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Brain anatomical and functional differences attributable to gender are well documented. These differences may be associated with differences in behaviours and cognitive performance. Brain size is independent of differences in grey matter distributions between men and women Women show greater overal cortical connectivity snd the underlying organization of their cortical networks is more efficient both locally and globally. There are regional sex differences in grey matter volume that are associated with sex hormones in the young adult human brain. It is commonly held that men show an advantage on spatial tasks and women on verbal tasks but there some differences in autobiographical and emotiona memory, emotional reactivity, emotion regulation and empathy too. Some common pain conditions en temnoromandibular disorders, rheumatoid arthritis, fibiomyalgia syndrome and tension-type and migraine headaches show sex-related differences in their occurrence. The magnitude and nature of sex differences in aggression can probably be better explained by sexual selection than by the social role theory. There are differences between the male and female neural correlates for aesthetic preference. The underrepresentation of women in science is better explained by sociocultural factors than by biobgical causation. The gender similarities hypothesis holds that men and women are more similar than different on most psychological variables. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Conservatives and liberals have different functional brain architecture, different physiological responses to stimuli, and activate different brain networks when confronted with similar situations. Genetics influence political attitudes during early adulthood and beyond. When faced with conflict, liberals are more likely than conservatives to alter their habitual response when cues indicate it is necessary. In comparison with liberals, conservatives have stronger reactions to threatening images and noises, spend more time looking at unpleasant images, whereas liberals spend more time looking at pleasant images. Liberals have more tolerance to uncertainty and a larger anterior cingular cortex, conservatives have more sensitivity to fear and have a larger right amygdala. Reliance on quick and "low effort" thought processes yields conservative ideologies, while effortful and deliberated reasoning yields liberal ideologies. Conservatives have stronger motivations than liberals to preserve purity and react more strongly than liberals to disgusting images. Conservatives are less open to new experiences and learn better form negative stimuli than positive stimuli. Political conservatism could be understood as a motivated social cognition with an evolutionary background. Some caution with the transfer of these results into Czech conditions is essential: American conservatives and liberals are similar but not identical to the Czech political right and left. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper focuses on neuropsychological studies of perception laterality executed in Slovakia. Above all, adaptations and variants of methods for investigating auditory, visual, and haptic laterality are described, possibilities of their application in neuropsychological diagnostics are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]