew significantly. Neither increase of R&D expenditure from own resources of businesses nor increase of R&D employment indicate dependence on the share of domestic public resources in BERD at the level of NACE branches.

Existing work on euro support has provided insights into the dynamics of preferences, but most of these studies focus on older member states that already form an integral part of the Eurozone. This article inquires into public attitudes towards monetary integration in new member states of the EU: Poland, the Czech Republic, Romania, Hungary, Croatia, Bulgaria and Lithuania. Focusing on the cross-sectional variation of preferences, it applies multilevel logit regression to test three perspectives – economic, conceptual and political – using individual-level survey data and NUTS-2 regional statistical data from seven countries for 2013. One of its novel findings is that beliefs such as the one that European Monetary Union (EMU) adherence will cause a spiral in economic inflation are powerful disincentives to euro support in these countries.

Without the adequate amount of financial support from the government and the business sector cannot be expected that research and development (R&D) in the Czech Republic could bring internationally competitive knowledge, innovation and technology, which will contribute to raising productivity and employment in the Czech economy, thus contributing not only to economic growth, but indirectly also to the sustainable development of society and social cohesion.

This thesis deals with public procurement law in the Czech Republic. It captures the latest trends in public procurement law, together with the amendment to the Public Procurement Act, which entered into force on 1 April 2012. The opening chapter introduces the concepts that are closely related to the issue of public procurement and corruption. There are explained key institutional control mechanisms in the Czech Republic and criminal liability of corruption. The analytical part of this thesis describes the changes, which the amendment brought into the Public Procurement Law. These changes are mainly assessed in terms of impact on the suppression of corruption. This thesis presents and analyzes the arguments of proponents and opponents of the amendment. The analysis is accompanied by a brief look at the development of legislation on public procurement in the European Union in general and in two selected countries of the European Union. The conclusion contains a summary assessment of the issue along with an outlook for a possible further developments in the legal regulation of public procurement. Based on the analysis, the thesis leads to the conclusion that the amendment of public contracts, despite some shortcomings, is leading to a more transparent procurement environment.

The focus of the thesis is the issue of the European Union Structural Funds and their application in tourism. Specifically, the application of the Structural Funds is examined by the analysis of the "Regional Operational Programme Střední Čechy 2007-13". The thesis is divided into five chapters. The first chapter is devoted to regional policy and the Structural Funds as an instrument for its implementation. The following chapters focus on tourism and the implementation of the Structural Funds in the Czech Republic in particular. The core of the thesis consists of chapters four and five. In these chapters "Regional Operational Programme Střední Čechy" is analyzed. The analysis explores the evaluation of the focus of support from the programme, its financial aspects and the categorization of projects supported.

The thesis wil focus on the classical transitology, especially the authors Juan Linz and Alfred Stepan. This theory will be applied on the events and ideas of Prague spring 1968, while the presumption is that these events exactly met the basic condition that an ending regime should start the democratization with certain liberalization. The thesis will analyze and characterize this liberalization in three partially overlapping fields: 1. civic freedom and legality 2. political sphere 3. economics. Considering these factors, the cleavage between the elites of the communist party on reforms and hardliners, will be analyzed. Other points of the analysis include the international context in the Soviet bloc, public support of the reforms in Czechoslovakia, solid institutional organization of the regime and the lack of radical opposition. The aim of the thesis is to analyze and perhaps even vindicate the hypothesis that if there hadn't been the military intervention in August the whole process would have had the best premises to transform into ideal democratization on the border between pact and reform.

Diploma thesis The Impact of Public Subsidies on Development of Enterprises in the Czech Republic examines the real impact on profit, revenues and debts. Counterfactual impact evaluation method is used on companies subsidised from structural funds. These indicators were examined by difference-in-difference method based on the selective research of 1738 companies subsidised from OP Entrepreneurship and Innovation and control group of the same size. The impact of public support on the profit of subsidised companies was quantified as 608 -- 5 547 ths. CZK and the impact on sales as 14 713 -- 42 511 ths. CZK. 1 CZK used for subsidies increased the profit of supported companies by 0.05 -- 0.44 CZK and sales by 1.16 -- 3.35 CZK. Hypothesis that the growth of supported firms increased their debt has not been proved. Also a slight positive effect of support on growth in return on equity was identified.

The work focuses on the issue of research and development funding from public resources, mainly on the project funding of applied research. The aim of the work is to describe some aspects, which were brought to this area by Science, research and innovations reform approved by the Czech Government on 26th March 2008. Public intervention in this area is discussed in terms of the basic economic theories. The efficiency of public funds spending is discussed in terms of the cost-output-quality output-benefit chain. The part of the work is a comparison of the state funding of the applied research and development in the Czech Republic and other countries. The work tries to find some connections between changes in the way of assessing research quality and direction of financial flows in this area.

The main purpose of this Bachelor Thesis is to uncover essentials rules of Public Funds delivery mechanism. The Survey is describing the reality of implication of these rules on basic groups of applicants. Regulation of redistribution of public resources concerns all regions, thus covers all NUTS levels of member states of EU. This allocation should be effective, legal, but mainly in the Public Interest. These invested funds demonstrably raise the standard of living in the region. Direct financial support for entrepreneurship is, however, from this perspective strictly defined and limited. Key concepts in this area are so-called "Public Support", "Block Exemption" and "de minimis". Now these concepts are fully implemented in the Czech legislation.

The importance of investment in economy is undisputable. For that reason the programs supporting investments represent the firm part of economic policy with the goal to influence the flow of capital investments. The topic of frequent discussions is the support of capital investments in the form of investment incentives, especially the purposeful providing of incentives and their effect on economic indicators. Purpose of this work is not only to draw the attention to the negative consequences, which could occure due to granting of investment incentives but also to provide the impartial view on the state of economy in the Czech Republic.

The thesis deals with a support of public benefit activities via a tax system. I define a public benefit both in the Czech republic and abroad, a public support and types of a tax preference for donors. I mention a trend of a deduction for donations in the Czech Income Tax Act since 1993, an actual amendement and a planned one. Furthermore the thesis describes the tax preference for donors in ten selected countries of Central and Eastern Europe. These regulations are transferred to the Czech tax system. It is the basis for an analysis introduced in the last part of the thesis. The analysis studies an impact of tax preference to the Czech taxpayer, both natural and legal person.